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Biodiesel
- 1. Content Introduction BiodieselProduction Fuel properties Biodiesel Emissions Storage and transportation
- 2. Introduction What is Biodiesel? Alternative fuel for diesel engines Made from vegetable oil or animal fat Meets health effect testing (CAA) Lower emissions, High flash point (>300F), Safer Biodegradable, Essentially non-toxic.
- 3. Introduction Transesterification Mostcommon production method Uses vegetable oils and animal fats as feed stocks The reaction of a fat or oil with an alcohol to form esters (biodiesel) and glycerol Chemically, biodiesel molecules are mono-alkyl esters produced usually from triglyceride esters
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- 6. Introduction Biodiesel isa cleaner burning replacement fuel made from renewable sources like new and used vegetable oils and animal fats Low-level blends (≤20% biodiesel) can be used in almost any existing diesel engine High-level blends (>20% can be used in most new diesel engines
- 7. Introduction 0 50 100 B2 B5 B10 B20 B100 BiodieselPetroleum diesel Pure Biodiesel (B100) or blended with petroleum diesel (B20, BXX). Rudolf Diesel: peanut oil. Little or no engine modifications. Use existing fuel distribution network.
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- 11. Making of biodieselfuel from waste cooking oil Materials 1- Methanol commercial grade. 2- “ catalyst “.Potassium Hydroxide or sodium hydroxide.
- 12. Making of biodieselfuel from waste cooking oil Mixing of Methanol and Catalyst The purpose of mixing methanol and the catalyst (KOH), reaction of two substances to form Methoxide. The amount of Methanol used ranges (20% - 50%) of the volume of the oil. KOH does not readily dissolve into Methanol. It is best to turn on the mixer to begin agitating the Methanol and slowly pour the KOH in. When particles of KOH cannot be seen, the Methoxide is ready to be added to the oil. This can usually be achieved in 20 –30 minutes.
- 13. Making of biodieselfuel from waste cooking oil Heating of Oil In order to speed up the reaction, the oil must be heated. The ideal temperature range is 48 C to 60 C.
- 14. Making of biodieselfuel from waste cooking oil When mixing methanol and catalyst to the oil the color of the oil is change from brown to Yalow
- 15. Making of biodieselfuel from waste cooking oil Draining of Glycerol The object of this step is to remove only the Glycerol and stop when the biodiesel is reached. Glycerol looks very dark compared to the yellow biodiesel. The settling will begin immediately, but the mixture should be left a minimum of eight hours for complete separation.
- 16. Making of biodieselfuel from waste cooking oil Washing of biodiesel The purpose is to wash out the remnants of the catalyst and other impurities. This can be achieved by adding distilled water to the fuel, and draining water off the bottom. The amount of wash water should equal the amount of oil, and can be drained after 12 hr throughout the washing process.
- 17. fuel properties Fuel Dieselfuel Biodiesel fuel Viscosity (N/m.s) at 40 Co 4.41 8.4 Density (kg/m3) at 20 Co 838.8 899.5 Flash point Co 60-80 100-170 Calorific Value (MJ/kg) 44 40
- 18. Output power dueto the lower thermal efficiency and calorific values of the biodiesel fuel, the engine power parameters are lower than those for diesel fuel. slight recovery in the power may be covered by injection extra fuel in the engine that will help reduce the difference in performance.
- 19. Exhaust Emissions This sectionexplores two of the most dangerous emission generated in combustion process of engine (NOx and CO2). NOx is a very undesirable emission because it reacts in the atmosphere to form ozone and is one of the major causes of photochemical smog. Carbon monoxide occurs when insufficient oxygen is present to fully convert all carbon to CO2 or when incomplete air-fuel mixing occurs due to very short engine cycle time CO2 considered as a major greenhouse gas, and at higher concentrations is a major contributor to global warming.
- 20. Exhaust Emissions Anoften mentioned incentive for using biodiesel; is its capacity to lower green house gas emissions Biodiesel provides significantly reduced emissions of carbon monoxide, particulate matter, unburned hydrocarbons, As shown in the figure compared to diesel fuel and that’s will improve air quality, particularly in high smog & population dense areas.
- 21. Storage And Transportation Biodiesel is a good solvent, Trucks or tanks should be washed from previous load to prevent mixing biodiesel impurities or water. Another problem is that biodiesel has a tendency to gel (freeze) at higher temperatures than petro-diesel. Therefore, storage and transportation tanks must be designed to deal with this tendency. Heat, sunlight, and oxygen will also cause biodiesel to degrade more rapidly, so storage should minimize exposure to these conditions.
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