This document presents information on calculations for AC distribution methods, three-phase unbalanced loads, four-wire star-connected unbalanced loads, and ground detectors. It discusses two methods for calculating AC distribution based on load power factors referred to the receiving end voltage or respective load voltages. It also describes different types of unbalanced three-phase loads including four-wire star-connected and delta-connected loads. Ground detectors are defined as devices used to detect ground faults on ungrounded AC systems.
INTRODUCTION BASIC TECHNIQUES TYPE OF BUSES
Y BUS MATRIX POWER SYSTEM COMPONENTS BUS ADMITTANCE MATRIX
Power (Load) flow study is the analysis of a power system in normal steady-state operation
This study will determine:
This PowerPoint depicts definition of Power Factor , its related factors, its necessity, its cause for low power factor, including graphics and graphs for better understanding among electrical students. It also consists of ways of improving Power Factor using capacitor and other devices. Also it has reference to the links from where it has been considered.
Need of FACTS devices, classification of FACTS devices, operating principle of SVC, V-I characteristic of SVC, advantage of slope in V-I characteristic, SVC applications for transient and voltage stability improvement, mitigation of SSR, advantages of TCSC, different mode of operation of TCSC, different modeling concepts of TCSC, Operating principle of STATCOM,TCSC, SVC and their applications for power system performance improvement, Power flow solution with SVC, TCSC.
INTRODUCTION BASIC TECHNIQUES TYPE OF BUSES
Y BUS MATRIX POWER SYSTEM COMPONENTS BUS ADMITTANCE MATRIX
Power (Load) flow study is the analysis of a power system in normal steady-state operation
This study will determine:
This PowerPoint depicts definition of Power Factor , its related factors, its necessity, its cause for low power factor, including graphics and graphs for better understanding among electrical students. It also consists of ways of improving Power Factor using capacitor and other devices. Also it has reference to the links from where it has been considered.
Need of FACTS devices, classification of FACTS devices, operating principle of SVC, V-I characteristic of SVC, advantage of slope in V-I characteristic, SVC applications for transient and voltage stability improvement, mitigation of SSR, advantages of TCSC, different mode of operation of TCSC, different modeling concepts of TCSC, Operating principle of STATCOM,TCSC, SVC and their applications for power system performance improvement, Power flow solution with SVC, TCSC.
CT, PT And CVT
It help in measurement of high voltage And current.
* It provide low voltage and current to the electrical device.
* It’s measure application is in the protection system where relay is work on low amount of voltage and current.
Alternating current (AC), is an electric current in which the flow of electric charge periodically reverses direction, whereas in direct current (DC, also dc), the flow of electric charge is only in one direction.
Single Phase power is a two wire Alternating Current (AC) power circuit. Single-phase distribution is used when loads are mostly lighting and heating, with few large electric motors.
THIS PPT IS MAINLY BASED ON ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT ANALYSIS PROBLEM AND THIS PPT ALSO SOLVED THEORETICALLY AND SOLVED BY USING THE MATLAB SOFTWARE AND THIS ALSO CONTAINS THE CODE AND RESULTS ARE ALSO THERE.SO THIS IS USEFUL
CT, PT And CVT
It help in measurement of high voltage And current.
* It provide low voltage and current to the electrical device.
* It’s measure application is in the protection system where relay is work on low amount of voltage and current.
Alternating current (AC), is an electric current in which the flow of electric charge periodically reverses direction, whereas in direct current (DC, also dc), the flow of electric charge is only in one direction.
Single Phase power is a two wire Alternating Current (AC) power circuit. Single-phase distribution is used when loads are mostly lighting and heating, with few large electric motors.
THIS PPT IS MAINLY BASED ON ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT ANALYSIS PROBLEM AND THIS PPT ALSO SOLVED THEORETICALLY AND SOLVED BY USING THE MATLAB SOFTWARE AND THIS ALSO CONTAINS THE CODE AND RESULTS ARE ALSO THERE.SO THIS IS USEFUL
Electrical current, voltage, resistance, capacitance, and inductance are a few of the basic elements of electronics and radio. Apart from current, voltage, resistance, capacitance, and inductance, there are many other interesting elements to electronic technology. ... Use Electronics Notes to learn electronics online.
Self control of synchronous motor drives
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Synchronous Motor Drive
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Effect On Induced Voltage.
Measurements Of Incremental Inductance
Diagram Of Increment Inductance.
Description Of Ø-i Magnetizing Curve
Initial and final condition for circuit
Explain the transient response of a RC circuit
As the capacitor stores energy when there is:
a transition in a unit step function source, u(t-to)
or a voltage or current source is switched into the circuit.
Explain the transient response of a RL circuit
As the inductor stores energy when there is:
a transition in a unit step function source, u(t-to)
or a voltage or current source is switched into the circuit.
RC Circuit
RL Circuit
FSK , FM DEMODULATOR & VOLTAGE REGULATOR ICS
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Adjustable output voltage regulator LM 317, LM 337 & LM 340 series power supply ics.
Basic design considerations for designed regulated power supply
Concept of general terms pertaining to rotating machinesvishalgohel12195
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Concept of general terms pertaining to rotating machines.
Generated emf in full pitched and short pitched winding.
Transfer Function and Mathematical Modeling
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Poles And Zeros of a Transfer Function
Properties of Transfer Function
Advantages and Disadvantages of T.F.
Translation motion
Rotational motion
Translation-Rotation counterparts
Analogy system
Force-Voltage analogy
Force-Current Analogy
Advantages
Example
Winding
What is Armature winding?
Terms related to armature winding.
Single layer and double layer windings.
Comparison between closed and open windings.
Types of DC armature winding.
Types of AC armature winding.
Protection against overvoltage
overvoltage
causes of overvoltage
lightning
types of lightning strokes
harmful effect of lightning
protection against lightning
On load tap changer in a.c. locomotive transformer & air blast circuit b...vishalgohel12195
On load tap changer In A.C. locomotive transformer & Air blast circuit breaker
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Block diagram of A.C. Locomotive
Equipment of locomotive & their function
Advantages
Disadvantages
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Instruction Set of 8085
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AND, OR, XOR
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Nonsinusoidal Waveforms
Key Similarities and Differences between Sinusoidal and Nonsinusoidal Waveforms
Effect of harmonics in motor drives
Square wave inverter with 180° mode
Effect of leakage reactance on the harmonic content of current
Parasitic torques due to non-sinusoidal voltages
Disadvantages of corona, radio interference, inductive interference between p...vishalgohel12195
Disadvantages of corona, radio interference, inductive interference between power and communication lines
Introduction
Disadvantages of corona.
Radio interference.
Inductive interference between power and communication lines
Design, Planning and Layout of high voltage laboratory vishalgohel12195
Design, Planning and Layout of high voltage laboratory
Test equipment provided in high voltage lab
Activity and study in high voltage lab
Classification of high voltage lab
Clearance of high voltage Lab
Layout of high voltage lab
Safety
Shielding of the high voltage lab
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Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
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Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
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various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
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numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
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predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
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Calculations of a.c distributions methods & 3 phase unbalanced loads & 4 wire star connected loads & ground detector
1. PRESENTATION ON
Calculations of a.c distributions methods & 3 phase
unbalanced loads & 4 wire star connected loads & ground
detector
2. Outline
• Calculations of a.c distribution methods
• 3 phase unbalanced loads
• Four wire star-connected unbalanced loads
• Ground detectors
• Mcqs
3. Calculations of A.C. distribution
• The following two methods are used for making
calculation of a.c Distribution
1. When the power factor of all loads are with reference
to the receiving end voltage.
2. When the load power factor are with reference to their
load voltage.
4. 1. Power factors referred to receiving end voltage.
Consider an a.c distributor AB with concentrated
loads of I1 and I2 tapped off at points C and
B as shown in Fig.Taking the receiving end
voltage VB as the reference vector, let lagging power factors
at C and B be cos φ1 and cos φ2 write VB. Let R1, X1 and
R2, X2 be the resistance and reactance of sections AC and
CB of the distributor.
5. • Impedance of section AC, ZAC = R1 + j X1
Impedance of section CB, ZCB = R2 + j X2
Load current at point C, I1 = I1 (cos φ1 − j sin φ1)
Load current at point B, I2 = I2 (cos φ2 − j sin φ2)
Current in section CB, ICB = I2 = I2 (cos φ2 − j sin φ2)
Current in section AC, IAC = I1 I2 +
= I1 (cos φ1 − j sin φ1) + I2 (cos φ2 − j sin φ2)
Voltage drop in section CB, VCB = ICB ZCB = I2 (cos φ2 − j sin φ2) (R2 + j X2)
Voltage drop in section AC, VAC = ( ) I AC ZAC = I1 + I2 ZAC
= [I1(cos φ1 − j sin φ1) + I2 (cos φ2 − j sin φ2)] [R1 + jX1]
Sending end voltage, VA = VB VCB VAC + +
Sending end current, IA = I I 1 2
The vector diagram of the a.c. distributor under these conditions is shown in Fig.
Here, the
receiving end voltage VB is taken as the reference vector. As power factors of
loads are given write
VB, therefore, I1 and I2 lag behind VB by φ1 and φ2 respectively.
6. 2. Power factors referred to respective load voltages.
Suppose the power factors of loads in.
• The previous Fig. are referred to their respective load
voltages. Then φ1 is the phase angle between VC and I1
and φ2 is the phase angle between VB and I2. The vector
diagram under these conditions is shown in Fig.
• Voltage drop in section CB = I2 ZCB = I2 (cos φ2 − j sin φ2)
(R2 + j X2)
Voltage at point C = VB + Drop in section CB = VC ∠ α (say)
Now I1 = I1 ∠ − φ1 write voltage VC
∴ I1 = I1 ∠ − (φ1 − α) write voltage VB
i.e. I1 = I1 [cos (φ1 − α) − j sin (φ1 − α)]
Now IAC = I I 1 2 += I1 [cos (φ1 − α) − j sin (φ1 − α)] + I2
(cos φ2 − j sin φ2)
Voltage drop in section AC = IAC ZAC
∴ Voltage at point A = VB + Drop in CB + Drop in AC
7. • Example 1. A single phase a.c. distributor AB 300
meters long is fed from end A and is
loaded as under :
(i) 100 A at 0·707 p.f. lagging 200 m from point A
(ii) 200 A at 0·8 p.f. lagging 300 m from point A
The load resistance and reactance of the distributor is
0·2 Ω and 0·1 Ω per kilometer. Calculate
the total voltage drop in the distributor. The load power
factors refer to the voltage at the far end.
8. • Solution. Fig. shows the single line diagram of the distributor.
Impedance of distributor/km = (0·2 + j 0·1) Ω
Impedance of section AC, ZAC = (0·2 + j 0·1) × 200/1000 = (0·04 + j 0·02) Ω
Impedance of section CB, ZCB = (0·2 + j 0·1) × 100/1000 = (0·02 + j 0·01) Ω
Taking voltage at the far end B as the reference vector, we have,
Load current at point B, I2 = I2 (cos φ2 − j sin φ2) = 200 (0·8 − j 0·6)
= (160 − j 120) A
Load current at point C, I1 = I1 (cos φ1 − j sin φ1) = 100 (0·707 − j 0·707)
= (70·7− j 70·7) A
Current in section CB, ICB = I2 = (160 − j 120) A
Current in section AC, IAC = I1 + I2 = (70·7 − j 70·7) + (160 − j 120)
= (230·7 − j 190·7) A
Voltage drop in section CB, VCB = ICB ZCB = (160 − j 120) (0·02 + j 0·01)
= (4·4 − j 0·8) volts
Voltage drop in section AC, VAC = IAC ZAC = (230·7 − j 190·7) (0·04 + j 0·02)
= (13·04 − j 3·01) volts
Voltage drop in the distributor = VAC + VCB = (13·04 − j 3·01) + (4·4 − j 0·8)
= (17·44 − j 3·81) volts
Magnitude of drop = 17 44 3 81 a ⋅ f2 + a ⋅ f2 = 17·85 V
9. 3-Phase Unbalanced Loads
• The 3-phase loads that have the same impedance and
power factor in each phase are called balanced
loads. The problems on balanced loads can be solved by
considering one phase only
• The conditions in the other two phases being similar.
However, we may come across a situation when loads
are unbalanced i.e. each load phase has different
impedance and/or power factor.
• In that case, current and power in each phase will be
different. In practice, we may come across the following
unbalanced loads:
(i) Four-wire star-connected unbalanced load
(ii) Unbalanced Δ-connected load
(iii) Unbalanced 3-wire, Y-connected load
10. Four-Wire Star-Connected Unbalanced Loads
• We can obtain this type of load in two ways. First, we may
connect a 3-phase, 4-wire unbalanced load to a 3-phase,
4-wire supply as shown in Fig. Note that star point N of the
supply is connected to the load star point N′. Secondly, we
may connect single phase loads between any line and the
neutral wire as shown in Fig.
• This will also result in a 3-phase, 4-wire **unbalanced load
because it is rarely possible that single phase loads on all
the three phases have the same magnitude and power
factor. Since the load is unbalanced, the line currents will
be different in magnitude and displaced from one another
by unequal angles. The current in the neutral wire will be
the phasor sum of the three line currents i.e.
Current in neutral wire, IN = IR + IY + IB ... phasor sum
11. The following points may be noted carefully :
(i) Since the neutral wire has negligible resistance,
supply neutral N and load neutral N′ will be
at the same potential. It means that voltage across
each impedance is equal to the phase
voltage of the supply. However, current in each phase
(or line) will be different due to
unequal impedances.
12. (ii) The amount of current flowing in the neutral wire
will depend upon the magnitudes of line
• Currents and their phasor relations. In most circuits encountered in
practice, the neutral current is equal to or smaller than one of the line
currents. The exceptions are those circuits having severe unbalance.
• No doubt 3-phase loads (e.g. 3-phase motors) connected to this
supply are balanced but when we add single phase loads the balance
is lost.
• It is because it is rarely possible that single phase loads on all the
three phases have the same magnitude and power factor.
•actual practice, we never have an unbalanced 3-phase, 4-wire load.
Most of the 3-phase loads are 3-phase, 3-wire and are balanced loads.
• In fact, these are the single phase loads on the 3-phase, 4-wire
supply which constitute unbalanced, 4-wire Y-connected load.
13. Ground Detectors
•Ground detectors are the devices that are used to detect the
ground fault for ungrounded a.c. systems.
•When a ground fault occurs on such a system, immediate
steps should be taken to clear it.
• If this is not done and a second ground fault happens, a
short circuit occurs.
Fig. shows how lamps are connected to an ungrounded 3-
phase system for the detection of ground fault.
• If ground fault occurs on any wire, the lamp connected to
that wire will be dim and the lamps connected to healthy
(ungrounded) wire will become brighter.