1. The document discusses transmission line parameters and types of transmission lines. It covers resistance, inductance, capacitance and other constants of transmission lines. 2. Different types of conductors used for transmission lines like ACSR, AAAC, and bundled conductors are described. Factors to consider while designing transmission lines are also outlined. 3. Skin effect and proximity effect, which cause non-uniform current distribution in conductors, are explained. Both effects increase resistance and depend on frequency, diameter, and spacing of conductors.

1. EE3401
Transmission and Distribution

2. UNIT - I
TRANSMISSION LINE PARAMETERS

3. Course Outcome
Compute the transmission line parameters

4. Introduction
• The energy is neither be created nor be destroyed
but it can be converted from one form to another.
• The various energy sources
1. Burning coal oil
2. Natural gas
3. Water stored in dams
4. Diesel oil
5. Nuclear power
6. Other non conventional energy sources

5. Introduction
• Depending upon the source of energy used, these
stations are called thermal power station,
hydroelectric power station, diesel power station,
nuclear power station etc.
• The generated electric power is to be supplied to the
consumers.
• Generally the power stations are located too far away
from the town and cities where electrical energy is
demanded.
• Hence there exists a large network of conductors
between the power stations and the consumers.
• The network is broadly classified into two parts
1. Transmission
2. Distribution

6. A Typical Transmission and Distribution
Scheme
• The flow of electrical power from the generating
station to the consumer is called an electrical
power system or electrical supply system.
• It consists of the following important components
1. Generating station
2. Transmission network
3. Distribution network

8. Structure of electrical power system

9. Components of Distribution
• The distribution scheme consists of following
important components.
1. Substation
2. Local distribution scheme
3. Feeders
4. Distributors
5. Service mains

10. Interconnection of feeders,
distributors and service mains

11. Different Voltage Levels

12. Types of Transmission
• Overhead System

15. Types of Transmission
• Underground System

16. S.No. Underground System Overhead System
1. Transmission is by using cables Transmission is by using the transmission
lines
2. All the cables must be properly
insulated from each other
The appropriate spacing provided between
the conductors acts as an insulation. No
external insulation is necessary
3. The insulation cost is very high No transmission cost as air acts as an
insulator
4. Transmission over long distance is not
possible as laying of cables is difficult,
costly and complicated
Transmission over long distance is possible
with the help of transmission lines.
5. The voltage level used is below 66 kV
due to insulation difficulties
The voltage level used can as high as 400 kV
6. The maintenance cost is less The maintenance cost is high
7. The faults due to lightning, short circuit,
storms etc. are eliminated
The occurrence of faults due to lightning,
short circuits, storms and abnormal
weather conditions are possible.
8. It is very safe due to insulation used The conductors are bare without insulation
hence dangerous

17. S.No. Underground System Overhead System
9. Maximum stress is on the insulation
between the conductors
Maximum stress is between conductor and
earth
10. The beauty of the area, towns etc. is
well maintained
The beauty of the area gets affected due
to overhead lines. Sometimes trees are
required to be cut
11. The size of the cables is high The size of the conductors is less
12. The voltage drop is less The voltage drop is more

18. TRANSMISSION LINE PARAMETERS

19. Constants of a Transmission Line
• Resistance
• Inductance
• Capacitance

20. Constants of a Transmission Line
Resistance:
• It is the opposition of line conductors to current
flow. The resistance is distributed uniformly along
the whole length of the line as shown in Fig. (i).
• However, the performance of a transmission line
can be analysed conveniently if distributed
resistance is considered as lumped as shown in
Fig.(ii).

21. Constants of a Transmission Line
• Inductance:
• When an alternating current flows through a
conductor, a changing flux is set up which links the
conductor.
• Due to these flux linkages, the conductor
possesses inductance.
• Mathematically, inductance is defined as the flux
linkages per ampere i.e.,

22. Constants of a Transmission Line
• Capacitance:
• We know that any two conductors separated by an
insulating material constitute a capacitor.
• As any two conductors of an overhead
transmission line are separated by air which acts
as an insulation, therefore, capacitance exists
between any two overhead line conductors.
• The capacitance between the conductors is the
charge per unit potential difference i.e.,
• Capacitance, C = q/v farad

23. Constants of a Transmission Line
• Capacitance:

24. Factors to be considered while Designing
Transmission Line
• Type and size of conductors
• Voltage level
• Line regulation and control of voltage
• Efficiency of transmission
• Corona loss
• Power flow capability and stability
• Requirement of compensation
• Levels of faults at various bus bars and requirement of
new circuit breakers
• Grounding needs
• Protection schemes for new lines
• Coordination of insulation

25. Factors to be considered while Designing
Transmission Line
• Mechanical design aspects which include stress
and sag calculations, compensation of conductor,
spacing of conductor and configuration for
insulators.
• Design of power system structure
• Economical aspects

26. Requirements of Transmission Line Conductors
• They should have low weight
• They should have high tensile strength and fatigue
strength
• They must have high conductivity
• They should have low co-efficient of expansion,
low corona loss
• They should have less resistance and low cost
The conductors used in practice are made up from
the materials such as copper, aluminium and their
alloys.

27. Aluminum Transmission Line Conductors
• The advantages of using aluminium conductors
over copper conductors are
1. They have low cost
2. Less resistance and corona loss
3. Less weight
• But aluminium has less tensile strength, high co-
efficient of expansion and large area which
restricts it use alone as a conductor.

28. Stranded Conductors
• Stranded conductors have three or more
strands of conductor material twisted
together to form a single conductor.
• Stranded can carry high currents and are
usually more flexible than solid conductors

29. Types of Aluminum Transmission Line
Conductors
• AAC - All aluminium conductors
• AAAC - All aluminium alloy conductor (Silmalec-
0.5% of silicon & 0.5% of magnesium)
• ACSR - Aluminium conductors with steel
reinforcement
• ACAR - Aluminium conductors with alloy
reinforcement

30. Types of Aluminum Transmission Line
Conductors

31. Types of Aluminum Transmission Line
Conductors

32. ACSR

34. Bundled Conductors

39. Transposition of Transmission line conductors

40. Transposition of Transmission line conductors

41. SKIN EFFECT
&
PROXIMITY EFFECT

42. SKIN EFFECT
• When a conductor is carrying steady direct
current (d.c.), this current is uniformly
distributed over the whole X-section of the
conductor.
• However, an alternating current flowing through
the conductor does not distribute uniformly,
rather it has the tendency to concentrate near
the surface of the conductor as shown in Fig.
This is known as skin effect.

43. SKIN EFFECT
• The tendency of alternating current to
concentrate near the surface of a conductor is
known as skin effect.

44. SKIN EFFECT
• Due to skin effect, the effective area of cross-
section of the conductor through which current
flows is reduced.
• Consequently, the resistance of the conductor is
slightly increased when carrying an alternating
current.
• The cause of skin effect can be easily explained.
A solid conductor may be thought to be
consisting of a large number of strands, each
carrying a small part of the current.

45. SKIN EFFECT
• The inductance of each strand will vary
according to its position. Thus, the strands near
the centre are surrounded by a greater magnetic
flux and hence have larger inductance than that
near the surface.
• The high reactance of inner strands causes the
alternating current to flow near the surface of
conductor.
• This crowding of current near the conductor
surface is the skin effect.

46. SKIN EFFECT
• The skin effect depends upon the following
factors :
1. Nature of material
2. Diameter of wire − increases with the diameter
of wire.
3. Frequency − increases with the increase in
frequency.
4. Shape of wire − less for stranded conductor
than the solid conductor.
• It may be noted that skin effect is negligible
when the supply frequency is low (< 50 Hz) and
conductor diameter is small (< 1cm).

47. PROXIMITY EFFECT
• The current distribution may be non-uniform
because of another effect known as proximity
effect.

48. PROXIMITY EFFECT
• Let each of the line conductor is assumed to be
divided into 3 sections having equal cross sectional
area. Three parallel loops are formed by the pairs
xx', yy' and zz'.
• The flux linking loop xx' is least and it increases for
the remaining loops. Thus the inductance of inner
loop is less. Thus the current density is highest at
inner edges of the conductor.
• Due to this non-uniform distribution of current, the
effective conductor resistance increases. As the
distance between the conductors goes on reducing,
this distribution of current becomes more and more
non-uniform.

49. PROXIMITY EFFECT
• For normal spacing of overhead lines this
proximity effect is negligible. For underground
cables this effect is significant as the conductors
are located close to each other.
• The proximity effect also depends on the same
factors as that of skin effect.