The document summarizes the history and development of blue LEDs. It discusses how blue LEDs were invented in the early 1990s by Isamu Akasaki, Hiroshi Amano and Shuji Nakamura, which allowed white light to be created in a new way using red, green, and blue LEDs. It then explains how gallium nitride is used to create blue LEDs and describes the circuit diagram and applications of blue LEDs, which include status lights, indicators, and illumination due to their energy efficiency compared to other light sources.
Blue LED as we all know is the discovery of the century. Its applications spans most of our needs in day to day life and it is one of the greatest innovations in the history of mankind for which it was given nobel.
Blue LED as we all know is the discovery of the century. Its applications spans most of our needs in day to day life and it is one of the greatest innovations in the history of mankind for which it was given nobel.
A laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation. The term "laser" originated as an acronym for "light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation
Benefits and advantages of led lights pptPayojKatiyar1
LED lights are the need of every home. LED lights provide a wide range of advantages. It is a solid state lighting device. It works on semiconductor material which utilises much less amount of electricity. LED lights use a driver(semiconductor chip) which changes AC to DC(Alternating current to direct current). Each DC operating device utilises much less energy as compared to other AC products.
The Sustainable Evolution of the Light BulbJonathan Stutz
Around the globe, governments have passed laws phasing out traditional #incandescent light #bulbs citing reasons tied to #environmental #sustainability. This presentation explores the topic through the lens of the most commonly cited alternative options: compact fluorescent lamps (#CFL) and light emitting diode (#LED) bulbs. The presentation examines the advantages and disadvantages of each option and evaluates other sustainable lighting options, such as #halogen light bulbs. Included is a cost/benefit analysis and the importance of recycling both CFL and LED light bulbs. From multiple perspectives. you will learn how easy or difficult it is to transition to these alternatives and #recycling them once they reach end-of-life.
The attached narrated power point presentation explores the different methods of modulation of light such as direct modulation and external modulation. The material will immensely benefit KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
A laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation. The term "laser" originated as an acronym for "light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation
Benefits and advantages of led lights pptPayojKatiyar1
LED lights are the need of every home. LED lights provide a wide range of advantages. It is a solid state lighting device. It works on semiconductor material which utilises much less amount of electricity. LED lights use a driver(semiconductor chip) which changes AC to DC(Alternating current to direct current). Each DC operating device utilises much less energy as compared to other AC products.
The Sustainable Evolution of the Light BulbJonathan Stutz
Around the globe, governments have passed laws phasing out traditional #incandescent light #bulbs citing reasons tied to #environmental #sustainability. This presentation explores the topic through the lens of the most commonly cited alternative options: compact fluorescent lamps (#CFL) and light emitting diode (#LED) bulbs. The presentation examines the advantages and disadvantages of each option and evaluates other sustainable lighting options, such as #halogen light bulbs. Included is a cost/benefit analysis and the importance of recycling both CFL and LED light bulbs. From multiple perspectives. you will learn how easy or difficult it is to transition to these alternatives and #recycling them once they reach end-of-life.
The attached narrated power point presentation explores the different methods of modulation of light such as direct modulation and external modulation. The material will immensely benefit KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
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Gallium Nitride LEDs are on the way to replace light-bulbs and fluorescent tubes, and GaN lasers have many applications including Blue-Ray storage. This presentation introduces the basic technologies
Plastic waste management- Conventional and New Technologyrmeena99
Plastic is a material consisting of any of a wide range of synthetic or semi-synthetic organic compounds that are malleable and can be molded into solid objects. Plastics are typically organic polymers of high molecular mass, but they often contain other substances. They are usually synthetic, most commonly derived from petrochemicals, but many are made from renewable materials such as polylactic acid from corn or cellulosics from cotton linters.Plasticity is the general property of all materials that are able to irreversibly deform without breaking, but this occurs to such a degree with this class of moldable polymers that their name is an emphasis on this ability.
A transducer is a device which transforms a non-electricalphysical quantity (i.e. temperature, sound or light) into anelectrical signal (i.e. voltage, current, capacity…)
In a generating station the generator and transformer are the most expensive equipments and hence it is desirable to employ protective system to isolate the faulty equipment as quickly as possible to keep the healthy section in normal operation and to ensure uninterruptable power supply.
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Mmf required to drive flux in the magnetic circuit of a synchronous machine can be calculated as by the governing terms:-
Mmf for air gap
Mmf for armature teeth
Mmf for core
Mmf for poles
Mmf for yoke
Total field Mmf at no load
Total field Mmf at full load
Load flow studies or Power flow studies is the analysis of a power system in normal steady state condition.
Load flow studies basically comprises of the determination of
Voltage
Current
Active Power
Reactive Power
Pulse Width Modulation, or PWM, is a technique for getting analog results with digital means.
Digital control is used to create a square wave, a signal switched between on and off.
It is that branch of welding in which Electric current is used to produce the large heat required for joining together into firm two pieces of metals.
Electrical welding process fall into two main categories
RESISTANCE WELDING.
ARC WELDING.
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Closed loop speed control of DC drives.
Closed loop speed control with inner loop current control
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Closed loop armature control.
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In normal operating conditions , electrical power system operate in balanced condition.
But sometimes certain situation occurs like fault or short circuit which make the system to be unstable.
Single phase equivalent system method of analysis cannot be applied to such system.
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The increased demand of electrical energy can be met by building big power stations at favourable places where fuel (coal or gas) or water energy is available in abundance.
The armature winding is the main current-carrying winding in which the electromotive force or counter-emf of rotation is induced.
The current in the armature winding is known as the armature current.
The location of the winding depends upon the type of machine.
The armature windings of dc motors are located on the rotor, since they must operate in union with the commutator.
In DC rotating machines other than brushless DC machines, it is usually rotating.
The microprocessor is the core of computer systems.
Nowadays many communication, digital entertainment, portable devices, are controlled by them.
A designer should know what types of components he needs, ways to reduce production costs and product reliable.
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A Regenerative Brake, is an energy recovery mechanism which slows a vehicle or object down by converting its kinetic energy into another form, which can be either used immediately or stored until needed.
Regenerative braking takes place whenever the speed of the motor exceeds the synchronous speed.
This braking method is called regenerative baking because here the motor works as generator and supply itself is given power from the load, i.e. motors.
Root locus is a graphical representation of the closed-loop poles as a system parameter is varied.
It can be used to describe qualitatively the performance of a system as various parameters are changed.
It gives graphic representation of a system’s transient response and also stability.
We can see the range of stability, instability, and the conditions that cause a system to break into oscillation.
Web application attack and audit framework (w3af)Abhishek Choksi
w3af (web application attack and audit framework) is an open-source web application security scanner. The project provides a vulnerability scanner and exploitation tool for Web applications. It provides information about security vulnerabilities and aids in penetration testing efforts. Users have the choice between a graphic user interface and a command-line interface.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
3. The History of LED’S
• 1929 - Soviet patent granted for a “ light relay.”
• 1961-Modern LED invented at Texas
Instruments.
• 1962 -Red LED invented.- First mass produced
“indicator lights.”
• 1990-First blue LED with vastly increased
light output.
• - RGB becomes practical.
• - mainly used theatrically.
4. Blue Led’s -Filling the world with
a new light
• Isamu Akasaki, Hiroshi Amano and Shuji
Nakamura are rewarded for inventing a new
energy-efficient and environment friendly light
source- the blue light emitting diode (LED) in
early of 1990’s.
• In the spirit of Alfred Nobel, the prize awards an
invention of greatest benefit to mankind; by
using blue LEDs, white light can be created in a
new way.
6. Making of Blue LED
• Gallium nitride (GaN), which is the material
used to create blue LEDs, is hard to grow. In
order to make an LED you need to make a P-N
junction, meaning a layer of p-type material
(positively doped) on top of n-type material
(negatively-doped).
7. Gallium Nitride
> Gallium nitride is
used in blue led. The
molar mass of gallium
nitride is 83.73 g/mol
> Band gap of gallium nitride is 3.4 ev (300
k,direct)
9. BLUE LED for Saving Energy and
Resourses
• A light-emitting diode consists of a number of layered semiconductor
materials. In the LED, electricity is directly converted into light particles,
photons, leading to efficiency gains compared to other light sources where
most of the electricity is converted to heat and only a small amount into
light. In incandescent bulbs, as well as in halogen lamps, electric current is
used to heat a wire filament, making it glow.
• The new LEDs require less energy in order to emit light compared to older
light sources. Moreover, they are constantly improved, getting more
efficient with higher luminous flux (measured in lumen) per unit electrical
input power (measured in watt).
• The most recent record is just over 300 lumen/watt, which can be
compared to 16 for regular light bulbs and close to 70 for fluorescent lamps.
As about one fourth of world electricity consumption is used for lighting
purposes, the highly energy-efficient LEDs contribute to saving the Earth’s
resources.
10. PUPOSE OF BLUE LED
• Although red and green LEDs had been around for many
years, blue LEDs were a long-standing challenge for scientists
in both academic and industry.
• White LED lamps, meanwhile, deliver light to many offices
and households. They use much less energy than both
incandescent and fluorescent lamps.
• In the future, engineers may make white LEDs by combining
red, green, and blue ones, which would make a light with
tunable colors, the Nobel Committee wrote.