This research article discusses bio-diesel production from waste cooking oil through a double stage trans-esterification process. The researchers produced a B20% biodiesel blend (20% biodiesel and 80% diesel) that allowed the engine to run without modifications and improved performance over conventional diesel. Testing found the B20% blend increased brake thermal efficiency by 1.5% and decreased emissions of CO, HC and smoke compared to sole diesel fuel, with a slight increase in NOx. The article also reviews different methods for reducing the viscosity of vegetable oils to enable use in diesel engines, focusing on transesterification as the most effective method.
WASTE OIL AS AN ALTERNATIVE FUELS FOR FUTURE –A REVIEWijiert bestjournal
The financial growth of the country is measured by efficient use of natural resources especially fuel. Fossil fuels have played a dominant role in t he rapid industrialization of the world and thereby increased and improved quality of life. How ever,due to the threat of supply crunch ever rising prices and the effect of green house gases c aused by conventional fuels there is an urgent need to explore the possibility of using waste oils (tire process oil) as alternative fuels to reduce the pollution and to increase the energy self-relia nce of the country. The study aims to review the alternative fuels for diesel engine for future. It was found that the properties of the TPO are almost same as that of pure diesel oil.
WASTE OIL AS AN ALTERNATIVE FUELS FOR FUTURE –A REVIEWijiert bestjournal
The financial growth of the country is measured by efficient use of natural resources especially fuel. Fossil fuels have played a dominant role in t he rapid industrialization of the world and thereby increased and improved quality of life. How ever,due to the threat of supply crunch ever rising prices and the effect of green house gases c aused by conventional fuels there is an urgent need to explore the possibility of using waste oils (tire process oil) as alternative fuels to reduce the pollution and to increase the energy self-relia nce of the country. The study aims to review the alternative fuels for diesel engine for future. It was found that the properties of the TPO are almost same as that of pure diesel oil.
Biodiesel is a non-toxic, biodegradable and renewable fuel with the potential to reduce engine exhaust emissions. The methyl ester of palm oil, known as biodiesel, is receiving increasing attention as an alternative fuel for diesel engines.
Biodiesel is one of the most important biofuels today. It is produced by the process called trans-esterfication. Biodiesel is a green energy that decrease the pollutants to air.
Evaluation of Biodiesel as an Alternate Fuel to Compression Ignition Engine a...IJMER
To meet increasing energy requirements, there has been growing interest in alternate fuels like biodiesel to provide a suitable diesel oil substitute for internal combustion engines. Biodiesel offer a very promising alternate to diesel oil since they are renewable and have similar properties. Further it can be used with/without any modifications to the engine. It is an oxygenated fuel and emissions of carbon monoxide are less unlike fossil fuels, the use of biodiesel does not contribute to global warming as CO2 emitted is once again absorbed by the plants grown for vegetable oil/biodiesel production, thus CO2 balance is maintained. In the present work the Honge and Jatropha Curcas oil (Biodiesel) at various blends is used with pure diesel to study its effect on performance and emission characteristics of the engine. The performance of the engine under different operating conditions and blends are compared by calculating the brake thermal efficiency and brake specific fuel consumption by using pure diesel and adding various blends of Honge and Jatropha Curcas oil to diesel. The exhaust gas analyzers and smoke meters are used to find the percentage of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), Hydrocarbons (HC) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions.
Biodiesel is a renewable, biodegradable fuel manufactured domestically from vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled restaurant grease. ... Biodiesel is a liquid fuel often referred to as B100 or neat biodiesel in its pure, unblended form. Like petroleum diesel, biodiesel is used to fuel compression-ignition engines.
Biodiesel production from neem oil –an alternate approachIJERA Editor
In this study, neem oil which is one of the abundant non-edible oils in India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and bangladesh is used for biodiesel production. The conventional 2-step transesterification production of biodiesel using sulphuric acid and potassium hydroxide as catalysts is carried out. The optimum process parameters like reaction time, temperature, catalyst loading and methanol-oil molar ratio were investigated with respect to maximum yield. A maximum yield of 88% biodiesel is obtained via this method. A novel technique to produce biodiesel via complete hydrolysis followed by acid esterification is developed. Optimum reaction conditions were found to be 100ml 0.5N sulphuric acid loading, reaction temperature of 40ºC and reaction time of 2 hours. This resulted in a maximum FFA of 82%. Then acid esterification was carried out at the following reaction conditions of 0.55:1 v/v methanol-oil-ratio, 0.5% v/v H2SO4 acid catalyst loading, 50˚C and 4 hours reaction time. A maximum biodiesel yield of 92% was obtained by this method. The viscosity of biodiesel produced by this method as well as the other physicochemical properties, were found to be in compliance with international standard.
Biodiesel is a non-toxic, biodegradable and renewable fuel with the potential to reduce engine exhaust emissions. The methyl ester of palm oil, known as biodiesel, is receiving increasing attention as an alternative fuel for diesel engines.
Biodiesel is one of the most important biofuels today. It is produced by the process called trans-esterfication. Biodiesel is a green energy that decrease the pollutants to air.
Evaluation of Biodiesel as an Alternate Fuel to Compression Ignition Engine a...IJMER
To meet increasing energy requirements, there has been growing interest in alternate fuels like biodiesel to provide a suitable diesel oil substitute for internal combustion engines. Biodiesel offer a very promising alternate to diesel oil since they are renewable and have similar properties. Further it can be used with/without any modifications to the engine. It is an oxygenated fuel and emissions of carbon monoxide are less unlike fossil fuels, the use of biodiesel does not contribute to global warming as CO2 emitted is once again absorbed by the plants grown for vegetable oil/biodiesel production, thus CO2 balance is maintained. In the present work the Honge and Jatropha Curcas oil (Biodiesel) at various blends is used with pure diesel to study its effect on performance and emission characteristics of the engine. The performance of the engine under different operating conditions and blends are compared by calculating the brake thermal efficiency and brake specific fuel consumption by using pure diesel and adding various blends of Honge and Jatropha Curcas oil to diesel. The exhaust gas analyzers and smoke meters are used to find the percentage of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), Hydrocarbons (HC) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions.
Biodiesel is a renewable, biodegradable fuel manufactured domestically from vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled restaurant grease. ... Biodiesel is a liquid fuel often referred to as B100 or neat biodiesel in its pure, unblended form. Like petroleum diesel, biodiesel is used to fuel compression-ignition engines.
Biodiesel production from neem oil –an alternate approachIJERA Editor
In this study, neem oil which is one of the abundant non-edible oils in India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and bangladesh is used for biodiesel production. The conventional 2-step transesterification production of biodiesel using sulphuric acid and potassium hydroxide as catalysts is carried out. The optimum process parameters like reaction time, temperature, catalyst loading and methanol-oil molar ratio were investigated with respect to maximum yield. A maximum yield of 88% biodiesel is obtained via this method. A novel technique to produce biodiesel via complete hydrolysis followed by acid esterification is developed. Optimum reaction conditions were found to be 100ml 0.5N sulphuric acid loading, reaction temperature of 40ºC and reaction time of 2 hours. This resulted in a maximum FFA of 82%. Then acid esterification was carried out at the following reaction conditions of 0.55:1 v/v methanol-oil-ratio, 0.5% v/v H2SO4 acid catalyst loading, 50˚C and 4 hours reaction time. A maximum biodiesel yield of 92% was obtained by this method. The viscosity of biodiesel produced by this method as well as the other physicochemical properties, were found to be in compliance with international standard.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Emission Analysis of Sapodilla seed oil as bio-dieselIJCMESJOURNAL
The study in made to replace the existing diesel fuel with the bio – fuels, for this fruit like Sapodilla seed oil as bio – diesel is utilized. The main objective of this work is to discuss the impact of biodiesel from Sapodilla fruit seed oil bio-diesel on performance, combustion and emission characteristics diesel. In this study, the effect of bio-diesel from fruit seed oil [Sapodilla seed oil] and its blends on a single cylinder Kirloskar TV-1 diesel engine were investigated. In this work, the performance, combustion and emission analysis were conducted. The tests were performed at steady state conditions with the blend ratio of B25, B50, B75 and B100. These represent the ratio of biodiesel in the blend and the rest diesel. The aim of this investigation was to reformulate the fuel to utilize the biodiesel and its blend to enhance the fuels performance, combustion characteristic and to reduce the pollution from the engine. In this work only Sapodilla seed oil bio-diesel is utilized for the experimental work. The experimental results reveal a marginal decrease in brake thermal efficiency when compared to that of sole fuel. In this investigation, the emission test were done with the help of AVL DI gas analyzer, in which CO, HC and NOx are appreciably reduced on the other hand smoke, CO2 have marginal increased when compared to that of sole fuel. In this work combustion analysis also made with the help of AVL combustion analyzer in which bio diesel blend shows the better result when compared with diesel.
performance and emission radiation using of indianIJAEMSJORNAL
The study in made to replace the existing diesel fuel with the bio – fuels, for this fruit like Indian Pomegranate seed oil as bio – diesel is utilized. The main objective of this work is to discuss the impact of biodiesel from Pomegranate fruit seed oil bio-diesel on performance, combustion and emission characteristics diesel. In this study, the effect of bio-diesel from fruit seed oil [Indian Pomegranate seed oil] and its blends on a single cylinder Kirloskar TV-1 diesel engine were investigated. In this work, the performance, combustion and emission analysis were conducted. The tests were performed at steady state conditions with the blend ratio of B25, B50, B75 and B100. These represent the ratio of biodiesel in the blend and the rest diesel. The aim of this investigation was to reformulate the fuel to utilize the biodiesel and its blend to enhance the fuels performance, combustion characteristic and to reduce the pollution from the engine. In this work only Indian Jujube seed oil bio-diesel is utilized for the experimental work. The experimental results reveal a marginal decrease in brake thermal efficiency when compared to that of sole fuel. In this investigation, the emission test were done with the help of AVL DI gas analyzer, in which CO, HC and NOx are appreciably reduced on the other hand smoke, CO2 have marginal increased when compared to that of sole fuel. In this work combustion analysis also made with the help of AVL combustion analyzer in which bio diesel blend shows the better result when compared with diesel.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
an experimental investigation and comparative analysis on a four stroke cINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
An experimental analysis was made to investigate two non edible oils (hazelnut and palm), blending with neat diesel fuel with the proportions of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% by volume and used as fuel in a single cylinder, four stroke, water cooled, Compression Ignition engine. Experimental tests were conducted by using the above bio-diesel blends as fuel operated with the above mentioned engine working at various loads. Performance parameters and exhaust emissions of hazelnut and crambe bio-diesel blends are compared with the same results of diesel fuel. Performance parameters selected to analyze are Brake Thermal Efficiency(BTHE), Brake Specific Fuel Consumption(BSFC) and Exhaust Gas Temperature(EGT) and exhaust emissions selected to investigate are Carbon Monoxide emissions(CO), Oxides Of Nitrogen(NOx) and smoke density(SD). From the results of all blends used as fuel in the engine, it is clarified that CI engine showing better performance by using a hazelnut bio-diesel blend with proportions of 20% hazelnut bio-diesel and 80% normal diesel fuel. Traditional Engine with bio-diesels as fuel are showing acceptable reduction in emissions like hydro carbons and oxides of carbon but with marginal increase in oxides of nitrogen compared with diesel fuel. But BTHE of Bio-diesel blend is less than the BTHE of diesel fuel operating in the same engine. From all the blends Hazelnut bio-diesel blends are giving better performance parameters and decreased emission characteristics hazelnut oil having better properties immediately after diesel fuel when compared with remaining bio-diesel blends.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesBhaskar Mitra
The field of Information retrieval (IR) is currently undergoing a transformative shift, at least partly due to the emerging applications of generative AI to information access. In this talk, we will deliberate on the sociotechnical implications of generative AI for information access. We will argue that there is both a critical necessity and an exciting opportunity for the IR community to re-center our research agendas on societal needs while dismantling the artificial separation between the work on fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in IR and the rest of IR research. Instead of adopting a reactionary strategy of trying to mitigate potential social harms from emerging technologies, the community should aim to proactively set the research agenda for the kinds of systems we should build inspired by diverse explicitly stated sociotechnical imaginaries. The sociotechnical imaginaries that underpin the design and development of information access technologies needs to be explicitly articulated, and we need to develop theories of change in context of these diverse perspectives. Our guiding future imaginaries must be informed by other academic fields, such as democratic theory and critical theory, and should be co-developed with social science scholars, legal scholars, civil rights and social justice activists, and artists, among others.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
From Daily Decisions to Bottom Line: Connecting Product Work to Revenue by VP...
Abdul karim choudary
1. RESEARCH ARTICLE
BIO-DIESEL PRODUCTION FROM WASTE COOKING OIL WITH
FACTOR AFEECTS TO ITS FORMATION:
Abdul Karim Chaudhary,Dr.Keshavendra Choudhary Shashikant Sharma,
akc3582@gmail.com,hoi.engg@peoplesuniversity.edu.in
shashikant.sharma313@gmail.com
Research Scholar (MTech, Thermal Engg) Department of mechanical engineering
,SORT Peoples University,Bhopal,India
Principal& professor SORT Peoples University,Bhopal,India
Associate professor Department of mechanical engineering ,SORT Peoples
University,Bhopal,India
ABSTRACT
Waste cooking oil which contain large amount of fatty acids are collected by the
environmental protection in many parts of the world. Continuous use of petroleum sourced
fuels is now widely recognized as unsustainable because of depleting supplies and the
contribution of these fuels to the accumulation of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide in the
environment. Renewable, carbon neutral, transport fuels are necessary for environmental
and economic sustainability. The aim of work, biodiesel was extracted double stage trans-
esterification process from waste cooking oil and to study the performance and emission
characteristics of diesel engine.
In this study, waste cooking oil was used to extract the bio-diesel. The extracted bio
diesel was blended with sole fuel and B20% blend (20% of bio diesel + 80% of diesel) has
been selected. From literature review, it is understood that B20% blend the engine can run
without any modification in the operational parameters and enhance the performance of the
engine with bio-diesel. From the experimental investigation it was observed that the brake
thermal efficiency increased for B20% blend by 1.5% when compared to that of conventional
diesel fuel. The CO, HC, Smoke were found to
bone.” The alcohol breaks off the three fatty acid chains from the glycerine and then
attaches to each of the three free fatty acid chains making a fatty acid ester, decrease with
the B20% blend with slightly increase in NOx emission compared to that of sole fuel.
2. 2
Key Words: Bidiesel,waste cooking oil, Pyrolysis,Micro- emulsification,transesterifacatio
INTRODUCTION
In recent years, biodiesel has gained international attention as a source of
alternative fuel due to characteristics like high degradability, no toxicity, and low emission of
carbon monoxide, particulate matter and unburned hydrocarbons. Biodiesel is a mixture of
alkyl esters and it can be used in conventional compression ignitions engines, which need
almost no modification. As well, biodiesel can be used as heating oil and as fuel. So far, this
alternative fuel has been successfully produced by transesterification of vegetable oils and
animal fats using homogeneous basic catalysts (mainly sodium or potassium hydroxide
dissolved in methanol). Traditional homogeneous catalysts (basic or acid) possess
advantages including high activity (complete conversion within 1 h) and mild reaction
conditions (from 40 to 65 °C and atmospheric pressure). However, the use of homogeneous
catalysts leads to soap production. Besides, in the homogeneous process the catalyst is
consumed thus reducing the catalytic efficiency. This causes an increase in viscosity and the
formation of gels. In addition, the method for the removal of the catalyst after reaction is
technically difficult and a large amount of wastewater is produced in order to separate and
clean the products, which increases the overall cost of the process. Thus, the total cost of
the biodiesel production based on homogeneous catalysis, is not yet sufficiently competitive
as compared to the cost of diesel production from petroleum.
An alternative is the development of heterogeneous catalysts that could eliminate
the additional running costs associated with the aforementioned stages of separation and
purification. In addition, the use of heterogeneous catalysts does not produce soap through
free fatty acid neutralization and triglyceride saponification. Therefore, development of
efficient heterogeneous catalysts is important since opens up the possibility of another
pathway for biodiesel production. The efficiency of the heterogeneous process depends,
however, on several variables such as type of oil, molar ratio alcohol to oil, temperature and
catalyst type. So, one among alternate production methods of biodiesel is catalytic cracking
3. 3
to improve quality of oil. This process is selected for production of biodiesel from mango
seed oil.
Environmental pollution is very serious problem for our human beings and flora-
fauna. The environment is polluted day by day from industrial emissions and road vehicles
emissions. Petrol engine and diesel engine produced different types of harmful gases during
combustion like NOx, CO, CO2, HC and some quantity SOx due to incomplete combustion.
These gases are produced by different engine factor such as piston bowl geometry, injection
timing, compression ratio etc. These entire factors also affect the combustion efficiency, fuel
consumption and engine brake power. To reduce the emissions engine manufacturers try to
best design, the combustion chamber and other level. At combustion chamber geometry
design to reduce the NOx many researchers studied the different piston bowl geometry.
Flow phenomena in internal combustion (IC) engines are extremely complex, and
the flow field is further complicated by the presence of swirl, squish, tumble and chemical
reactions. A complete understanding of the physical processes of fluid motion in combustion
chambers is essential in developing efficient engine design and control diagnostics.
Diesel engines have been greatly improved in terms of efficiency and reduced
emission level. However, the combustion process also depends highly on an efficient fuel-air
mixture, particularly in high-speed direct-injection diesel engines. Among these processes,
the flow conditions inside the cylinder at the end of the compression stroke and near the top
dead center are critical for fuel air mixing, wall heat transfer and engine performance
improvement. The mixing process is affected by the intake swirls, fuel injection system and
combustion chamber configuration. Thus good engine operation requires fuel spray
matching air movement and combustion chamber configuration.
Most of our energy requirements are met by fossil fuels for good technological
reasons. Depletion of the petroleum reserves is a big concern, it is estimated that the world
resources of oil will be exhausted within 50 years. Environmental concern about air pollution
caused by the combustion of fossil fuels has also lead to serious implications. The diesel
engine is main prime movers compare to any other engine in transportations, power
generation and many miscellaneous applications i.e. in industries and agriculture. The major
4. 4
pollutants from diesel engine are smoke, particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO),
nitrogen oxides (NOx) and unburnt hydrocarbons (UBHC). Incomplete combustion increases
the pollution level as compared to proper combustion. Due to reliance on transport
consumptions of fossil fuels has increase drastically and the world witness long term
damage to the climate. As transport is one of the few industrial sectors where emissions are
still growing and this fact has made transport a major contributor of green house gases
(GHGs). Generally carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone etc are known as green
house gases. These gases interact with solar terrestrial radiation and causing imbalance on
the Earth’s climate system and increases earth surface temperature.
Methods
Generally the direct use of vegetable oils in the diesel engine is not preferred due to
their high viscosity. Four methods to reduce the high viscosity of vegetable oils to enable
their use in common diesel engines without operational problems such as engine deposits
have been investigated.
Pyrolysis;
Micro-emulsification;
Dilution; and
Transesterification.
Transesterification Process
Transesterification is also called alcoholysis, is the displacement of alcohol from on
ester by another alcohol in a process similar to hydrolysis.
This process has been widely used to reduce the viscosity of triglycerides. The
transesterification reaction is represented by the general equation
R COOR’ + R” R COOR” + R’ OH
5. 5
If methanol is used in the above reaction, it is formed as methanolysis. The reaction
of glyceride with methanol is represent by the general equation triglycerides are readily
transesterified in the presence of alkaline catalyst at atmospheric pressure and at a
temperature of approximately go to 70C with an excess of methanol. The mixture at end of
the reaction is allowed to settle. The lower glycerol layer is drawn off while the upper methyl
ester layer is washed to remove entrained glycerol and is then processed further.
The excess methanol is recovered by distillation and sent to rectifying column for
purification and recycled. The transesterification works well when the starting oil is of light
quantity. However, quite often low quality oils are used as raw materials for biodiesel
preparation. In case where the free fatty acid content of the oil is above 4%, difficulty arise
due to formation of soaps which promote emulsification during the water working stage and
at an FFA content above 2% he process becomes unworkable.
If the free fatty acid content of the oil is below 4% single stage process is adopted. If
the free fatty acid content s greater than 4% double stage process is adopted.
Process variable in transesterification
The most important variable that influence transesterification reaction time and
conversion are;
Oil temperature
Reaction temperature
Ratio of alcohol to oil
Intensity of mixing
Purity of reactants
Catalyst type and concentration
Benefits of biodiesel
One of the main driving forces for biodiesel widespread use is the limitation of
greenhouse gas emissions (CO2 being the major one) by the Kyoto Protocol. Along 9 with
6. 6
ethanol and other biomass derived fuels, biodiesel is an important bio-energy. When plants
photosynthesize, they use the sun's energy to pull CO2 out of the atmosphere and
incorporate it into biomass. Part of the solar energy is locked into the chemical structure
within the biomass. There are a number of thermal, chemical or microbial processes that can
be used to release this energy or convert it into a more convenient form for human use. As a
form of bio-energy, biodiesel is nearly carbon-neutral, i.e., the CO2 it produces on burning
will be absorbed naturally from CO2 in the air and recycled without an overall net increase in
the atmospheric CO2 inventory, thus making an almost zero contribution to global warming
There are many distinct benefits of using biodiesel compare to diesel fuel.
Considered to be environmental friendly, biodiesel is one of the most renewable
fuels compare to diesel fuel.
It is biodegradable.
It is derived from a renewable domestic resource, thus reducing dependence on and
preserving petroleum. It can be domestically produced, offering the possibility of
reducing petroleum imports,
Reductions of most exhaust emissions relative to conventional diesel fuel,
generating lower emissions of hydrocarbons, particulates and carbon monoxide;
Biodiesel has a relatively higher flash point, >150 °C, indicating that it presents a
very low fire hazard; leading to safer handling and storage,
Biodiesel provides greater lubricity than petroleum diesel, thus reducing engine
wear. In fact, biodiesel can be used as a lubricity enhancer for low-sulphur
petroleum diesel formulations,
Toxicity tests show that biodiesel is considerably less toxic than diesel fuel (Haws,
1997).
Biodiesel can be used directly in most diesel engines without requiring extensive
engine modifications.
The process of converting waste cooking oil into biodiesel can be broken down into
five primary sequential steps in figure 4.1
7. 7
Figure 4.1. Generalized waste cooking oil-to-biodiesel fuel process flow
diagram
1. The first step is the waste oil collection. While each collection technique can be
different, it requires coordination between the collectors and the oil producing facility
(restaurant, community, cafeteria, municipality, etc.).
2. The second step is a pre-treatment process, which is broken into two sub-steps. The
oil is most likely to contain residual water, as well as solid food particles. Therefore, the
first pre-treatment step is to separate out the water and solids. This is crucial to ensure
full conversion of oil to biodiesel, described further below. Once separated, the oil is
then titrated to determine the concentration of free fatty acids (FFA). This determines
the necessary amount of catalyst for the transesterification reaction.
3. Following the pre-treatment process, the waste cooking oil feedstock is ready for the
transesterification reaction. The oil, a triglyceride, reacts with an alcohol, Waste Oil
Collection Pre-treatment Transesterification Biodiesel and Glycerol Separation
Utilization typically methanol, in the presence of a catalyst to produce fatty acid esters
(Figure 2) [13]. The oil is composed of three fatty acid chains with a glycerine “back or
commonly known as biodiesel. The broken off glycerin is the by-product of this
production process.
4. Once the transesterification reaction is complete, the biodiesel and glycerine will
separate with time, due to their different densities. When the products separate, there
will be two distinct layers with visible color and viscosity differences. The glycerine will
be the bottom layer because it is denser than biodiesel. The glycerine separation step
is simply draining off the bottom layer of glycerine.
5. Once separated, the biodiesel and glycerin by-product can be utilized in appropriate
applications. Biodiesel can be used as a substitute for petroleum diesel fuels (fuel oil for
8. 8
heating applications), while glycerin has numerous uses as a food additive, soaps
production, etc.
Bio-diesel production by transesterification method
A laboratory-scale biodiesel production set-up was as shown the figure 4.1. It
consists of a motorized stirrer, straight coil electric heater and stainless steel containers. The
system was designed to produce maximum 5 liter of biodiesel. Temperature of the mixture
of the triglyceride, methanol and catalyst were maintained at about 60C.
The method adopted for preparation of biodiesel from Sapotta seed oil for this work
is, transesterification which is a process of using methanol (CH3OH) in the presenceofacatalyst,
such as potassium hydroxide (KOH), to chemically break the molecule of Sapotta seed oil into an
ester and glycerol. This process is a reaction of the oil with an alcohol to remove the glycerine,
which is a by-product of biodiesel production.
figure Schematic diagram of Biodiesel Plant (5 lit. Capacity)
The procedure done is given below: 1000ml of waste cooking oil is taken in a
container. 15 grams of Potassium hydroxide alkaline catalyst (KOH) is weighed. 200 ml of
methanol is taken is beaker. KOH is mixed with the alcohol and it is stirred until they are
9. 9
properly dissolved. Waste cooking oil is taken in a container and is stirred with a mechanical
stirrer and simultaneously heated with the help of a heating coil The speed of the stirrer
should be minimum and when the temperature of the raw oil reaches 62 C the KOH-alcohol
solution is poured into the raw oil container and the container is closed with a air tight lid.
Now the solution is stirred at high speeds. Care should be taken that the temperature does
not exceed 62 C as ethanol evaporates at temperatures higher than 60 C. Also the KOH-
alcohol solution is mixed with the waste cooking oil only at 62 C because heat is generated
when KOH and alcohol are mixed together and the temperature of the raw oil should be
more than this when mixing is done if the reactions have to take place properly. After stirring
the animal oil-KOH-alcohol solution at 62 C for ½ an hour the solution is transferred to a
glass container. Now separation takes place and biodiesel gets collected in the upper portion
of the glass container whereas glycerine gets collected in the bottom portion. This glycerine
is removed from the container. Then the biodiesel is washed with water. Again glycerine gets
separated from the biodiesel and is removed. The biodiesel is washed with water repeatedly
until no glycerine is there in the biodiesel. Now this biodiesel is heated to 100 C to vaporize
the water content in it. The resulting product is the biodiesel which is ready for use.
Physical and chemical properties of waste cooking oil
Property Waste cooking oil
Acid value (mg KOH/g) 2.1
Kinematic viscosityat 40oC (cSt) 35.3
Fatty acid composition (wt%)
Myristic (C14:0) 0.9
Palmitic (C16:0) 20.4
Palmitoleic (C16:1) 4.6
Stearic (C18:0) 4.8
Oleic (C18:1) 52.9
Linoleic(C18:2) 13.5
Arachidic (C20:0) 0.12
10. 10
CONCLUSION
Biodiesel is a successful alternating fuel and it can be used directly as a fuel in
diesel engine without any modification of engine.Transesterification method is very
common method to reduce the viscosity while producing biodiesel.The main purpose of
biodiesel is to reduce the exhaust emissions in terms of carbon monoxide
(CO),hydrocarbon(HC) and particulate matter.The blend B20% shows significant reduction
in CO,HC and smoke emission when compared to diesel fuel.The NOx emission for
biodiesel is significantly raised.
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