In a generating station the generator and transformer are the most expensive equipments and hence it is desirable to employ protective system to isolate the faulty equipment as quickly as possible to keep the healthy section in normal operation and to ensure uninterruptable power supply.
The following topics are covered: components of power distribution systems, fuses, padmounted transformers, pole mounted transformers, vault installed transformers, transformer stations protection, transformer connections, thermometers, pressure relief devices, restricted ground faults, differential protection current transformers connections, overexcitation, inrush current, percentage differential relays, gas relays, characteristics of CTs.
SWICTH GEAR AND PROTECTION (2170906)
DISTANCE RELAY
• There are mainly Three types of distance relay
1) Impedance Relay
2) Reactance Relay
3) Mho Relay
CONTENT
Starting Of Induction Motor
Starters
Types Of Starter For 3-ph Induction Motors
Starting Of Slip Ring Induction Motor
D.O.L.(Direct On Line) starter
Star-delta Starter
Auto Transformer Starter
Difference Between DOL/Star Delta/ Autotransformer
Today, nearly every piece of electrical equipment generates harmonic currents and voltages. This Application Note gives a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the subject. It explains why harmonic problems have been increasing over recent years, how they are generated, and by which type of equipment. It presents an overview of the various problems harmonic currents can create. Most of them are either related to different kinds of overloading – leading to problems of efficiency loss and overheating – or to disturbances of control and safety devices.
This Application Note also presents a brief overview of the available solutions. The four main mitigation solutions are passive shunt filters, passive series filters, isolation transformers, and active harmonic conditioners. The Application Note concludes that good design practice, the right electrical equipment, and good maintenance are the keys to preventing future problems.
The following topics are covered: components of power distribution systems, fuses, padmounted transformers, pole mounted transformers, vault installed transformers, transformer stations protection, transformer connections, thermometers, pressure relief devices, restricted ground faults, differential protection current transformers connections, overexcitation, inrush current, percentage differential relays, gas relays, characteristics of CTs.
SWICTH GEAR AND PROTECTION (2170906)
DISTANCE RELAY
• There are mainly Three types of distance relay
1) Impedance Relay
2) Reactance Relay
3) Mho Relay
CONTENT
Starting Of Induction Motor
Starters
Types Of Starter For 3-ph Induction Motors
Starting Of Slip Ring Induction Motor
D.O.L.(Direct On Line) starter
Star-delta Starter
Auto Transformer Starter
Difference Between DOL/Star Delta/ Autotransformer
Today, nearly every piece of electrical equipment generates harmonic currents and voltages. This Application Note gives a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the subject. It explains why harmonic problems have been increasing over recent years, how they are generated, and by which type of equipment. It presents an overview of the various problems harmonic currents can create. Most of them are either related to different kinds of overloading – leading to problems of efficiency loss and overheating – or to disturbances of control and safety devices.
This Application Note also presents a brief overview of the available solutions. The four main mitigation solutions are passive shunt filters, passive series filters, isolation transformers, and active harmonic conditioners. The Application Note concludes that good design practice, the right electrical equipment, and good maintenance are the keys to preventing future problems.
Rotor earth fault protection of electric generatorCS V
As the field is operated ungrounded, a single fault does not cause any flow of current or affect the operation of the electric generator. However, a single rotor earth fault increases the stress to the ground in the field
Generator and Transformer Protection (PART 1)Dr. Rohit Babu
Part 1. Generator Protection
Protection of generators against stator faults
Rotor faults and abnormal conditions
Restricted earth fault and inter-turn fault protection
Numerical examples
Main equipment in the power plant is Generator. It's cost is much higher than any other equipment so we will have to protect the generator from all the possible faults and errors.
A switchgear or electrical switchgear is a generic term which includes all the switching devices associated with mainly power system protection. It also includes all devices associated with control, metering and regulating of electrical power system. Assembly of such devices in a logical manner forms a switchgear. This is the very basic definition of switchgear.
⋗To get more with details
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC2SvKI7eepP241VLoui1D5A
PROTECTION AGAINST OVER VOLTAGE AND GROUNDING Part 2Dr. Rohit Babu
Grounded and ungrounded neutral systems
Effects of ungrounded neutral on system performance
Methods of neutral grounding
Solid
Resistance
Reactance
Arcing grounds and grounding Practices
Similar to Switch Gear & Protection (2170908) (Generator Protection) (20)
A transducer is a device which transforms a non-electricalphysical quantity (i.e. temperature, sound or light) into anelectrical signal (i.e. voltage, current, capacity…)
Design of Magnetic Circuit for Synchronous MachineAbhishek Choksi
Mmf required to drive flux in the magnetic circuit of a synchronous machine can be calculated as by the governing terms:-
Mmf for air gap
Mmf for armature teeth
Mmf for core
Mmf for poles
Mmf for yoke
Total field Mmf at no load
Total field Mmf at full load
Load flow studies or Power flow studies is the analysis of a power system in normal steady state condition.
Load flow studies basically comprises of the determination of
Voltage
Current
Active Power
Reactive Power
Pulse Width Modulation, or PWM, is a technique for getting analog results with digital means.
Digital control is used to create a square wave, a signal switched between on and off.
It is that branch of welding in which Electric current is used to produce the large heat required for joining together into firm two pieces of metals.
Electrical welding process fall into two main categories
RESISTANCE WELDING.
ARC WELDING.
DC motor and open loop speed control.
Closed loop speed control of DC drives.
Closed loop speed control with inner loop current control
Closed loop field control
Closed loop armature control.
Synthesis of unsymmetrical phasors from their symmetrical componentsAbhishek Choksi
Power systems are large and complex three phase system
In normal operating conditions , electrical power system operate in balanced condition.
But sometimes certain situation occurs like fault or short circuit which make the system to be unstable.
Single phase equivalent system method of analysis cannot be applied to such system.
In early days, there was a little demand for electrical energy so that small power stations were built to supply lighting and heating loads. However, the widespread use of electrical energy by modern civilisation has necessitated to produce bulk electrical energy economically and efficiently.
The increased demand of electrical energy can be met by building big power stations at favourable places where fuel (coal or gas) or water energy is available in abundance.
The armature winding is the main current-carrying winding in which the electromotive force or counter-emf of rotation is induced.
The current in the armature winding is known as the armature current.
The location of the winding depends upon the type of machine.
The armature windings of dc motors are located on the rotor, since they must operate in union with the commutator.
In DC rotating machines other than brushless DC machines, it is usually rotating.
The microprocessor is the core of computer systems.
Nowadays many communication, digital entertainment, portable devices, are controlled by them.
A designer should know what types of components he needs, ways to reduce production costs and product reliable.
Principle of regenerative braking and chopper configurationAbhishek Choksi
A Regenerative Brake, is an energy recovery mechanism which slows a vehicle or object down by converting its kinetic energy into another form, which can be either used immediately or stored until needed.
Regenerative braking takes place whenever the speed of the motor exceeds the synchronous speed.
This braking method is called regenerative baking because here the motor works as generator and supply itself is given power from the load, i.e. motors.
Root locus is a graphical representation of the closed-loop poles as a system parameter is varied.
It can be used to describe qualitatively the performance of a system as various parameters are changed.
It gives graphic representation of a system’s transient response and also stability.
We can see the range of stability, instability, and the conditions that cause a system to break into oscillation.
Web application attack and audit framework (w3af)Abhishek Choksi
w3af (web application attack and audit framework) is an open-source web application security scanner. The project provides a vulnerability scanner and exploitation tool for Web applications. It provides information about security vulnerabilities and aids in penetration testing efforts. Users have the choice between a graphic user interface and a command-line interface.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
1. 7th Sem
Electrical Engineering Department
Batch – B1 (2014 Batch)
Abhishek Choksi
(140120109005)
Switch Gear & Protection (2170908)
ALA Presentation
On
“Generator Protection”
Prepared By: Guided By:
Prof. Grishma Pipaliya
Gandhinagar Institute Of Technology
3. Introduction
• In a generating station the generator and transformer are the most
expensive equipments and hence it is desirable to employ protective
system to isolate the faulty equipment as quickly as possible to keep
the healthy section in normal operation and to ensure uninterruptable
power supply.
• The basic electrical quantities those are likely to change during
abnormal fault conditions are current, voltage, phase angle and
frequency . Protective relays utilizes one or more of these quantities to
detect abnormal conditions in a power system
4. Generator protection
• Stator protection Differential
• Restricted earth fault
• Negative sequence current
• Loss of load
• Rotor earth fault
• Over speed
• Over voltage
• Loss of field
• Back –up over current
5. Differential protection
• CTs are provided at each end of the generator winding which is to be
protected.
• When there is no fault the differential current (I1-I2) through the relay
is zero. So the relay will not operate.
• When the fault occurs the balance is disturbed and differential current
(I1-I2) flows through the operating coil of the relay causing relay
operation and the trip circuit of the circuit breaker is closed
6.
7.
8. Modified differential protection:
• Generally protection is made for 80 to 85% of the winding.
• If any fault occurs near the neutral point then the fault current is very
small and relay does not operate.
• Modified differential protection scheme is used to over come this.
• Two phase elements (PC and PA) and balancing resistor(BR) is
connected in star and the earth relay(ER) is connected between the star
point and neutral pilot wire.
9.
10. Restricted or balanced earth fault protection:
• In case of small size generators star point is not available because it is
made inside the generator and grounded through some low resistance
then percentage differential relay for ground fault is provided and is
known as restricted earth fault protection.
• This scheme can be used only for ground faults but not for phase faults
11.
12. Stator protection:
Stator faults include the following-
• Phase-to-earth faults
• Phase-to-phase faults
• Inter-turn faults
• From these phase faults and inter turn faults are less common ,these
usually develop into an earth faults. This causes-
• Arcing to core
• Damage of conductor and insulation
13. Stator inter-turn fault protection
• Inter-turn fault on the same phase of the stator winding cannot be
detected by transverse differential protection as it does not disturb the
balance between the currents in neutral and high voltage CTs.
• For protection against inter-turn faults the following protection
schemes are used.
• (1) Cross differential protection.
• (2)Residual voltage protection.
14. Cross differential protection:
• Used in case of hydro- electric
generator having double winding
armature.
• As shown in figure relay Rc
providesprotection against phase
to ground and phase to phase
fault.
• The relay R1 provides protection
against inter- turn faults.
15. Residual voltage protection:
• These method is used in case of alternators those don’t have parallel
stator windings.
• During normal operation VRES=VRN+VBN+VYN=0.
• In case of fault VRES is not zero and this residual voltage operates the
relay
16. Rotor faults
• Faults in the rotor circuit may be either earth faults or between the
turns of the field winding .
• Field circuits are normally operated un-earthed. So a single earth fault
will not affect its operation.
• But when a second fault arises then field winding is short circuited and
produce unsymmetrical field system which leads to unbalanced forces
on rotor and results in excess pressure and bearing and shaft distortion.
17. Rotor earth fault protection:
• The rotor earth fault protection is done by “dc injection method or ac
injection method”.
• The dc or ac voltage is impressed between the field circuit and ground
through a sensitive overvoltage relay and current limiting resistor or
capacitor(in case of ac).
• But dc source is generally used as over-current relay in case of dc is
more sensitive than ac.
• A single earth fault in rotor circuit will complete the path and the fault
is sensed by the relay.
18.
19. Loss of excitation protection:
• When the excitation of generator is lost it operate as a Induction
generator. It derives excitation from the system and supply power at
leading power factor. Which may cause-
• A fallin voltage & solos of synchronism & system instability.
• Over heating of rotor due to induction current on it. A protection
having MHO characteristic
is used to detect loss of field
20. Over voltage protection:
• Overvoltage protection is required in case of hydro- electric or gas
turbine generators but not in case of turbo generators.
• Over voltage may be caused due to-
• Transient over voltage in the transmission line due to lightening.
• Defective operation of the voltage regulator.
Sudden loss of load due to line tripping.
The protection is provided with an over voltage relay. It is usually of
induction pattern with an IDMT Characteristi
21. Overload protection:
• Overloading of the machine causes overheating in the stator winding.
• This can be prevented by using over-current relay with time delay
adjustment.
• But overheating not only depends on over-current but also the failure
of the cooling system in the generator.
• So temperature detector coils such as thermistors or thermocouples are
used at various points in stator winding for indication of the
temperature.
22. Reverse power protection:
• When prime-mover fails machine starts motoring and draws electrical
power from the system and this is known as inverted operation .
• The generator can be protected from inverted operation by using
single-element directional power relay(reverse power relay) which
senses the direction of power flow.
23. Negative phase sequence protection:
• Unbalance may cause due to single phase fault or unbalanced loading
and it gives rise to negative sequence current .
• This current in rotor causes rotor overheating and damage to the rotor.
• This can be protected by negative sequence current filter with over
current relay.
24.
25. Conclusion
• Protective relays are used to detect electrical faults and to alarm,
disconnects or shutdown the faulted apparatus to provide personnel
safety and equipment protection.
• A protective relay does not prevent the appearance of faults rather
takes action only after a fault has occurred in the system.