The document discusses non-ferrous metals and focuses on aluminium. It defines metals and classifies them as ferrous and non-ferrous. For aluminium, it describes its properties, common uses in construction, how it is extracted from bauxite ore and manufactured, and why it is widely used in the building industry due to properties like durability, flexibility, strength to weight ratio, and recyclability.

1. NON-FERROUS METALS
• ALUMINIUM
• COPPER

2. WHAT IS A METAL?
A metal is a solid material
(an element, compound, or alloy) that is
typically hard, opaque, shiny, and features
good electrical and thermal conductivity.
Metals are
generally malleable, fusible and ductile .
Currently, 91 out of the 118 total elements on
the periodic table are classified as metals.
Metals are broadly classified as
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous

3. What is Ferrous Metals?
Outside of chemistry, ferrous is an adjective used
to indicate the presence of iron. The word is
derived from
the Latin word ferrum ("iron"). Ferrous metals
include steel and pig iron (with a carbon content
of a few percent) and alloys of iron with other
metals (such as stainless steel).
EXAMPLES: Mild Steel
Carbon steel
Stainless Steel
Cast Iron
Wrought Iron

4. WHAT IS NON FERROUS
METALS?
A non-ferrous metal is any metal,
including alloys, that does not contain iron in
appreciable amounts.
They are generally more expensive than
ferrous metals
Non-ferrous metals are used because of
desirable properties such as
low weight (e.g., aluminium),
higher conductivity (e.g., copper),
non-magnetic property
resistance to corrosion (e.g., zinc).

5. EXAMPLES OF NON FERROUS
METALS
Important non-ferrous metals include
aluminium, copper,
lead, nickel,
tin, titanium,
zinc,
Precious metals such as
gold silver platinum
Exotic or rare metals such as
cobalt mercury tungsten
beryllium bismuth cerium

6. Some Non-Ferrous Metals
Aluminium
Properties: second most widely used
metal after steel; light, good conductor of
electricity and heat; greyish-white; easy to
cut and machine
Uses: display racks, cooking
foil, drink cans, overhead power
cables, casings and panels for
electrical goods, road signs

7. Copper
Properties: reddish-brown; ductile,
malleable; can be cut sawn, filed and machined
easily; excellent conductor of heat and
electricity
Uses: electrical fitting and wires,
printed circuit boards,
tips of soldering iron,
domestic water pipes,
cylinders,
cooking utensils,
decorative ornaments

8. Tin
Properties: silvery-white, non-toxic, soft;
normally used by plating it onto other metals
such as mild steel (tinplate)
Uses: food cans,
plating on copper tracks of
printed circuit boards

9. Zinc
Properties: silvery-blue, does not corrode
easily, ductile, not very strong
Uses: manufacture of
other metals such as brass
and galvanized iron,
batteries, rust-proof paints

10. Lead
Properties: very heavy, but soft; appears
bright and shiny bluish-grey when cut but
surface changes quickly to a dull grey; toxic,
resistant to corrosion and many chemicals
Uses: can be mixed with
other materials to make them
easier to machine; acts as a
protection
against x-rays and radiation,
core of some batteries

11. Brass
Properties: good conductor of heat and
electricity, golden yellow alloy, easy to machine
and solder, made by mixing copper and zinc
Uses: pins of electrical plugs,
nuts, bolts, screws,
hinges, some machine parts,
musical instruments,
decorative artifacts, locks,
keys

12. Bronze
Properties: made by mixing copper and tin;
reddish-yellow, hard-wearing, corrosion
resistant, easily machined
Uses: ship propellers,
bells, gears, bearings, statues

13. Aluminium
Aluminium’s range of unique properties
make it the perfect material for a wide
range of building applications – meaning
that designers and architects can realise
their creative and innovative designs for
intricate, stable and lightweight
structures without concern of warping or
high maintenance costs.

14. Natural Occurence
In the Earth's crust, aluminium is the most
abundant (8.3% by weight) metallic
element and the third most abundant of all
elements (after oxygen and
silicon).Because of its strong affinity to
oxygen, it is almost never found in the
elemental state; instead it is found in
oxides or silicates.

15. Properties
Durable
Aluminium building products are made
from alloys that are weather-proof,
corrosion-resistant and immune to the
harmful effects of UV rays, ensuring
optimal performance over a very long
lifetime.

16. Flexible
Aluminium’s combination of properties
mean that it can be easily shaped by
any of the main industrial metalworking
processes, including rolling, extrusion,
forging and casting, guaranteeing
virtually unlimited design potential.

17. Light-weight
Aluminium’s light weight makes it
cheaper and easier to transport
and handle on site.
Strong
The use of aluminium in buildings
assists architects meet
performance specifications while
minimising expenditure on
foundations. Alloyed aluminium
can be as strong as steel at only
a third of the weight.

18. Corrosion Resistant
Aluminium’s natural oxide coating
provides an effective protective barrier
against elements that wear other
metals.
Insular
A layer of insulated aluminium siding is
four times more effective than
uninsulated wood siding, four inches of
brick, or ten inches of stone masonry.

19. Recyclable
Aluminium is 100% recyclable and uses
only 5% of the energy used to make the
original product.

20. Raw Materials
Aluminum compounds occur in all types of
clay, but the ore that is most useful for
producing pure aluminum is bauxite. Bauxite
consists of 45-60% aluminum oxide, along
with various impurities such as sand, iron, and
other metals.
Caustic soda (sodium hydroxide) is used to
dissolve the aluminum compounds found in
the bauxite, separating them from the
impurities. Depending on the composition of
the bauxite ore, relatively small amounts of
other chemicals may be used in the extraction

21. Manufacturing
Aluminium industry produces Alumina
which is obtained from its ore Bauxite.
This is known as Bayer’s process.
It is the most economical way of
obtaining alumina for aluminium
production.
It uses 3 ton of bauxite to produce a two
ton of alumina which produces 1 ton of
aluminium

22. Bayer’s PROCESS

23. Alumina is reduced into aluminium in the
smelter plants by the Hall-Heroult
process

24. History of Aluminium in building
industry
In its 100 years history
aluminium has had a very
strong impact in the building
industry . At first is replaced
metals traditionally used for
reinforcement and
decoration. Many buildings
and historical structures
have chosen aluminium for
their construction due to its
desirable properties.

25. Why is aluminium used in
building industry
The following properties make it suitable
for using in the building industry
•Durability: Aluminium building products are
made from alloys, which are weather-proof,
corrosion-resistant and immune to the
harmful
effects of UV rays, ensuring optimal
performance
over a very long serviceable lifetime.

26. • Design flexibility: The extrusion
process offers
an almost infinite range of forms and
sections,
allowing designers to integrate numerous
functions into one profile. Rolled products
may be manufactured flat, curved, shaped
into cassettes, or sandwiched with other
materials. In addition, aluminium can be
sawed, drilled, riveted,screwed, bent,
welded and soldered in the workshop
or on the building site.

27. • High strength-to-weight ratio: This
unique property allows architects to meet
required performance specifications, while
minimising the dead load on a building’s
supporting structure.
Thanks to the metal’s inherent sturdiness,
aluminium window and curtain wall frames
can be very narrow, maximising solar
gains for given outer dimensions.
Moreover, the material’s light weight
makes it easier to transport and handle

28. Hundreds of surface finishes:
Aluminium can be anodised or painted in
any colour, to any optical effect, using any
number of surface touches, in order to
meet a designer’s decorative needs.
Such processes also serve to enhance the
material’s durability and corrosion
resistance, as well as providing an easy-to-
clean surface.

29. High reflectivity: This characteristic
feature makes aluminium a very efficient
material for light management. Aluminium
solar collectors can be installed to lower
energy consumption for artificial lighting
and heating in winter, while aluminium
shading devices can be used to reduce
the need for air conditioning in summer.

30. • Heat conductivity: Aluminium is a good
conductor of heat, which may be a
disadvantage in some applications.
However, this property can easily be
overcome by the profile design and the
use of thermal breaks made of low
conductivity materials.

31. • Fire safety: Aluminium does not burn and is
therefore classed as a non-combustible
construction material (European fire class
A1). Aluminium alloys will nevertheless melt
at around 650°C, but without releasing
harmful gases. Industrial roofs and external
walls are increasingly made of thin aluminium
cladding panels, intended to melt during a
major fire, allowing heat and smoke to
escape and thereby minimising damage.

32. • Optimal security: Where high security is
required, specially designed, strengthened
aluminium frames can be used. While the
glass for such applications may well be
heavy, the overall weight of the structure
remains manageable thanks to the light
weight of the aluminium frame.

33. • Low maintenance: Besides routine
cleaning for aesthetic reasons, neither
bare nor painted aluminium requires any
maintenance, which translates into a major
cost advantage over the lifetime
of a product.

34. Extrusions
Aluminium is the most commonly
extruded material. Aluminium can be hot
or cold extruded.
If it is hot extruded it is heated to 300 to
600 °C.

35. Aluminium extrusions are used in
commercial and domestic buildings for
window and door frame systems,
prefabricated houses/building structures,
roofing and exterior cladding, curtain walling,
shop fronts, etc.
Furthermore, extrusions are also used in
transport for airframes, road and rail vehicles
and in marine applications.

36. Extrusion Process

41. What is Surface Treatment
Even before surface treatment, the appearance and surface
quality of extruded aluminium profiles is perfectly satisfactory
for many applications.However, there are many other
reasons for treating the surfaces of profiles. Examples of
attributes that can be changed by surface treatment include:
– surface structure
– colour
– corrosion resistance
– hardness
– wear resistance
– reflectivity
– electrical insulation
Surfaces do not always need treatment after extrusion.
Load-bearing structures and machine parts are examples of
products where the surface quality is satisfactory without any
treatment.

44. Usage of Aluminium

45. Use in Buildings
Aluminium extruded, rolled, and cast
products are commonly used for window
frames and other glazed structures
ranging from shop fronts to large roof
superstructures for shopping centres and
stadiums; for roofing, siding, and curtain
walling, as well as for cast door handles,
catches for windows, staircases,
heating and air-conditioning systems.
Most recently, aluminium has played a
significant role in the renovation of historic
buildings.

46. Column Casing

47. Unitised Cladding

48. Rain screen Cladding

49. I-Line Snap On

50. C-Fix Secret Fix Coping
System

51. Aluminium in Eaves System

52. Aluminium Composite
Panel(ACP)
Aluminium composite panel is a kind of new decoration
material, which comes to attract great attention within a
short time, due to its excellent performance, such as
low cost, many available colors, convenient installation,
good processing feature and outstanding fireproof
characteristic, etc…
Structure of aluminium composite panel
Aluminium composite panel is compounded with top
and bottom layers of aluminium sheet, non-toxic
polyethylene core material. There’s a protective film
sticking on the front side. For exterior decoration, the
front side is coated with PVDF coating; For interior
decoration, Polyester coating on the front side is OK.

53. Features of aluminium composite panel
Aluminium composite panel is easy to
process. We can shorten the project time
and decrease cost by using such material.
Aluminium composite panel can be cut,
sheared, slotted, sawed, punched, bent,
riveted, bolted, stuck

56. Aluminium Doors

57. Aluminium Window Frames

58. Aluminium Furniture's

59. Aluminium Partition Walls

60. Generally, a building has to be appealing, commercially viable and
sustainable. As a building material, aluminium fulfills these basic
principles unreservedly.
It is characterized by its aesthetics,
functionality and resource efficiency and plays an important role in
the sustainability of new buildings and the modernization of old
ones. In this connection, one should highlight the impressive
durability of aluminium building products.
One of aluminium’s additional strengths is the ease with which it
can be recycled. Time and time again the metal can be melted
down and turned into new high-grade products without a large
amount of energy being required, and is thus available to benefit
future generations. In building products, aluminium makes a
significant contribution towards improving the energy balance of a
building. Both aspects, ease of recycling and beneficial use of
energy are key factor when considering the life cycle of a building

61. Aluminium market prices and
trend