Biodiesel is an elective fuel like regular or 'fossil' diesel. Biodiesel can be delivered from straight vegetable oil, creature oil/fats, fat and waste cooking oil. The procedure used to change over these oils to Biodiesel is called transesterification. This procedure is depicted in more detail beneath. The biggest conceivable wellspring of appropriate oil originates from oil yields, for example, rapeseed, palm or soybean. In the UK rapeseed speaks to the best potential for biodiesel creation. Most biodiesel created at present is delivered from squander vegetable oil sourced from eateries, chip shops, modern nourishment makers, for example, Birdseye and so forth. Despite the fact that oil directly from the horticultural business speaks to the best potential source it isn't being delivered economically essentially in light of the fact that the crude oil is excessively costly. After the expense of changing over it to biodiesel has been included it is basically too costly to even think about competing with fossil diesel. Squander vegetable oil can regularly be sourced for nothing or sourced effectively treated at a little cost.
Biodiesel is an elective fuel like regular or 'fossil' diesel. Biodiesel can be delivered from straight vegetable oil, creature oil/fats, fat and waste cooking oil. The procedure used to change over these oils to Biodiesel is called transesterification. This procedure is depicted in more detail beneath. The biggest conceivable wellspring of appropriate oil originates from oil yields, for example, rapeseed, palm or soybean. In the UK rapeseed speaks to the best potential for biodiesel creation. Most biodiesel created at present is delivered from squander vegetable oil sourced from eateries, chip shops, modern nourishment makers, for example, Birdseye and so forth. Despite the fact that oil directly from the horticultural business speaks to the best potential source it isn't being delivered economically essentially in light of the fact that the crude oil is excessively costly. After the expense of changing over it to biodiesel has been included it is basically too costly to even think about competing with fossil diesel. Squander vegetable oil can regularly be sourced for nothing or sourced effectively treated at a little cost.
Biodiesel can also be used as a heating fuel in domestic and commercial boilers, a mix of heating oil and biofuel which is standardized and taxed slightly differently from diesel fuel used for transportation. Bioheat fuel is a proprietary blend of biodiesel and traditional heating oil.
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Palm olein from vegetable oil has gained attention as a new renewable energy source to substitute fossil diesel.
This work examines the technical potential of biodiesel produced from palm olein as gas turbine fule in Malaysia.
The studies which cover an investigation into the physical and chemical properties of blended palm olein/diesel oils.
A powerpoint presentation on biofuels . Application , manufacture , advantages and disadvantages of biofuels also included . Presentation based on sustainable devolopment . A useful powerpoint presentation for engineering students . GO GREEN . Thank you .
Biodiesel can also be used as a heating fuel in domestic and commercial boilers, a mix of heating oil and biofuel which is standardized and taxed slightly differently from diesel fuel used for transportation. Bioheat fuel is a proprietary blend of biodiesel and traditional heating oil.
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Palm olein from vegetable oil has gained attention as a new renewable energy source to substitute fossil diesel.
This work examines the technical potential of biodiesel produced from palm olein as gas turbine fule in Malaysia.
The studies which cover an investigation into the physical and chemical properties of blended palm olein/diesel oils.
A powerpoint presentation on biofuels . Application , manufacture , advantages and disadvantages of biofuels also included . Presentation based on sustainable devolopment . A useful powerpoint presentation for engineering students . GO GREEN . Thank you .
Chemistry Investigatory Project Class 12 - Green Chemistry - Bio Diesel And B...Dhananjay Dhiman
Chemistry investigatory project for class 12 CBSE on the topic Green chemistry - bio diesel and bio petrol. It includes all the necessary formats and the content is relevant for the CBSE practical examination.
this presentation has a business plan for setting up a Bio diesel plant in Laos. it includes all the operational, financial and legal considerations that are to be followed for starting such kind of business
Biodiesel production in middle east opportunities and challenges jordan as ex...Ibrahim Farouk
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Biodiesel is one of the most important biofuels today. It is produced by the process called trans-esterfication. Biodiesel is a green energy that decrease the pollutants to air.
What It Is and How It Is Made
Learn the basics of biodiesel including biodiesel markets and benefits, production technologies, quality control, distribution and storage issues. A replay of the actual lecture can be found at: www.pccbusiness.com/green
This presentation shows the chemical reaction involved in preparation of biodiesel (ie. transesterification of long chained fatty acids). Jatropha is the most popular and most suitable oil seed in India for producing Biodiesel. This presentation shows Jatropha availability in India. Further, it also shows the test results of different biodiesel blends on 3100 HP locomotive engine that was performed in Research Designs and Standards Organization(RDSO), Lucknow.
The substitution of fuels known as fossil or traditional, derived from petroleum represents one of the great challenges facing humanity currently. One of the alternatives is to replace the diesel oil using the production of biodiesel. This is a renewable fuel derived from vegetable oils (edible or inedible, new or used) and animal fats that have properties similar to oil.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
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The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
3. WHAT IS BIODIESEL?
Fuel from a Source of Oils & Fats...
AN ALTERNATIVE GREEN FUEL…
Fatty Acid Methyl Esters can be used directly
as Diesel or Blend with Diesel…
4. RUDOLF DIESEL
Designed Diesel Engine in 1894 to Run on Peanut
Oil
““TThhee uussee ooff vveeggeettaabbllee ooiillss ffoorr eennggiinnee ffuueellss mmaayy sseeeemm
iinnssiiggnniiffiiccaanntt ttooddaayy.. BBuutt ssuucchh ooiillss mmaayy bbeeccoommee iinn tthhee
ccoouurrssee ooff ttiimmee aass iimmppoorrttaanntt aass ppeettrroolleeuumm aanndd tthhee ccooaall ttaarr
pprroodduuccttss ooff tthhee pprreesseenntt ttiimmee..""
-An Extract from Diesel’s Speech in 1912
6. WHAT IS BIODIESEL?
Fatty Acid alkyl ester prepared from any oil or fat (animal or vegetable
source)
CH2-O-C
O
R
CH-O-C
O
R
TRANSESTERIFICATION
Alkali
+ Acid Methanol RC
O
OMe +
CH2-OH
CH-OH
O
R
CH2-O-C CH2-OH
OIL / FAT
(TRIGLYCERIDE)
Fatty Acid Methyl Ester
(Biodiesel)
Glycerol
R-C
O
OH
ESTERIFICATION
+ Methanol
Acid
R-C
O
OMe
Fatty Acid Fatty Acid Methyl Ester
· Fatty Acid Methyl ester is a well know molecule for vegetable oil industry
· Intermediate for fatty alcohols & oleochemicals
7. WHY BIODIESEL?
• SUSTAINABILITY
• POLLUTION THREAT
• REDUCTION OF GREEN HOUSE GAS
EMISSIONS
• REGIONAL (RURAL) DEVELOPMENT
• SOCIAL STRUCTURE & AGRICULTURE
• SECURITY OF SUPPLY
8. IMPORTANCE OF BIODIESEL
• Environment friendly
• Clean burning
• Renewable fuel
• No engine modification
• Increase in engine life
• Biodegradable and non-toxic
• Easy to handle and store
10. BIODIESEL-WHY LOWER EMISSIONS ?
• Biodiesel has High Cetane
• In Built Oxygen Content
• Burns Fully
• Has No Sulphur
• No Aromatics
• Complete CO2 Cycle
11. PETRO-DIESEL CO2 CYCLE
13 POUNDS OF FOSSIL CO2 RELEASED PER GALLON BURNED
Exploration
Refining
Fossil CO2 Release to
Atmosphere
Use in Cars and Trucks
12. BIODIESEL CO2 CYCLE
NO FOSSIL CO2 RELEASED ; NO GLOBAL WARMING
Renewable
CO2
Oil Crops Use in Cars and Trucks
Biodiesel
Production
13. DIESEL & BIODIESEL DEMAND, AREA REQUIRED UNDER
JATROPHA FOR DIFFERENT BLENDING RATES
(Biofuel Document of Indian Govt, 2002)
Year Disel
Demand
MMT
Biodiesel
@ 5%
MMT
Area for
5%
Mha
Biodiesel
@ 10%
MMT
Area for
10%
Mha
Biodiesel
@ 20%
MMT
Area for
20%
Mha
2001-02 39.81 1.99 NA 3.98 NA 7.96 NA
2006-07 52.33 2.62 2.19 5.23 4.38 10.47 8.76
2011-12 66.90 3.35 2.79 6.69 5.58 13.38 11.19
December, 2009 –Indian Biofuel Policy
An indicative target of 20% by 2017 for the blending of
biofuels – bioethanol and bio-diesel
14. ROAD BLOCKS FOR BIODIESEL INDUSTRY…
· Feedstock Scarcity
· Food Vs Fuel Controversy
· Initial Enthusiasm Coming Down
· Non-edible Oil Production not Encouraging
· Effluent-based Traditional Technologies for
High FFA Oils
· Pricing of Biodiesel is Not Attractive to
Anybody
· Algal Oils – Long way to go…
15. WHAT IS THE CHALLENGE?
· VERY SIMPLE CHEMISTRY…
· Handling multi-feedstock is the real challenge
· VERY LOW FFA – only Transesterification
CH2-O-C
O
R
CH-O-C
O
R
+ Methanol RC
Alkali
Acid
O
OMe +
CH2-OH
CH-OH
O
R
CH2-O-C CH2-OH
OIL / FAT
(TRIGLYCERIDE)
Fatty Acid Methyl Ester
(Biodiesel)
Glycerol
· HIGH FFA – ESTERIFICATION followed by TRANSESTERIFICATION
R-C
O
OH
+ Methanol
Acid
R-C
O
OMe
Fatty Acid Biodiesel
· > 99% Yields – to achieve good quality FAME – without distillation!!
· Recovery of good quality glycerol for economic feasibility
· Waste Water Recycling
· Good pre-treatment (lower phosphorus ppm levels)
16. MAJOR CONCERN…FEED STOCK
· Present Global Production of Biodiesel ~ 14 million
metric tons
· Only <50% of Capacity of the Installed Biodiesel
Plants Being Utilized…
· This Scenario Indicates Several Road Blocks for
Biodiesel Industry
· Main Concern is the Feed Stock.
· Edible Vegetable Oil Expected to Remain the Major
Feedstock for the Production of Biodiesel
· Countries like India Propagating Non-edible Oils like
Jatropha & Karanja, but not Much Progress
· Animal Fats and Used Cooking Oils – Several
Limitations
20. INDIAN VEGETABLE OIL PRODUCTION
AND IMPORT STATUS
(million tones)
Year Domestic Edible
Oil Production
Import of
Edible Oils
2009-10 7.9 8.8
2008-09 8.2 8.2
2007-08 8.2 5.6
2006-07 7.72 4.71
2005-06 8.03 4.42
2004-05 7.59 5.04
2003-04 7.78 4.28
2002-03 5.12 5.38
2001-02 6.67 4.42
2000-01 5.81 4.83
Source: SEA
21. BIODIESEL - INDIAN SCENARIO
· Presently importing about 8.8 million tones of edible
oil – ~50% of consumption
· Clean oils are not available for biodiesel production in
the country
· Non-edible Oils & Acid Oil – Not more than 5 lakh
tones
· To wait till Jatropha / Karanja plantation comes to
reality - Oil production only after 2 to 3 years!!
22. TREE-BORNE OILS
· Tree-borne oils will be major source for Indian
Biodiesel
· Most oils are dark
· Possess disagreeable smell
· Contain non-lipid constituents with variety of structural
features
· Above problems aggravate by hostile conditions during
collection, storage and processing
· Depending on the nature of the non-lipid constituents
special processing methods have to be developed
· Any technology in Indian scenario should take care of
multi-feed stocks (high FFA and Unsap)
26. PROCESS FOR BIODIESEL PRODUCTION
CRUDE OIL/
DEGUMMED OIL Acid catalyst*
Neutralization
Transesterification
2-Stage process
Neutralization & Distillation
Esterification
Washing & Drying
Distilation
*Esterification step is only for high FFA oils
Not necessary for low FFA oils
Methanol
FATTY ACID METHYL ESTER
TRIGLYCERIDE
Methanol
Alkaline catalyst
SETTLING TANK
FATTY ACID METHYL ESTER GLYCERINE LAYER
With Methanol and Alkali
METHANOL CRUDE GLYCEROL
» 80%
BIODIESEL
POTASSIUM SULPHATE
(Fertilizer)
27. PRE-TREATMENTS BEFORE TRANSESTERIFICATION
TO HANDLE GUMS AND FFA
Physical Refining Degumming and Bleaching
followed by removal of FFA by
Deacidification (High
Temperature Distillation)
Chemical Refining Removal of FFA using alkali
neutralization - Heavy loss of
Neutral oil along with Soap (2.5
times of FFA)
Esterification Converts FFA to Methyl esters
(increases yield of Biodiesel) –
Most appropriate option
28. NEWER APPROACHES
· Flexible process for handling variable quality feed stocks with
high FFA and unsaponifiables
· Efficient conversions using traditional catalysts like NaOH /
KOH / H2SO4
· Catalyst-free esterification and transesterification
· Application of heterogeneous catalysts for both esterification
and transesterification
· Biotechnological approaches using lipases
· Microbial production of oil or fatty acid methyl ester
· Value addition to by-products
29. ADVANTAGES OF HETEROGENOUS
CATALYSTS
· Substantial reduction of waste/by-product
generation
· Savings on catalyst cost – Recycling
· Considerably greater increase in reactor throughput
· Smaller heat exchange areas – Reduced costs
· Greater ease of automation and continuous
processing
· Sustainable reduction in operating costs
· Reduction in chemical use (Catalysts, reagents used
to neutralize catalysts)
· Reduction in effluents
30. LIMITATIONS OF REPORTED
SOLID ACID CATALYSTS
· Most of catalysts reported requires
· Higher temperatures
· Pressure
· Reusability of catalyst not so good
· Many of them are water sensitive
31. LIPASE CATALYZED PREPARATION OF BIODIESEL
O
O
CH2-O-C-R
CH-O-C-R
O
CH2-O-C-R
+
O
Lipase
R-COOH +
CH3OH R-C-OMe
CH2-OH
CH-OH
CH2-OH
Triglyceride FFA Biodiesel Glycerol
• Both esterification and transesterification at Room-temperature
or less than 50°C
• Immobilized enzymes can be recycled upto 20 to 30 times
• Still unfavorable for commercial exploitation
• Methanol or ethanol denatures the lipase
• Lot of scope for biotechnological revolution in this area
32. GLYCERL-BASED CARBON ACID CATALYST –
NEW INNOVATION
In situ Carbonization and
Sulfonation
GLYCEROL + H2SO4 CARBON-ACID CATALYST
CARBON-ACID CATALYST
INDIAN & PCT PATENTS FILED, 2007 & 2008
ChemSusChem, 2008
33. CHARACTERIZATION OF GLYCEROL-BASED
CARBON ACID CATALYST
Powder XRD pattern
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) image
13C MAS NMR Spectrum
FT-IR Spectrum
34. XSP Spectrum Raman spectrum
Elemental Analysis, X-ray Diffraction, SEM, FT-IR, 13C MAS
NMR, XSP Spectrum, Raman Spectrum, TG/DTA Analysis,
Potentiometric Titration and BET Surface Area
SO3H
SO3H
HO3S
CARBON ACID CATALYST
OH
OH OH
GLYCEROL
SO3H SO3H
SO3H
SO3H
Conc. H2SO4/ heat
SO3H
SO3H
HO3S
HO3S
HO3S
In situ Carbonization &
Sulfonation
Characterization…
35. HOW TO MAKE BIODIESEL CHEAPER?
· Efficient Process for Biodiesel Production –
Presence of Minimum Amounts of Triglyceride,
Diglyceride and Mongoglycerides in the
Biodiesel
· Phytochemicals & Nutraceuticals of Oil &
Other Parts of the Tree (Leaves, Flowers, Bark
etc.)
· Alternate Applications for Oilseed Cake (Rich
in Starch and Protein
· Newer Applications for Glycerol
36. TREE-BORNE LIPIDS & OTHER USEFUL
CONSTITUENTS
· LEAF LIPIDS
- Rich in Biologically Active Constituents
- Internal Lipids
Acid glycerols, hydroxyl fatty acids etc.,
- Epicuticular waxes
Rich in Hydrocarbons, wax esters, aldehydes, ketones,
steryl esters, acetates, fatty alcohols, sterols,
triterpenols, fatty acids, etc.
· SEED OILS
- Edible oils, Structured fats, Industrial Oleochemicals like
Biopesticides, Phytochemicals, Nutraceuticals like Gums
(lecithin), Tocopherols, Phytosterols, Glycerol
· SEED CAKES
- Rich Source for protein and starch
- Good Fertilizer
- Starch and protein based surfactants
37. KARANJA BIOREFINERY
KARANJA SEEDS
Bioactive Constituents
Cake Oil Lubricant Base Oils &
Additives
Protein,
Starch,
Oil
Varieties of Products like
Surfactants, Lubricants,
Fertilizer etc.
Fatty Acid Alkyl
Esters
Crude
Glycerol
Minor
Constituents
Lubricant
Base Oils &
Additives
Bioactive Constituents
Different Grades
of Glycerol
Variety of Value
Sponsored by Department of Added Products
Science & Technology
Rs. 18.6 Millions
38. BIODIESEL PROCESS
Esterification Neutralization Transesterification
Separation
Non-edible Oils with FFA
Alcohol
+
Acid Catalyst
Alcohol
Alcohol + Base Catalyst
Glycerol
Biodiesel
Nature of this crude glycerol is different
from the glycerol produced by Fat Splitting
or the Edible oil-based biodiesel glycerol
Glycerol ~ 50%
Alcohol
Water
Biodiesel
Catalyst
Soap
Salts
Minor Constituents
39. POTENTIAL DERIVATIVES OF GLYCEROL
· Structured Lipids
· Oxidation Products
· Glyceryl Ethers
· Prodrugs
· Triacetin, Glycerol carbonate type of by-products
(in place of glycerol production)
40. MAJOR APPLICATIONS OF OILSEED CAKES-PRESENT
STATUS
Edible Oilseed Cakes
· Source of Protein in Case of Clean Cakes
like Groundnut, Soybean, etc.
· Animal Feed Formulations
Non-edible Oilseed Cakes
· Manure
· To Explore for Variety of Applications
41. JATROPHA / KARANJA CAKES
· Huge Quantities of Jatropha / Karanja Cakes if
these Plantations Suceed…
· Every Tonne of Biodiesel Results in about 2
tonnes of Oilseed Cake
· Oilseed Cakes – Real Asset for the Nation as they
are Biodegradable
· Potential Feedstock – To Make Biodiesel Industry
More Attractive
· To Develop variety of Products from these Cakes
42. COMPOSITION OF JATROPHA AND KARANJA
OILSEED CAKES
Constituent Jatropha Karanja
Nitrogen/Protein (wt %) 4-6/25-40 4-7/25-40
Carbohydrate (wt %) 15-20 15-20
Fibre (wt %) 15-20 15-20
Ash (wt %) 3-5 3-5
Phosphorus (wt %) 1.5-3 1-2
Potassium (wt %) 1-2 0.5-1.5
Calcium (wt %) <1 <1
Magnesium (wt %) <1 <0.5
Zinc, Copper, Magnesium, Boron (ppm) <100 <100
Sulphur (ppm) <3000 <4000
* Compositions may not be authentic as all the results are
isolated / very old reports
44. BIOETHANOL FROM CAKES
· Currently, Ethanol is made from Corn Grain Starch /
Sugarcane Molasses
· Newer Feedstocks Required to Meet the Future
Demands
· Oilseed Cakes / Hulls – Potential Feedstock as they
are Made up of Cellulosic Materials
· Efficiency of the Pre-treatment and Fermentation
Process has to be Optimized based on the Yield of
Free Sugars and Ethanol
45. CARBON SOURCE FOR MICOBIAL
GROWTH
· For the Production of Microbial Lipids / Non-lipids or
Enzymes – Carbon Source Required
· Microbial Degradation of Solid Agricultural Waste
(Carbon Source) is a Natural Process
· Known / Specific Microbial Strains may Produce
Desired Products / Enzymes in Presence of a Carbon
Source
· Oilseed Cakes can be Directly Used as Carbon and
Energy Source for Microbial Growth / Production of
Desired Products for Many Potential Applications
· To Produce Extra Cellular Enzymes such as
Proteases, Lipases, Xylanase and Cellulase by Solid-state
Fermentation
46. BIOMETHANATION OF OILSEED CAKES
· Several Biogas Plants not in Use for Want of
Feedstock
· Oilseed Cakes – Excellent Feedstock
· 0.25 to 0.35 cubic meters of Biogas can be
Produced from 1 kg of Jatropha Cake with » 70-80%
Methane Content [Satish Lele (www.Svlele.com)]
· Area of Plot, 300m2 ; Manpower, Two unskilled;
Power Supply, 1 kw; Cost, Rs. 5 Lakhs
· Methane gas – For Generating Electricity – To
Promote On-farm Energy Self-sufficiency
· Left out Slurry from the Bioreactor – Serves as
Organic Manure
47. Studies on Physico-chemical Properties of Jatropha/Karanja Seeds (AP State Govt)
60 kg/hr Expeller for Jatropha/Karanja Seeds
Pre-treatment Pilot Plant (15 kg) for Crude Oil
Batch (50 kg) and Continuous (10 kg/hr) Biodiesel Process (AP State Govt & DBT)
Carbon Catalyst from Glycerol for Esterification / Transesterification (CSIR)
Development of Value added products from Karanja oil, cake and glycerol (DST)
Screening of Minor Oils for Biodiesel Production (DST)
Algal Oil-based Biodiesel (Collaborative Project) (DBT, NMITLI)
Exploratory studies on lipase-assisted preparation of biodiesel to enhance
Continuous Biodiesel Pilot Plant (10 kg/hr)
stability to lipase
Established State of Art Facilities for Vegetable Oils, Biodiesel, Lubricants Research
(CSIR, DST)
BIODIESEL – IICT’S PROGRAMME
Expeller Pre-treatment Plant
