Biodiesel is an elective fuel like regular or 'fossil' diesel. Biodiesel can be delivered from straight vegetable oil, creature oil/fats, fat and waste cooking oil. The procedure used to change over these oils to Biodiesel is called transesterification. This procedure is depicted in more detail beneath. The biggest conceivable wellspring of appropriate oil originates from oil yields, for example, rapeseed, palm or soybean. In the UK rapeseed speaks to the best potential for biodiesel creation. Most biodiesel created at present is delivered from squander vegetable oil sourced from eateries, chip shops, modern nourishment makers, for example, Birdseye and so forth. Despite the fact that oil directly from the horticultural business speaks to the best potential source it isn't being delivered economically essentially in light of the fact that the crude oil is excessively costly. After the expense of changing over it to biodiesel has been included it is basically too costly to even think about competing with fossil diesel. Squander vegetable oil can regularly be sourced for nothing or sourced effectively treated at a little cost.
A powerpoint presentation on biofuels . Application , manufacture , advantages and disadvantages of biofuels also included . Presentation based on sustainable devolopment . A useful powerpoint presentation for engineering students . GO GREEN . Thank you .
Biodiesel is an elective fuel like regular or 'fossil' diesel. Biodiesel can be delivered from straight vegetable oil, creature oil/fats, fat and waste cooking oil. The procedure used to change over these oils to Biodiesel is called transesterification. This procedure is depicted in more detail beneath. The biggest conceivable wellspring of appropriate oil originates from oil yields, for example, rapeseed, palm or soybean. In the UK rapeseed speaks to the best potential for biodiesel creation. Most biodiesel created at present is delivered from squander vegetable oil sourced from eateries, chip shops, modern nourishment makers, for example, Birdseye and so forth. Despite the fact that oil directly from the horticultural business speaks to the best potential source it isn't being delivered economically essentially in light of the fact that the crude oil is excessively costly. After the expense of changing over it to biodiesel has been included it is basically too costly to even think about competing with fossil diesel. Squander vegetable oil can regularly be sourced for nothing or sourced effectively treated at a little cost.
A powerpoint presentation on biofuels . Application , manufacture , advantages and disadvantages of biofuels also included . Presentation based on sustainable devolopment . A useful powerpoint presentation for engineering students . GO GREEN . Thank you .
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A Study On The Performance And Combustion Of A Diesel Engine Fuelled With B...theijes
This paper highlights the performance and combustion of a single cylinder four stroke diesel engine operated on blends of biodiesel produced from waste cooking oil. An additive Diethyl ether (DEE) has been added in three different proportions to B20 blended fuel to study the effect of additive on the performance and combustion of the diesel engine. Our results conclude that the break thermal efficiencies of the diesel engine show an increasing trend with both blended fuels and additive mixed blended fuels, slightly higher than the case of pure diesel fuel.
Protein denaturation, mechanism, causes, denaturation at interfaces,denaturation at different protein structures level, agents of protein denaturation, advantages and disadvantages of protein denaturation
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
3. Introduction
The limited fossil fuel resources along with the need to reduce
Green House Gas emissions were a major impulse to the
development of alternative fuels.
As a result, increased attention has been given to biofuels, such as
biodiesel, that can be used as an alternative fuel in compression–
ignition engines.
Its production from renewable resources, such as vegetable oils
and animal fats, makes it biodegradable and non-toxic also, it
contributes to the reduction of CO2 emissions, because it
comprises a closed carbon cycle.
Sivakumar P. et al.,(2011)
11/21/2018 3
4. Transesterification
Generally, biodiesel is produced by means of transesterification.
Transesterification is the reaction of a lipid with an alcohol to
form esters and a by-product, glycerol.
It is, in principle, the action of one alcohol displacing another
from an ester, referred to as alcoholysis (cleavage by an alcohol).
The reaction is reversible, and thus an excess of alcohol is usually
used to force the equilibrium to the product side.
Sivakumar P. et al.,(2011)
11/21/2018 4
5. Transesterification definition
Transesterification is the general term used to describe the
important class of organic reactions where an ester is transformed
into another ester through interchange of the alkoxy moiety. When
the original ester is reacted with an alcohol, produces an another
esters and the process is called transesterification or alcoholysis.
RCOOR’ + R”OH RCOOR” + R’OH
Transesterification consists of a sequence of three consecutive
reversible reactions. The first step is the conversion of triglycerides
to diglycerides, followed by the conversion of diglycerides to
monoglycerides, and finally monoglycerides into glycerol, yielding
one ester molecule from each glyceride at each step.
Sivakumar P. et al.,(2011)
11/21/2018 5
7. The catalyst used has a significant effect on the reaction, raising the
rate notably.
It is known that basic catalysts require short times to complete the
reaction even at room temperature, while acid catalysts, such as
sulfuric acid, require higher temperatures (100ºC) and longer
reaction times (3 – 4 h).
The alkalis that are used generally include sodium and potassium
hydroxides, carbonates, and alkoxides such as methoxide, ethoxide,
propoxide, and butoxide.
Sivakumar P. et al.,(2011)
11/21/2018 7
9. Mechanism of transesterification process
Short-chain alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, and butanol are the most
frequently employed.
Ethanol can be produced from agricultural renewable resources, thereby
attaining total independence from petroleum-based alcohols. Also,
ethanol, as an extraction solvent, is preferable over methanol because of
its much higher dissolving power for oils.
For this cause, ethanol is sometimes used as an suitable alcohol for the
transesterification of vegetables oils. Therefore, producing ethyl esters
rather than methyl esters is of considerable interest, because, in addition
to the entirely agricultural nature of the ethanol, the extra carbon atom
provided by the ethanol molecule slightly increases the heat content and
the cetane(C16 H34 aliphatic hydrocarbon) number.(A performance rating
of diesel fuel corresponding to the percentage of cetane in a mixture with
isocetane (or, formerly, methylnaphthalene) that would have the same
performance.)
Sivakumar P. et al.,(2011)11/21/2018 9
10. Transesterification of milk fat by using dairy waste (scum)
Annual production of milk in India is approx. 150 MT per year.
Raw chilled milk of cow and buffalo milk are standardized to
market milk, milk products such as butter, ghee, cream, peda,
paneer, cheese, yoghurt, ice-cream etc.
During these process enormous quantity of water is used for
washing equipments, sterilization and good housekeeping.
Due to this residual butter and related fat which are washed and get
collected in ETP as scum.
Scum is less dense floating solid mass formed by a mixture fat,
lipids, proteins and other organic compounds.
Sivakumar P. et al.,(2011)11/21/2018 10
11. A large dairy, which produces 5lakh litres of milk per day will
produce approx. 200-300 kg of effluent scum per day.
If this scum is disposed to solid waste disposal site or by
incinerating causes economic waste increases BOD and COD
values and pollutes the environment.
To avoid these problems this scum is utilising in the further
production of bio-diesel by a process called transesterification.
There are 4 methods for the production of bio-diesel they are
Direct use and blending
Micro-emulsification
Pyrolysis
Transesterification
Sivakumar P. et al.,(2011)11/21/2018 11
12. Transesterification is the displacement of alcohol from an ester by
another alcohol
Overall transesterification reaction was given by three consecutive
and reversible reactions are believed to occur.
This reaction is widely used to reduce the viscosity of triglycerides
derived from renewable feedstock such as vegetable oil and animal
derived fat for use in compression engine.
Catalyst is used to increase the transesterification reaction rate and
yield.
Excess alcohol is used to make possible to complete the reversible
reaction.
Sivakumar P. et al.,(2011)11/21/2018 12
13. Methanol is preferred for the production of biodiesel by using dairy
scum because of its low cost, physical and chemical advantages
(polar and short chain).
It can quickly reacts with triglycerides and alkaline catalysts such
as NaOH or KOH.
In methanolysis formation of emulsion were quick and easily
breakdown triglyceride to form glycerol rich bottom layer and
methyl ester rich upper layer.
Transesterification occurs 4000 times faster in presence of alkaline
catalysts than the same amount of acid catalysts used.
Sivakumar P. et al.,(2011)11/21/2018 13
14. In transesterification the starting temperature of the column is
160ºC and increased to 7.5ºC per minute to a final temperature of
240ºC (win-chrome software).
Chemical composition of dairy scum oil:
Sivakumar P. et al.,(2011)11/21/2018 14
15. Transesterification reaction setup:
The transesterification reaction was carried out in a system consists
of a 1L double-necked round bottom flask, which was put inside the
heat jacked.
Thermostat was a part of heat jacket to maintain the temperature of
the reactant at a desired value and the reaction was carried out at
desired temperature.
Methanol has a boiling point of 65ºC, which vaporizes at elevated
temperatures during the reaction.
To prevent the loss of methanol during reaction, a water-cooled
condenser was used to condense the vapours and reflux it back to
the reactor.
Sivakumar P. et al.,(2011)11/21/2018 15
16. The condenser also helps in maintaining the atmospheric pressure
inside the reactor.
The side neck was used for fixing condenser, in order to achieve
perfect contact between the reagents and the oil during
transesterification process, they must be stirred well at a constant
rate.
Transesterification process:
The reactor was charged with a dairy waste scum oil, which was
stirred and pre-heated at different temperatures.
After this a solution of KOH and methanol (CH3OH) was added.
The reaction conditions was varied to obtain a large range of methyl
esters yield.
Sivakumar P. et al.,(2011)11/21/2018 16
17. Heating and stirring was then stopped, neutralised with acetic acid
and the product was allowed to separate into two phases.
Separation:
After completion of the reaction the product is transferred into a
separating funnel for certain time interval for phase separation
(approx. 12hrs).
Since the solubility of the methyl ester is low and it floats on the
surface, and the glycerine tends to collect at the bottom.
Washing:
Washing is a process that removes the entrained glycerol, catalyst,
soaps and excess methanol.
Sivakumar P. et al.,(2011)11/21/2018 17
18. Free glycerine in the product is from transesterification reaction,
when esters are completely washed with water and there should be
a trace amount of methanol left since alcohol is more soluble in
water than in bio-diesel.
The washing process also removes soaps and residual catalysts.
The mixing of ester with water should be gentle to reduce the loss
of ester due to formation of emulsion that could increase separation
time.
To reduce the washing cycles the initial washing was done by
diluted acetic acid continued by distilled water until the lower layer
had a pH of similar to the pH of distilled water indicating that the
biodiesel is free from catalyst.
Sivakumar P. et al.,(2011)11/21/2018 18
19. Drying:
Water in fuel causes 2 problems they are it can cause corrosion of
engine and another is microbial growth.
Drying suggests the possible separation of water from biodiesel.
Drying helps to remove dispersed and dissolved water in biodiesel
which cause poor combustion plugging and smoke in optimal
engine performance.
Drying was performed in hot air oven at 105ºC as long as the water
content reduces below 0.05% as per ASTM
Drying also removes traces of methanol.
Sivakumar P. et al.,(2011)11/21/2018 19
21. General Properties of Biodiesel
Calorific value- 37.27 MJ/kg
Color- Varies from Golden to Dark Brown
Flash point- >130 °C, >266 °F
Density- ~ 0.88 g/cm³
High boiling point
Low vapor pressure
Immiscible with water
No sulphur content
High Cetane number
11/21/2018 21
22. Properties of dairy scum based biodiesel:
Sivakumar P. et al.,(2011)11/21/2018 22
23. Biodiesel producing countries
Brazil
Argentina
Colombia
Malasia
Indonesia
China
Singapore
Russia
Southafrica
India (10th )
Philippines
11/21/2018 23
25. Conclusion
By knowing about the biodiesel as a fuel we came to know that,
biodiesel is the today's best alternatives for the fossils fuels like
diesel and gasoline.
It can be used in vehicles with some modification in the vehicle.
Production of biodiesel is easy as compared to the fossil fuels, also
it is easy to handle and less pollutant than that of fossil fuels.
Biodiesel is environment friendly and human friendly.
11/21/2018 25
26. References
Srikanth H.V., Venkatesh J., Sharanappa Godiganur.,
Venkateswaran S., Bhaskar Manne.2017.Bio-Based Diluents
Improve Cold Flow Properties of Dairy Washed Milk-Scum
Biodiesel.international journal of renewable energy.P.1-21
Sivakumar P., Anabarsu K., Ranganathan S.2011.Bio-diesel
production by alakli catalyzed transesterification of dairy waste
scum.journal of fuel.P.147-151
11/21/2018 26