The document discusses biodiesel, its production from vegetable oils and animal fats, and the transesterification process used to create it. It outlines the advantages and disadvantages of biodiesel, the various catalysts used in its production, and the parameters affecting the yield of biodiesel. Lastly, it notes the potential of biodiesel to replace petroleum products and emphasizes the importance of using biodiesel blends for reducing its disadvantages.

1. Hamdy Shaban Hamdy
Presented by:

3. outlines
 What is biodiesel?
 How we obtain biodiesel?
 Resources of biodiesel production
 Start biodiesel project…….

5. The beginning……
 Producing biodiesel from vegetable oils is not a new process.
 Dr. Diesel designed the original diesel engine to run on
vegetable oil.
 Dr. Diesel used palm oil to fuel one of his engines at the Paris
Exposition of 1900 .

6. ““The use of vegetable oils for engine fuels may seemThe use of vegetable oils for engine fuels may seem
insignificant today. But such oils may become in courseinsignificant today. But such oils may become in course
of time as important as petroleum and the coal tarof time as important as petroleum and the coal tar
products of the present time”.products of the present time”.

7. Biodiesel and its Production:
(Transesterification)

8. o Biodiesel is briefly defined as the monoalkyl esters of
vegetable oils or animal fats of long-chain fatty acids.
o Diesel fuel can also be replaced by biodiesel made from
vegetable oils.

9. o Transesterification , also called alcoholysis, is a
chemical reaction of an oil or fat with an alcohol in
the presence of a catalyst to form esters and
glycerol.

12. o Among the alcohols that can be used in the transesterification
reaction are methanol, ethanol, propanol and butanol.
o A catalyst is usually used to improve the reaction rate and yield.
o Because the reaction is reversible, excess alcohol is used to shift
the equilibrium to the product side.

13. A variety of resources can be used to
produce biodiesel.
Fresh vegetable oil
Animal fats
non-edible oils
waste vegetable oil

14. Vegetable Oils and
Animal Fats
Vegetable oils have the potential to replace a fraction of the
petroleum distillates and petroleum-based petrochemicals in the
near future.

15. Vegetable oils and animal fats are triglyceride molecules in
which three fatty acid groups are esters attached to one
glycerol molecule .

17. The advantages of vegetable oils
• Ready availability
• Renewability
• Lower aromatic content
• Higher heat content
• Lower sulfur content
The disadvantages of vegetable oils
• Lower volatility
• Higher viscosity
• The reactivity of unsaturated hydrocarbon chains

18. Examples of Fresh vegetable oils
Corn sunflower soybean
Rapeseed Peanut Palm Fruit

19. Coconut cottonseed olive
Sesame safflower canola

20. Waste vegetable oils

21. Nonedible oils
JatrophaAlgae

22. Vegetable Oil Processing
Vegetable oil processing involves the extraction and processing
of oils and fats from vegetable and animal resources.
The extraction processes are generally mechanical.

23. Why the direct use of vegetable oils is generally
considered to be unsatisfactory and impractical for
diesel engines?

24. Use of Catalysts in Transesterification
 The catalysts used in the transesterification are broadly
divided into three types:
Base catalysts
Acid catalysts
Enzyme catalysts

25. Homogeneous Base Catalysts
NaOH & KOH catalysts.
Heterogeneous Base Catalysts
Alkaline earth metal oxides( BaO, CaO and MgO).
 Base Catalysts

26. Base catalysis is successful only when the free fatty acid (FFA)
is low (>3%).
The rate of the transesterification reaction becomes a thousand
times faster when a base catalyst is used instead of an acid
catalyst.
The base catalysts cause saponification when they react with
FFAs when the acid value of the feedstock is high.

27.  Acid Catalysts
Good results when the feedstock contains water and its acid
value(FFA <3%) is high.
Sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid and phosphoric acid.
The problems associated with acid catalysts are:
• Higher reaction temperatures and pressures
• Slower reaction rates
• Reactor corrosion

28. During their use, soap is not formed; therefore there is no
problem of purification, washing, and neutralization.
 Enzyme Catalysts
The transesterification of vegetable oils or animal fats is also
possible by using enzyme catalysts or biocatalysts.
The reactions can be carried under at mild conditions.

29. Enzymatic catalysts can also be applied to feedstocks of
high FFA.
However, there are also problems associated with enzyme
catalysts like their higher cost.

30. Purification of Crude Biodiesel
Once the transesterification reaction is completed, two major
products exist: esters (biodiesel) and glycerol.
The glycerol phase is much denser than the biodiesel phase and
hence settles at the bottom of the reaction vessel, allowing it to
be separated from the biodiesel phase.

31. After separation from the glycerol phase, crude biodiesel may be
contaminated with residual catalyst, water, unreacted alcohol,
free glycerol, and soaps.
Acid is added to crude biodiesel to neutralize any remaining
catalyst and to remove any soap.
Unreacted alcohol should be removed with distillation
equipment.

32. Influence of the Different Parameters on
Biodiesel production
Reaction Temperature
A higher reaction temperature can decrease the viscosities of
oils and result in an increase in reaction rate.
Molar Ratio of oil to alcohol
The yield of alkyl ester increases when the molar ratio of oil to
alcohol increases.

33. Free Fatty Acid Content
FFAs can cause soap formation. The resulting soaps can induce
an increase in viscosity and make the separation of glycerol
difficult.
Reaction Time
Acid-catalyzed transesterification requires longer reaction time
than the base-catalyzed reaction because base catalysts usually
exhibit a higher reactivity than acid catalysts.

34. Advantages and disadvantages of
Biodiesel

35. Advantages
o Biodiesel is renewable energy resource.
o can be used in most diesel engines with no modifications.
o Used cooking oils and fat residues from meat processing may
be used as raw materials.
o Biodiesel contains no sulfur.

36. o Biodiesel is environmentally friendly because of its lower HC
emissions, lower CO emissions and reduced production of
greenhouse gases.

37. Disadvantages
o Lower heat content than diesel fuel.
o higher nitrous oxide (NOx) emissions than diesel fuel.
o Higher freezing point than diesel fuel.
o It is less stable than diesel fuel, and therefore long-term
storage (more than six months) of biodiesel is not
recommended.

38. Feedstocks for Food and/or Fuel?
? ?

39.  It must be noted that these disadvantages are reduced
when biodiesel is used in blends with diesel fuel.
 Pure biodiesel or 100% biodiesel is referred to as ‘B100’.

40.  Biodiesel blends are referred to as BXX. The XX indicates
the amount of biodiesel in the blend (i.e., a B90 blend is
90% biodiesel and 10% petrodiesel).

42. Thank you …….
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