This document compares different types of lighting sources, including LED, incandescent, fluorescent, sodium vapor, and metal halide lamps. It discusses their working principles, efficiencies, color temperatures, lifetimes, and applications. The key points are: 1. LED lamps have the highest efficacy ranging from 45-150 lumens/watt and longest lifetime of 25,000-30,000 hours. They produce light through electroluminescence and are directional, compact, and resistant to breaking and vibration. 2. Fluorescent lamps have efficacies of 80-90 lumens/watt and lifetimes of 7,000-15,000 hours. They work by passing electricity through gases to

1. JABATAN KERJA RAYA
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA CAWANGAN KEJURUTERAAN
MELAKA ELEKTRIK, IPOH
Comparison of LED with
Other Lighting Sources
Prepared by: Siti Norfika bt Khamis (Trainee)
Matrix Number: D011010062
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2. Agenda
o Introduction
o Types of Luminaries
o Luminaries Comparison
o Luminous Efficiency
o Lighting The Used of LED
o Lighting Pollution
o Recommendation
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3. Learning Outcome
 Able to know what is the harm brought by normal
lamp
 Able to differentiate between LED and other lighting
sources
 Able to teach people on the use of efficient energy
sources
3

4. Introduction
Stands for
Light
Emitting Small light sources
Diode that become
illuminated by the
movement of
electron through a
semiconductor
material.
Working principle:
Electroluminescence
1. Directional light
2. Compact Size
3. Breaking and vibration
resistance
4

5. Introduction
Lighting Technology Timeline
1780---Oil Lamp 1910---Neon Lighting
1790---Gas Lamp Tungsten Filament
1800---Platinum Filament 1920---
1810--- 1930---Fluorescent Lamp
1820---Vacuum Tube Lamp 1940---
1840---Arc Lamp 1950---
1850---Bamboo Filament 1960---Light Emitting Diode
1860--- 1970---Compact Fluorescent Lamp
1870---Fluorescent Lamp 1980---
---Electric Light Bulb 1990---White SON
1880---Long Lasting Filament ---Organic LED
1890---Gas Discharge Lamp ---Magnetic Induction Lamp
1900---Mercury Vapor Lamp ---Sulfur Lamp
2000---
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6. Introduction
1901 ~1990 2000 2009
Fluorescent “High Brightness” White LED Lamp Production White
1879 Tube 1919 1970s Red, Orange, demonstrates LED Lamp
Edison Light Sodium First Red Yellow, & Green LEDs Incandescent Exceeds 100 lm/W
Bulb Vapor Lamp LED Efficacy (17 lm/W) 2005
1995 White LED Lamp
“High Brightness” demonstrates
Blue, Green LEDs Fluorescent
Efficacy (70 lm/W)
U.S. 223,898
Monochrome
Calculators and signs
Indicators
Full Color Signs
Solid State Lighting
• Current lighting technology is over 120 years old
• LEDs began as just indicators, but are now poised to
become the most efficient light source ever created
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7. Types of Luminaries
Combustion Incandescent Light Emitting Diode
Arc Lamp Fluorescent Gas Discharge
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8. Luminaries Comparison
Incandescent Lamp
• Produces light by heating a filament wire to a high temperature until it glows.
• The filament is normally made of tungsten because it has a high melting point
which is 3500 degree Celsius.
• The hot filament is protected from oxidation in the air with a glass enclosure that
is filled with inert gas (Argon, Nitrogen) or evacuated.
• Normally the filament is made in coil shape.
• Life period of incandescent lamp can last until 1000 hours .
• The efficiency of incandescent lamp is 12 lumen/watt (depends on lamp shape,
life period and operation voltage).
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9. Luminaries Comparison
Do you know why the filament is
made in coil shape?
• The filament has a compact shape
and arrangement.
• Heat loss can be reduce in current
transfer in gas and give high
capacity.
Incandescent lamp
Energy flow diagram of incandescent lamp 9

10. Luminaries Comparison
Tungsten Halogen Lamp
Features
Efficacy – 18 lumen/watt
Color Temperature – Warm (3000K-3200K)
Lamp Life – 2000-4000 hours
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11. Luminaries Comparison
Advantages
 More compact
 Longer life
 More light
 Whiter light (higher color temperature)
Disadvantages
 Cost more
 Increased IR
 Increased UV
 Handling problem
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12. Luminaries Comparison
Fluorescent Lamp
• Fluorescent lamp are about 3 to 5 times as efficient as
standard incandescent lamps and can last about 10 to 20 times
longer.
• Passing electricity through a gas or metallic vapor will cause
electromagnetic radiation at specific wavelengths according to
the chemical constitution and the gas pressure.
• The fluorescent tube has a low pressure of mercury vapor,
and will emit a small amount of blue/green radiation, but the
majority will be in the UV.
12

13. Luminaries Comparison
Fluorescent lamp
Energy flow diagram of fluorescent lamp 13

14. Luminaries Comparison
How do T12, T10, T8, and T5 fluorescent lamps differ?
• These four lamps vary in diameter (ranging from 1.5 inches
that is 12/8 of an inch for T12 to 0.625 or 5/8 of an inch in
diameter for T5 lamps).
• Efficacy is another area that distinguishes one from another.
• T5 & T8 lamps offer a 5-percent increase in efficacy over 40-
watt T12 lamps, and have become the most popular choice for
new installations.
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15. Luminaries Comparison
Features
Halo phosphate
Efficacy – 80 lumens/Watt (HF gear increases this by 10%)
Color Temperature – Any
Lamp Life – 7-15,000 hours
Tri-phosphor
Efficacy – 90 lumens/Watt
Color Temperature – Any
Lamp Life – 7-15,000 hours
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16. Luminaries Comparison
Sodium Vapor Lamp
• Produce yellowish light.
• Work at high pressure or low pressure sodium.
• Neon gas is used to start the discharge, pink light will be
produced.
• The process then is take over by sodium vapor with
increasing the pressure and light will change to yellow in
3-4 minutes.
• This shows that the lamp has been fully discharge.
• The efficiency of this lamp is 75 lumen/watt.
• Normally used in street light with range of 150W, 250W
and 400W for JKR.
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17. Luminaries Comparison
Features
• Efficacy – 50 - 90 lumens/Watt ( better CRI, lower Efficacy)
• Color Temperature – Warm
• Lamp Life – up to 24,000 hours, excellent lumen maintenance
• Warm up – 10 minutes, hot re-strike – within 60 seconds
• Operating sodium at higher pressures and temperatures makes it highly
reactive.
• Contains 1-6 mg sodium and 20 mg mercury
• The gas filling is Xenon. Increasing the amount of gas allows the mercury
to be reduced, but makes the lamp harder to start
• The arc tube is contained in an outer bulb that has a diffusing layer to
reduce glare.
• The higher the pressure, the broader the wavelength band, and the better
CRI, lower efficacy.
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18. Luminaries Comparison
Metal Halide Lamps
• The halides act in a similar manner to the tungsten halogen
cycle.
• As the temperature increases there is disassociation of the
halide compound releasing the metal into the arc.
• The halides prevent the quartz wall getting attacked by the
alkali metals.
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19. Luminaries Comparison
Features
• Efficacy – 80 lumens/Watt
• Color Rendering Index – 1A –2 depends on halide mix
• Color Temperature – 3,000K – 6,000K
• Lamp Life – 6,000 - 20,000 hours, poor lumen maintenance
• Warm-up – 2-3 minutes, hot re-strike 10-20 minutes
• The choice of color, size and rating is greater for MBI than any other lamp
type
• They are a developed version of the two other high intensity discharge
lamps, as they tend to have a better efficacy.
• By adding other metals to the mercury different spectrum can be emitted
• Some MBI lamps use a third electrode for starting, but other, especially the
smaller display lamps, require a high voltage ignition pulse.
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20. Luminaries Comparison
Metal Halide Lamps
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21. Luminaries Comparison
Energy flow for metal halide lamps
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22. Luminaries Comparison
LED Lamps
 LED lighting are viable in any lighting applications and has
prove to have a better energy efficiency than other lamps.
 Costly, but worth for a once life time project.
 Basic components for LED lighting are:
- LEDs
- Driver (power conversion device)
- Control devices (dimming controls, color mixing controls)
- Optics
- Fixture (housing, including heat sink devices, to contain all
components)
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23. Luminaries Comparison
• LED Driver (Power conversion device)
- converts a system voltage (e.g:240V) into power required by
the LED system.
- Delivering proper power to an LED system is crucial to
maintaining correct light levels and life expectancy of the
LEDs.
- The driver also regulates power delivered to the LEDs to
counter any fluctuations in system conditions.
- Drivers also isolate the LED system from the high voltage
system to reduce shock hazards and make a lighting system
safer.
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24. Luminaries Comparison
• LED lamps are the newest addition to the list of energy
efficient light sources in JKR.
• While LED lamps emits visible light in a very narrow spectral
band, they can produce “white light”.
• This is accomplished either a red-blue-green array or
phosphor-coated blue LED lamps.
• LED lamps last 40,000 to 100,000 hours depending on color.
• LED lamps have made their way into numerous lighting
applications including exit signs, traffic signals, under-cabinet
lights, and various decorative applications.
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25. Luminaries Comparison
• The luminous efficacy of LEDs in comparison with other
lamps;
Source Efficacy Life Time
(lumen/watt) (hours)
LED 4.5-150 25,000-30,000
Incandescent 10-30 More than 2,000-4,000
Fluorescent 60-90 More than 7,000
Neon 5-20 More than 12,000
Metal Halide 70-90 6,000- 20,000
High Pressure Sodium 90-125 25,000
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26. Luminaries Comparison
• However, the comparison does not tell the whole story.
Efficiency of the complete system must be considered while
making comparison.
• Colored LED used in applications such as traffic signals and
channel letters can be up to 90% more efficient than neon and
incandescent.
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27. Luminaries Comparison
• It is true that these applications have historically filtered white
light to get a specific color of light, so most of the light is
wasted in the filtering process.
• In traffic signal lights, a red traffic signal head that contains
196 LEDs draws 10W versus its incandescent counterpart that
draws 150W.
• Various estimates of potential energy savings range from 82%
to 93%.
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28. Why LED lighting?
Energy consumption
• Improved night visibility due to higher color rendering,
higher color temperature and increased illuminance
uniformly.
• Longer lifespan.
• Lower energy consumption.
• Reduced maintenance costs.
• Instant-on with no run-up or re-strike delays.
• No mercury, lead or other known disposable hazards.
• Lower environmental footprint.
• An opportunity to implement programmable controls.
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29. Applications of LED Lighting
Residential: Bedroom, Kitchen, Living Room.
Commercial: Restaurant, Retail Store, Office, Stage
Safety: Street/Road, Parking Area, Park, Emergency
Lighting
Health: Hospital, Clinic.
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30. How LED light differ from fluorescent,
incandescent or other source light?
Incandescent bulb create light by passing electricity through
a metal filament until it becomes so hot that it will glows.
Incandescent bulbs release 90% energy as heat.
In a CFL, an electric current is driven through a tube
containing gases. This reaction produces ultraviolet light that
gets transformed into visible light by the fluorescent coating
(called phosphor) on the inside of the tube. A CFL releases
about 80% of its energy as heat.
LED lighting products use light emitting diodes to produce
light very efficiently. The movement of electrons through a
semiconductor material illuminates the tiny light sources we
call LEDs. A small amount of heat is released backwards,
into a heat sink, in a well-designed product; LEDs are
basically cool to the touch. 30

31. Why does lighting has become one of my
concern?
Others include: Refrigeration (3 billion kWh), water heater (2
billion kWh) and cooking (1 billion kWh) 31

32. Lighting Pollution
One teaspoon of mercury can
contaminate a 20 acre lake.
.
Forever.*
Each year, an estimated 600 million fluorescent lamps
are disposed of in U.S. landfills amounting to 30,000
pounds of mercury waste.*
The mercury from one fluorescent bulb can pollute
6,000 gallons of water beyond safe drinking levels.*
* www.lightbulbrecycling.com
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33. Recommendation
Energy Saving Opportunities
1. Use natural daylight
• Natural Light from windows should also be used. However, it
should be well designed to avoid glare. Light shelves can be
used to provide natural light without glare.
2. De-lamping to reduce excess lighting
• De-lamping is an effective method to reduce lighting energy
consumption.
• In some industries, reducing the mounting height of lamps,
providing efficient luminaries and then de-lamping has
ensured that the illuminance is hardly affected.
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34. Recommendation
• De-lamping at empty spaces where active work is not being
performed is also a useful concept.
• De-lamping also can be done by replacing lamp with more
efficient lamp.
3. Replacing electromagnetic ballast with electronic ballast
• Conventional electromagnetic ballasts (chokes) are used to
provide higher voltage to start the tube light and subsequently
limit the current during normal operation.
• The losses in electronic ballasts for tube lights are only about 1
Watt, in place of 10 to 15 Watts in standard electromagnetic
chokes.
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35. THANK YOU!!
See you again!
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