White LEDs offer significant energy savings potential compared to traditional lighting. By optimally using white LEDs, global lighting electricity usage could be reduced from 20% to 4%. White LEDs are also more energy efficient, longer lasting, and can reduce CO2 emissions compared to other lights. There are two main methods for creating white light with LEDs - using a combination of colored LEDs, or using a blue LED with a phosphor coating to convert some blue light to yellow. White LEDs continue to improve in efficiency and costs, making their use more widespread.

1. WHITE LED
Presented by:-
Atul Gupta
13474
E&CED

2. 2
With 20% of the world's electricity
used for lighting, it's been calculated
that optimal use of White LED lighting
could reduce this to 4%.
Use of White LED will reduce the
release of CO2 into the atmosphere by
a significant amount.
White LEDs are Energy efficient.
Long life (A typical White LED lamp can
last for 100,000 hours).
Motivation

3. CONTENTS
• Introduction
• Working Of LED
• Colors
• How is White light made with LEDs
• White LED structure
• Advantages
• Disadvantages
• Future Scope
• Conclusion
• References

4. Introduction
• White LEDs, or white light–emitting diodes, are semiconductor
devices that produce white light when an electrical current is passed
through them.
• Light emitting diodes (LEDs) were first developed in the 1960s, but it
became possible to develop white LEDs only after the invention of
Blue LED in 1992.
• White Led lamp is the fourth and latest generation of white light
sources after:-
1. High intensity discharge(HID) lamps
2. Incandescent bulbs and
3. Fluorescent bulbs
• A 1.2 watt white LED light cluster is as bright as a 20-watt
incandescent lamp and lasts 25 times longer.

5. Working of LED
• The LED is a semiconductor diode that emits light when current passes through it
• The n-side is heavily doped
• When forward biased, the built-in potential at the junction is reduced
• The e- from n-side get injected into p-side
• e- combine with the holes resulting in emission of photons i.e. light
• This effect is called electroluminescence

7. • Light is characterized by frequency, or more
commonly, by wavelength
• Visible light spans from 400 nm to 700 nm
• White light is a combination of this mixture.
Colors

8. Colors (cont.)

9. The Noble Prize
• Isamu Akasaki and Hiroshi Amano of Japan and U.S. scientist Shuji
Nakamura won the 2014 Nobel Prize in physics for the invention of
blue light-emitting diodes.
• They produced bright blue light beams from their semi-conductors in
the early 1990s, and triggered a fundamental transformation of
lighting technology. Red and green diodes had been around for a long
time but without blue light, white lamps could not be created.
Despite considerable efforts, both in the scientific community and in
industry, the blue LED had remained a challenge for three decades.

10. How is white light made with LEDs?
Presently, there are two approaches to creating white
light.
1. Mixed color white light
2. Using Blue LED with phosphor coating

11. Mixed-color white light:
• One approach is to mix the light from
several colored LEDs to create a spectral
power distribution that appears white.
• By locating red, green and blue LEDs adjacent to one another,
and properly mixing the amount of their output, the resulting
light is white in appearance.

12. Mixed-color white light (cont.)
Advantages
• Excellent Color Rendering (faithful color reproduction)
• High lumens/watt
• Color temperature can be tuned by adjusting the three colors separately
• More efficient compared to phosphor based LED
Disadvantages
• Difficult to achieve pure white color
• difficult to maintain color stability over life and at different operating
conditions

13. Phosphor-converted white light:
Another approach to generating white light
is by use of phosphors together with a short-
wavelength LED. For example, when one
phosphor material used in LEDs is
illuminated by blue light, it emits yellow light
having a fairly broad spectral power
distribution.
By incorporating the phosphor in the body of a blue LED with a peak
wavelength around 450 to 470 nanometers, some of the blue light will be
converted to yellow light by the phosphor. The remaining blue light, when
mixed with the yellow light, results in white light.

14. Phosphor-converted white light (cont.):-

15. Advantages
• Temperature Stability
• Simpler to create than the RGB LED
• Decent colour rendering
Disadvantages
• Less efficiency
• Weak lumens/watt
• Short life time compare with other type of LEDs
Phosphor-converted white light (cont.):-

16. WHITE LED
STRUCTURE

17. Good efficiency & durability
Advantages Of white led
• LEDs can provide 100,000 hrs of life compared to 1000 hrs with
incandescent light bulbs
• Associated with perfect material and
devices, LEDs would require only 3 Watts
to generate the light obtained with a 60-
Watt incandescent bulb
Figure 1. LED vs. conventional light sources degradation in light output over time

18. Good stability
• Due to their solid state, they can withstand vibrations better
and have no filament that might break
• They are capable of functioning in many environments.
•They are robust in nature.
Advantages (cont.)

19. Reduction in energy consumption
• LEDs require less current than incandescent bulbs
• Comparison with incandescent bulbs: When cold, an
incandescent filament draws ten times as much current as it does
during normal operation. The initial powering of hundreds of
incandescent bulbs simultaneously causes significant voltage
surges that lead to lamp failures.
Advantages (cont.)

20. Reduction of heat emission
• Less heat emission
 Lens stays cooler
 Less energy wasted
• Room temperature stays cooler, so we don’t need further air conditioning
• Some LED lamps are designed with series resistors to limit the operating
current, resulting in no cold filament current variation.
Advantages (cont.)

21. Allows wide variety of lighting
• Artificial lighting similar to daylight
• More control of the color and intensity
• Interesting design possibilities: they can be placed on floors,
walls, ceilings or furniture!
Advantages (cont.)

22. Result double environment-friendly
• Less current consumption
(less electricity burned)
• Less heat produced
Less CO2 emissions.
Less light pollution.
Non toxic as do not contain mercury
Positive impact on global warming.
Incandescent traffic lights
replaced by LEDs in USA:
economy of
2.5 billion kWhours
= US$ 200 million
= 3 billion kilos of CO2
released in the
atmosphere
Advantages (cont.)

23. Disadvantages
Cost Competitivenes:- White LED prices are
significantly higher than that of incandescent light
bulbs.
Temperature dependent:- Since the wavelength of
light is directly proportional to the junction
temperature, White LEDs have to be operated on same
current biasing.
colour rendering properties of cool white LEDs are
insufficient for some applications.

24. Future scope
• In the past 6 years, White LED has seen tremendous gain in
energy efficiency, brightness and lifespan. For now efficiency is
between 25 to 50%, but is expected to reach 90%!
• Companies are trying to find new methods of generating white light. A
new style of wafers composed of gallium-nitride-on-silicon (GaN-on-Si) is
being used to produce white LEDs. This has reduced the cost. It is
predicted that by 2020, 40% of all GaN LEDs will be made with GaN-on-
Si.

25. Estimated White LED market growth in India.
Future scope (cont.)

26. Conclusion
Given the remarkable technological innovation of the past few years, it
is expected that market expansion will bring further improvements in
LED luminous efficiency, and further cost reductions. The range of uses
will surely continue to increase, not only for white LEDs but also for
LEDs of other colors, within the context of saving energy and the need
for thinner designs.

27. References
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode
• http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/nlpip/lightinganswers/led/w
hiteLight.asp
• http://www.lighting.philips.co.in/lightcommunity/trends/led/
• http://www.omslighting.com/ledacademy/570/
• http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/magazine/physicstoday/ar
ticle/54/12/10.1063/1.1445547
• http://energy.gov/eere/ssl/led-basics#how_efficient