The document presents a project report on biodiesel. It begins by acknowledging contributors to the project. It then lists the objectives of studying biodiesel as an alternative fuel and its comparative properties with petrodiesel. Several production techniques for biodiesel are described, including transesterification, the most common method. Test results from a case study of a biodiesel company show properties and production process. Comparative results from engine tests burning biodiesel-diesel blends show impacts on performance and emissions. The presentation evaluates biodiesel's potential as a sustainable fuel for India.
Biodiesel is an elective fuel like regular or 'fossil' diesel. Biodiesel can be delivered from straight vegetable oil, creature oil/fats, fat and waste cooking oil. The procedure used to change over these oils to Biodiesel is called transesterification. This procedure is depicted in more detail beneath. The biggest conceivable wellspring of appropriate oil originates from oil yields, for example, rapeseed, palm or soybean. In the UK rapeseed speaks to the best potential for biodiesel creation. Most biodiesel created at present is delivered from squander vegetable oil sourced from eateries, chip shops, modern nourishment makers, for example, Birdseye and so forth. Despite the fact that oil directly from the horticultural business speaks to the best potential source it isn't being delivered economically essentially in light of the fact that the crude oil is excessively costly. After the expense of changing over it to biodiesel has been included it is basically too costly to even think about competing with fossil diesel. Squander vegetable oil can regularly be sourced for nothing or sourced effectively treated at a little cost.
Biodiesel is an elective fuel like regular or 'fossil' diesel. Biodiesel can be delivered from straight vegetable oil, creature oil/fats, fat and waste cooking oil. The procedure used to change over these oils to Biodiesel is called transesterification. This procedure is depicted in more detail beneath. The biggest conceivable wellspring of appropriate oil originates from oil yields, for example, rapeseed, palm or soybean. In the UK rapeseed speaks to the best potential for biodiesel creation. Most biodiesel created at present is delivered from squander vegetable oil sourced from eateries, chip shops, modern nourishment makers, for example, Birdseye and so forth. Despite the fact that oil directly from the horticultural business speaks to the best potential source it isn't being delivered economically essentially in light of the fact that the crude oil is excessively costly. After the expense of changing over it to biodiesel has been included it is basically too costly to even think about competing with fossil diesel. Squander vegetable oil can regularly be sourced for nothing or sourced effectively treated at a little cost.
Biodiesel can also be used as a heating fuel in domestic and commercial boilers, a mix of heating oil and biofuel which is standardized and taxed slightly differently from diesel fuel used for transportation. Bioheat fuel is a proprietary blend of biodiesel and traditional heating oil.
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Generally the fuels which are sourced from plants or waste products and are known as alternative or bio-fuels.
Pure Plant Oil (PPO) is also known as SVO – straight vegetable oil. It is not a bio diesel.
Bio methanol is the product of the trans esterification of vegetable/waste oil or animal fats.
Bio ethanol is mainly used in petrol engines to deliver higher performance and reduced emissions.
Natural gas, a fossil fuel comprised mostly of methane, is one of the cleanest burning alternative fuels.
The substitution of fuels known as fossil or traditional, derived from petroleum represents one of the great challenges facing humanity currently. One of the alternatives is to replace the diesel oil using the production of biodiesel. This is a renewable fuel derived from vegetable oils (edible or inedible, new or used) and animal fats that have properties similar to oil.
Electricity:
-> electricity is mechanical power.
->they release stored chemical energy on combustion.
->Electricity used topower vehicles is commonly provided by batteries, but recently fuel cells are also being explored.
battery:
->it is device which is used to store electrical energy.
->in this chemical reactions are converted in to electrical powers
Advantages of electric fuel:
->The advantages of electric fuel/fuel cells are No tailpipe emissions.
->Vehicles using electric fuel demand less
maintenance.
->Electric fuel vehicle have less moving parts
to service and replace.
->Fuel cells vehicles are highly efficient.
->Fuel cells have high power density .
Disadvantages of electric fuel:
-> Batteries may take time in charging .
->Noble metal required for somefuel cells thereby increasing the cost.
->Impurities in the hydrogen can hamper cell
performance.
-> Costly technology
BIOHYDROGEN:
1slide:
->Biohydrogen is 1st generation biofuel and it is produced biologically
->Hydrogen can be produced from a number of different sources, including natural gas,water, methanol etc ..,
->Two methods are generally used to produce hydrogen:
(1) Electrolysis
(2) Synthesis gas production from steam reforming or partial oxidation
2slide:
Electrolysis:
-> 2 H2O(l) → 2 H2(g) + O2(g)
electrolysis of water diagram.......
3 slide:
Synthesis gas production from steam reforming or
partial oxidation:
.
-> C + ½ O2 → CO
-> CO + H2O → CO2 + H2
syntesis diagram.......,.
4slide:
Advantages:
->Hydrogen-air mixture burns nearly10timesfaster than gasoline-air mixture.
->Hydrogen has high self-ignition temperaturebut requires very little energy to ignite it
->.Clean exhaust, produces no CO2.
->As a fuel it is very efficient as there are no losses associated with throttling.
Disadvantages:
There is danger of back fire and induction ignition.
->Though low inexhaust,it produces toxic NOx
->it is diifficult to handle and store,requiring highcapital and running cost.
.
Biodiesel can also be used as a heating fuel in domestic and commercial boilers, a mix of heating oil and biofuel which is standardized and taxed slightly differently from diesel fuel used for transportation. Bioheat fuel is a proprietary blend of biodiesel and traditional heating oil.
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Generally the fuels which are sourced from plants or waste products and are known as alternative or bio-fuels.
Pure Plant Oil (PPO) is also known as SVO – straight vegetable oil. It is not a bio diesel.
Bio methanol is the product of the trans esterification of vegetable/waste oil or animal fats.
Bio ethanol is mainly used in petrol engines to deliver higher performance and reduced emissions.
Natural gas, a fossil fuel comprised mostly of methane, is one of the cleanest burning alternative fuels.
The substitution of fuels known as fossil or traditional, derived from petroleum represents one of the great challenges facing humanity currently. One of the alternatives is to replace the diesel oil using the production of biodiesel. This is a renewable fuel derived from vegetable oils (edible or inedible, new or used) and animal fats that have properties similar to oil.
Electricity:
-> electricity is mechanical power.
->they release stored chemical energy on combustion.
->Electricity used topower vehicles is commonly provided by batteries, but recently fuel cells are also being explored.
battery:
->it is device which is used to store electrical energy.
->in this chemical reactions are converted in to electrical powers
Advantages of electric fuel:
->The advantages of electric fuel/fuel cells are No tailpipe emissions.
->Vehicles using electric fuel demand less
maintenance.
->Electric fuel vehicle have less moving parts
to service and replace.
->Fuel cells vehicles are highly efficient.
->Fuel cells have high power density .
Disadvantages of electric fuel:
-> Batteries may take time in charging .
->Noble metal required for somefuel cells thereby increasing the cost.
->Impurities in the hydrogen can hamper cell
performance.
-> Costly technology
BIOHYDROGEN:
1slide:
->Biohydrogen is 1st generation biofuel and it is produced biologically
->Hydrogen can be produced from a number of different sources, including natural gas,water, methanol etc ..,
->Two methods are generally used to produce hydrogen:
(1) Electrolysis
(2) Synthesis gas production from steam reforming or partial oxidation
2slide:
Electrolysis:
-> 2 H2O(l) → 2 H2(g) + O2(g)
electrolysis of water diagram.......
3 slide:
Synthesis gas production from steam reforming or
partial oxidation:
.
-> C + ½ O2 → CO
-> CO + H2O → CO2 + H2
syntesis diagram.......,.
4slide:
Advantages:
->Hydrogen-air mixture burns nearly10timesfaster than gasoline-air mixture.
->Hydrogen has high self-ignition temperaturebut requires very little energy to ignite it
->.Clean exhaust, produces no CO2.
->As a fuel it is very efficient as there are no losses associated with throttling.
Disadvantages:
There is danger of back fire and induction ignition.
->Though low inexhaust,it produces toxic NOx
->it is diifficult to handle and store,requiring highcapital and running cost.
.
Production of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil By Co-Solvent Method.IRJESJOURNAL
Abstract:- Biodiesel is a mixture of mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from a renewable lipid feedstock. It can be used as an alternative fuel as the fossil fuels are getting depleted day by day. Moreover the use of biodiesel leads to the substantial reduction in the pollution caused by PM, HC, CO etc. This paper consists of the production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil using alkaline catalysts NAOH and KOH and cosolvent acetone in the presence of methanol. Waste cooking oil is used because of its high oil content and abundant availability. This method used is co-solvent method.
performance and emission radiation using of indianIJAEMSJORNAL
The study in made to replace the existing diesel fuel with the bio – fuels, for this fruit like Indian Pomegranate seed oil as bio – diesel is utilized. The main objective of this work is to discuss the impact of biodiesel from Pomegranate fruit seed oil bio-diesel on performance, combustion and emission characteristics diesel. In this study, the effect of bio-diesel from fruit seed oil [Indian Pomegranate seed oil] and its blends on a single cylinder Kirloskar TV-1 diesel engine were investigated. In this work, the performance, combustion and emission analysis were conducted. The tests were performed at steady state conditions with the blend ratio of B25, B50, B75 and B100. These represent the ratio of biodiesel in the blend and the rest diesel. The aim of this investigation was to reformulate the fuel to utilize the biodiesel and its blend to enhance the fuels performance, combustion characteristic and to reduce the pollution from the engine. In this work only Indian Jujube seed oil bio-diesel is utilized for the experimental work. The experimental results reveal a marginal decrease in brake thermal efficiency when compared to that of sole fuel. In this investigation, the emission test were done with the help of AVL DI gas analyzer, in which CO, HC and NOx are appreciably reduced on the other hand smoke, CO2 have marginal increased when compared to that of sole fuel. In this work combustion analysis also made with the help of AVL combustion analyzer in which bio diesel blend shows the better result when compared with diesel.
Performance Characterstics of CI Engine Using Calophyllum Inophyllum as Biofu...AM Publications
Most modern searches are directed to alternative fuels because the buffer stock from the petroleum oils reduces with time and the fossil fuels are worst impact on environmental pollution. Biodiesel is derived from oil crops is a potentially renewable and carbon neutral alternative to petroleum fuels. Biodiesel is defined as a transesterified renewable fuel derived from vegetable oils or animal fats with properties similar or better than diesel fuel. In present work, Calophyllum inophyllum seeds were used to produce biodiesel. The transesterification process has been used to produce Calophyllum Inophyllum Methyl Ester (CIME) from raw Calophyllum oil. The properties of fuel are found such as viscosity, flash point, fire point and calorific value. Hence the effect of injector opening pressure (IOP) on the performance of compression ignition (CI) engine fuelled with biodiesel blends (B10, B20 and B30) with diesel fuel is evaluated. The effect of injection pressure on the performance and emission was studied at three different test pressures. From the experimental results optimum IOP is found on the comparison of Brake Thermal Efficiency and Brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC). Performance and emission characteristics are considered to find the optimality of the biodiesel blends.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Effect of injection pressure on performance and emission analysis of ci engin...eSAT Journals
Abstract Gradual depletion of world petroleum reserves and increase in the exhaust emissions day by day have led to an urgent need for alternative fuels to replace diesel. Vegetable oils biodiesel is considered as an alternative for diesel because of their properties which have been close to pure diesel. In the present study non edible vegetable oils like Honge and Jatropha oils biodiesel and their blends were used as fuel in a constant speed direct injection diesel engine. Further effect of injection pressure on the performance parameters such as brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, brake power and emission parameters such as HC, CO and NOX were investigated in a constant speed direct injection diesel engine with varied injection pressures of 180, 200 and 220 bar.The test results showed that Honge and Jatropa oil biofuel blends are having good performance and emission results at 200 bar injection pressure when compared to 180 and 200 bar injection pressure. The test results also showed that performance and emission results of Honge and Jatropa biofuel blends are near to that of the results obtained for pure diesel and they can be used to replace pure diesel. Keywords: - Performance parameters, Emission parameters, Biodiesel, Jatropa oil, Honge oil
The Production of Biodiesel from Human Faeces – A Constituent of Sewage Sludg...ijtsrd
The Lipid oil was extracted from reduced dried primary sewage sludge particle using soxh let extraction method with the mixture of chloroform and n hexane in ratio 2 1 as the extracting solvent. The extracted oil was transesterified to produce biodiesel. The lipid gave 7.969 percentage yield with density of 0.855g ml, specific gravity value of 0.855. The chemical analyses revealed acid value of 0.84mg NaOH g, free fatty acid value of 0.40 and saponification value was 1.30mg. The lipid oil was brownish black in colour with a pungent smell. The physicochemical analyses of the biodiesel produced gave a percentage yield of 32 biodiesel, density of 0.834Kg ml, pH value of 8.97, specific gravity of 0.834, acid value of 0.29mg KOH g,saponification value of 1.30 mg, free fatty acid value of 0.145 It is thus apparent that the feedstock primary sewage sludge may be a good source for the production of biodiesel. Ivwurie, W | Ekekhor, I. M "The Production of Biodiesel from Human Faeces – A Constituent of Sewage Sludge using Chloroform and N-Hexane" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33359.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/33359/the-production-of-biodiesel-from-human-faeces-–-a-constituent-of-sewage-sludge-using-chloroform-and-nhexane/ivwurie-w
2. AKNOWLEDGEMENT
WE WOULD LIKE TO SINCIERELY THANK:
DR JOHN M.GEORGE –Principal ,Caarmel Engineering College.
DR BALAN K. Former MD to National Coir research and
development institute .(External Guide)
ER. KISHEN KARANAKARAN – MD , TMN Biofuels, Pvt Ltd
Coimbatore.
DR.KOCHUBABY MANJOORAN, Kochin Refinery , Kochin.
Prof: A.D POULOUSE – H.O.D Department of Mechanical
Engineering.
Er. PRAMOD GEORGE –Internal Guide .
Er SHAAN .
And all other faculty members of the Department of Mechanical
Engineering.
All our dear friends .
2/4/2016 2
3. OBJECTIVES:
Biodiesel as an alternative fuel without much
alterations in existing vehicle technologies.
Comparative study with Petro Diesel .
Biodiesel as a fuel and Industry for Emerging
India
2/4/2016 3
6. WHAT IS BIODIESEL?
Alternate environment friendly fuel.
From animal or plant source.
Made of long chain alkyl esters.
2/4/2016 6
7. BIODIESEL ON GLOBAL CONTEXT.
Production rose by 50% from2002-09.
Popular amongst developed countries or
ANNEX categorized countries(Kyoto protocol)
Criticism .
a) Impact on food security.
b) Doubt of overall +ve net Carbon balance.
Automobiles , airplanes , locomotives ,
factories, houses..etc running on Biofuel.
2/4/2016 7
9. CASE STUDY FINDINGS FROM TMN
BIOFUELS ON FEEDSTOCK:
Major feed stock is Cashew cornel rejection oil.
Its an acidified oil waste.
Imported from Indonesia from a sister concern
R&D on various other sources underway.
2/4/2016 9
10. PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES
1.Direct use and
blending
2.Microemulsions
Thermal cracking
(Pyrolysis)
Transesterification
(Alcoholysis)
Other types of
transesterification
.
2/4/2016 10
11. 1.DIRECT USE AND BLENDING:
Direct use:
o 100% biofuel with no Petro Diesel.
o B100
Blending :
o Usual varieties ; B5,B10,B20….B95.
o B10 means 10% Petro Diesel and 90%
Biodiesel .
2/4/2016 11
12. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF
DIRECT USE OF VEGITABLE OILS:
ADVANTAGES
Liquid nature-portability,
Heat content (80% of
diesel fuel),
Ready availability and
Renewability.
DISADVANTAGES
Higher viscosity,
Lower volatility and
The reactivity of
unsaturated hydrocarbon
chains
2/4/2016 12
13. Known problems, probable cause and potential solutions for using
straight vegetable oil in diesels
Problem Probable cause Potential solution
Short-term
1. Cold weather starting High viscosity, low cetane,
and low flash point
of vegetable oils
Preheat fuel prior to injection.
Chemically alter fuel
to an ester
2. Plugging and gumming of
filters,
lines and injectors
Natural gums (phosphatides)
in vegetable oil.
Other ash
Partially refine the oil to
remove gums. Filter to
4-microns
3. Engine knocking Very low cetane of some oils.
Improper injection
timing.
Adjust injection timing. Use
higher compression
engines. Preheat fuel prior to
injection. Chemically
alter fuel to an ester
Long-term
4. Coking of injectors on
piston
and head of engine
High viscosity of vegetable
oil, incomplete
combustion of fuel. Poor
combustion at part
load with vegetable oils
Heat fuel prior to injection.
Switch engine to diesel
fuel when operation at part
load. Chemically alter
the vegetable oil to an ester
5. Carbon deposits on piston
and head of engine
High viscosity of vegetable
oil, incomplete
Combustion of fuel. Poor
combustion at part
load with vegetable oils
Heat fuel prior to injection.
Switch engine to diesel
fuel when operation at part
load. Chemically alter
the vegetable oil to an ester
6. Excessive engine wear High viscosity of vegetable
oil, incomplete
combustion of fuel. Poor
combustion at part
load with vegetable oils.
Possibly free fatty acids
in vegetable oil. Dilution of
engine lubricating
oil due to blow-by of
Heat fuel prior to injection.
Switch engine to diesel
fuel when operation at part
load. Chemically alter
the vegetable oil to an ester.
Increase motor oil
changes. Motor oil additives
to inhibit oxidation
14. 2. MICROEMULSIONS
Solves the problem of high viscosity of vegetable oils.
Are solvents live methanol, ethanol etc.
Defined as a colloidal equilibrium dispersion of
optically isotropic fluid microstructures.
Usually 1-150 nm range formed spontaneously from two
normally immiscible liquids and one or more ionic or
non-ionic amphiphiles
Improve spray characteristics by explosive vaporization
of the low boiling constituents in the micelles .
Short term performances of both ionic and non-ionic
micro emulsions of aqueous ethanol in soybean oil
nearly as good as that of No. 2 diesel, in spite of the
lower cetane number and energy content .
2/4/2016 14
15. TEST RESULTS SHOWING PROPERTIES
OF SHIPP NON -IONIC FUEL.
(SOURCE: Fangrui Ma,Milford A. Hanna, Biodiesel Production: a review , Bio
resource Technologies ,Lincon,NE ,USA 1999.)
2/4/2016 15
16. 2.1 THERMAL CRACKING(PYROLYSIS)
Conversion of one substance into another by means of heat or
by heat with the aid of a catalyst .
Heating in the absence of air or oxygen.
And cleavage of chemical bonds to yield small molecules .
First pyrolysis of vegetable oil was conducted in an attempt
to synthesize petroleum from vegetable oil.
.
2/4/2016 16
17. The process is simple and effective compared with other
cracking processes
Rapeseed oil pyrolyzed to produce a mixture of methyl
esters in a tubular reactor between 500 and 850°C and in
nitrogen.
2/4/2016 17
(SOURCE: Fangrui Ma,Milford A. Hanna, Biodiesel Production: a review ,
Bio resource Technologies ,Lincon,NE ,USA 1999.)
18. 2.2TRANSESTERIFICATION
(ALCOHOLYSIS)
The reaction of a fat or oil with an alcohol to form esters
and glycerol.
A catalyst is usually used to improve the reaction rate
and yield.
2/4/2016 18
(SOURCE: Fangrui Ma,Milford A. Hanna, Biodiesel Production: a review , Bio
resource Technologies ,Lincon,NE ,USA 1999.)
19. 2.2.1MECHANISM AND KINETICS
2/4/2016 19
(SOURCE: Fangrui Ma,Milford A. Hanna, Biodiesel Production: a review , Bio
resource Technologies ,Lincon,NE ,USA 1999.)
20. 2/4/2016 20
SOURCE: Fangrui Ma,Milford A. Hanna, Biodiesel Production: a review , Bio
resource Technologies ,Lincon,NE ,USA 1999.)
21. FACTORS AFFECTING FREE FATTY
ACIDS IN TRANS ESTERIFICATION:
Moisture.
Catalyst .
Molar ratio .
Reaction time.
Reaction temperature.
2/4/2016 21
22. THE PROCESS OF TRANSESTERIFICATION AND
DOWNSTREAM OPERATIONS
2/4/2016 22
23. OTHER TRANSESTERIFICATIONS
In-situ transesterification is taken into consideration.
Found that acid catalyzed in-situ process is better
than conventional methods .
By increasing reaction temperature and time and by
decreasing the particle size of the soybeans and the
water content of ethanol, a purer product was
obtained.
The separated glycerol reacted with triglycerides to
produce mono- and diglycerides, which are valuable
chemical intermediates for detergents and
emulsifiers
2/4/2016 23
24. PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES EMPLOYES AT
TMN BIOFUELS PVT LTD
METHODS :
1. BASIC ESTERIFICATION
2. TRANS ESTERIFICATION
TMN Biofuels Employs a combination of both .
One of a kind .
2/4/2016 24
28. SECONDARY PRODUCTION
Combination of esterification and trans esterification.
2/4/2016 28
Biodiesel from different grade of oils at TMN Biofuels Pvt Ltd.
29. TERTIARY PRODUCTION
ALGAL SYNTHESIS
Third generation process
Costly and time consuming.
Other includes fungal cultivated biodiesels and
biodiesels from coffee ground beans .(under R&D)
2/4/2016 29
30. SEQUENTIAL PROCESS IN MAKING BIODIESEL
FROM ALGAE
(SOURCE: ECOGENICS RESEARCH CENTRE)
FIGURE (A) –MICRO-ALGAE AT LABS FOR
SYNTHESIS
2/4/2016 30
31. FIGURE(B) – MICRO-ALGAE AT LAB BEFORE
DRYING
2/4/2016 31
34. STORAGE,HANDLING AND TRANSPORT
STABILITY
•LONG TERM STORAGE STABILITY
•STABILITY AT HIGHER TEMPERATURE AND
PRESSURE
•OXIATION STABILITY
•HIGHER LEVEL OF UNSTURATION MORE
OXIDATION OCCUR
• METAL SUCH AS COOPER, BRASS,LEAD, WILL
ACCELARATE OXIDATION PROCESS TO FORM
SEDIMENTS.
35. STORAGE
COMMERCIALEY DONE BY
PROVIDING NITROGEN BLANKETS
ON STORAGE TANKS.
AVOID CONTACT WITH OXYGEN.
USE OF ANTIOXIDENTS.
2/4/2016 35
36. MICROBIAL CONTAMINATION
AEROBIC FUNGUS, BACTERIAAND
YEST, MICROORGANISAM USUALLY
GROW AT FUEL BY WATER
CONTAMINATION.
SULFUR FROM ALGAE REACTION
ON THE TANK SURFACE COUSES
CORROSION.
2/4/2016 36
37. STORAGE TANK DISPENCING EQUIPMENT AND
MATERIAL COMPATIBILITY
THERE IS NO REACTION WITH MOST OF THE
METALS
FAVORABLE METALS- AL,STEEL,FLURINATED
POLY ETHYLINE,TEFLON ETC….
METALS LIKE BRASS, BRONZE, COPPER CAUSE
REACTIONS.
38. TRANSPORTATION
TO AVOID CONTAMINATION DURING
TRANSPORT ENSURE THE FOLLOWING:
TRUCKS ARE CONSTRUCTED OF
ALUMINIUM,CARBON STEEL.
THERE IS NO RESIDUAL WATER IN TANK.
PROPER INSPECTION OR WASH OUT BEFORE
LOADING.
40. EXPERIMENT #1
(SOURCE :Jurgan kahl, Alex Munak , Olaf Scrader, Hendrik stein ; Comparison of
biodiesel with different diesel fuels regarding exhaust gas emissions and health
effects,2008)
A 493 CC single cylinder, indirect injection diesel
engine equipped with one hole injector nozzle of
diameter 0.5 mm was used for performance tests
Biodiesel from refined palm oil stearin and biodiesel
from crude coconut oil blended with diesel at various
mixing ratio.
2/4/2016 40
45. GRAPH 2. THE RELATION BETWEEN
VISCOSITY AT 40 C Vs CONVENTRATION OF
BIODIESEL BLENDS
2/4/2016 45
46. GRAPH 3. THE RELATION OF POUR POINT
Vs CONCENTRATION OF BIODIESEL
BLENDS
2/4/2016 46
47. GRAPH 4. THE RELATION OF FLASH POINT
Vs CONCENTRATION OF BIODIESEL
BLENDS
2/4/2016 47
48. GRAPH 5. THE RELATION OF FIREPONT Vs
CONCENTRATION OF BIODIESEL BLENDS .
2/4/2016 48
49. GRAPH 6. THE RELATION OF HEATING
VALUE Vs CONCENTRATION OF BIODIESEL
BLENDS
2/4/2016 49
50. 2/4/2016 50
I .SPRAY ANGLE OF
DIESEL OIL .
II .SPRAY ANGLE OF
BIODIESEL OIL (REFINED
PALM OIL STEARIN)
51. III. SPRAY ANGLE OF BIODIESEL OIL (CRUDE
COCONUT OIL)
2/4/2016 51
52. ENGINE CHARECTERSTICS
2/4/2016 52
I. Comparison of brake power vs. engine speed for concentration of
biodiesels from refined palm oil stearin blend.
53. 2/4/2016 53
II Comparison of brake power vs. engine speed for concentration of
biodiesels from crude coconut oil blend.
56. VI Comparison of bsfc vs. engine speed for
type of fuel.
2/4/2016 56
57. VII Comparison of smoke emission vs. engine
speed for type of fuel.
2/4/2016 57
58. EXPERIMENT#2
(SOURCE :Oelmühle Leer Connemann GmbH & Co,Comparison of biodiesel with different diesel
fuels regarding exhaust gas emissions and health effectsM, Hanover, Germany ,2007)
Swedish low sulfur diesel fuel MK1, according to the
Swedish standard SS 15 54 35, obtained from Saybolt
Sweden AB, Gothenburg, Sweden,
German biodiesel (rapeseed oil methylester; RME),
according to German standard E DIN 51!606, obtained
from Oelmühle Leer Connemann GmbH & Co, fossil
diesel fuel (DF) according to the European standard DIN
EN 590, obtained from Louis Dreyfus & Cie Mineralöl
GmbH, Hanover, Germany,
a low sulfur diesel fuel with high aromatic compounds
content and flatter boiling characteristics,
according to the European standard DIN EN 590,
obtained from Röling System Logistic Service GmbH,
Buchholz, Germany. This diesel fuel is referred to as
DF05.
2/4/2016 58
69. 2/4/2016 69
1.Particle emissions stratified
for solid and soluble fraction
.2. Mutagenic effects of the
particle extracts with (+S9)
and without (-S9) metabolic
activation
70. Conclusions to comparison :
Biodiesel has close agreements with diesel
characteristics in a CI engine.
Biodiesel has positive and negative effects on
the emissions
Biodiesel from refined palm oil stearin can be
used as alternative diesel fuel for small CI
engine without any modifications.
The mutagenicity of RME emissions is much
lower compared to fossil fuels indicating a
reduced health risk from cancer.
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71. INDIAN PERSPECTIVE ON BIODIESEL:
Different from biofuel activities in many
other countries of the world .
Based on the use of non-edible oils
Oil-bearing trees that can grow on less
fertile land
Portrays the biodiesel sector first
describes the biodiesel value chain in
India, laying special emphasis on the
feedstock and resulting from this – the
type of land needed for production
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75. POTENTIAL USE OF BIODIESEL IN
INDIA
Energy security in remote villages.
National energy security and reduction of
crude oil imports.
Reduction od Co2 emissions .
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80. MANI FINDINGS ON INDIAN
BIODIESEL PERSPECTIVE
Only a few states encouraging
biodiesels cultivation (TBO based)
Lack of favorable policies .
Lack of awareness on biodiesels.
Consumers and farmers reluctant.
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81. A promising fuel for developing India
and a source of income for the
agricultural sector.
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82. RECOMMENDATIONS :
Consumption of biodiesel should be favored
over fossil diesel, provided the energy and
carbon balance of biodiesel production is
positive.
Demand-side incentives are crucial to get the
biodiesel sector going and make investment
risks more calculable.
A considerable research effort is needed to
increase knowledge about TBO-based biodiesel
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83. Contd…
Government should facilitate the productive use
of lands that are owned by various government
departments but remain unutilized
Government should provide soft loans to
support private biofuel farming.
Oil-bearing trees can be used among other
species in areas where forest land is assigned for
afforestation.
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84. Government should preferably support ways of
cultivation that integrate oil-bearing trees into
rural production systems in a way that does not
threaten food production.
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85. CONCLUSIONS:
Biodiesels is a significant sustainable
energy resource and is used all over the
world.
Biodiesel can be used as an alternative
fuel without any modification to the
present diesel engine
Promising alternate fuel.
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86. Scope :
To do an experiment that satisfies the
concerns in India about biodiesels
being a promising alternative fuel.
And to conduct further research on
biodiesels and new possible
feedstock.
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