This document describes the properties of alkenes. Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain carbon-carbon double bonds. They undergo addition reactions at the double bond, such as hydrogenation to form alkanes. Common reactions include addition of hydrogen, halogens, water, and oxidation. Alkenes polymerize to form polymers by joining many monomer units. Alkenes are more reactive than alkanes due to the presence of the double bond.
Basic concepts of organic chemistry such as structural formulas, different kinds of representation, types of isomerism, examples, alkanes, alkenes, alkynes etc.
Aldehydes and ketones contain the carbonyl group. Aldehydes are considered the most important functional group. Ketones A carbon double bonded to an oxygen is called a carbonyl group. Compounds in which the carbon of a carbonyl group is bonded to two other carbons
In organic chemistry, an alkyne is an unsaturated hydrocarbon containing at least one carbon—carbon triple bond. The simplest acyclic alkynes with only one triple bond and no other functional groups form a homologous series with the general chemical formula CₙH₂ₙ−2
Basic concepts of organic chemistry such as structural formulas, different kinds of representation, types of isomerism, examples, alkanes, alkenes, alkynes etc.
Aldehydes and ketones contain the carbonyl group. Aldehydes are considered the most important functional group. Ketones A carbon double bonded to an oxygen is called a carbonyl group. Compounds in which the carbon of a carbonyl group is bonded to two other carbons
In organic chemistry, an alkyne is an unsaturated hydrocarbon containing at least one carbon—carbon triple bond. The simplest acyclic alkynes with only one triple bond and no other functional groups form a homologous series with the general chemical formula CₙH₂ₙ−2
alkynes are hydrocarbons with at least one carbon to carbon triple bond, and having a general molecular formula of CnH2n-2. the carbon to carbon triple bonds are sp hybridized. alkyne molecules undergoes predominantly addition reactions and unusual substitution reaction.
In organic chemistry, a carbonyl group is a functional group composed of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom: C=O. It is common to several classes of organic compounds, as part of many larger functional groups. A compound containing a carbonyl group is often referred to as a carbonyl compound.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
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The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
8. H H Atom hydrogen 2 C C Atom carbon 2, 7 Atom carbon 2, 6
9. H H Atom hydrogen 2 C C Atom carbon 2, 8 Atom carbon 2, 6
10. H H H Atom hydrogen 2 C C Atom carbon 2, 8 Atom carbon 2, 6
11. H H H Atom hydrogen 2 C C Atom carbon 2, 8 Atom carbon 2, 7
12. H H H H Atom hydrogen 2 C C Atom carbon 2, 8 Atom carbon 2, 7
13. H H H H Atom hydrogen 2 C C Atom carbon 2, 8 Atom carbon 2, 8
14. It is classified as unsaturated hydrocarbons. (An unsaturated hydrocarbon contains at least one double covalent bonds between carbon atoms). Alkenes are hydrocarbons with the general formula : CnH2n where n = 2, 3, ……, ∞ Every alkene has a carbon-carbon double covalent bond, C = C in its molecule.
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16. Naming of Alkenes The name of straight chain alkenes are also made up of two component parts : (i) Stem/root : indicates the number of carbon atoms in the longest continuous carbon chain. The names of stems for the first nine straight alkanes are : eth, prop, but, pent, hex, hept, oct, non anddec (ii) Suffix/ ending : indicates the group of the compound. For alkene, the suffix is ‘ene’ because it belongs to the alkene group.
17. 4.Naming of Alkenes a) Naming the straight chainalkene : (i) Determine the longest carbon chain containing double bond. give the stem name according to the number of carbon atoms ; eth, prop, but, pent, hex, hept, oct, non anddec (ii) Add the suffix “ene” at the end of the name. (iii) Number the carbon atoms from the end nearer to the double bond and give the double bond the smaller number.
21. As the number of carbon atoms per molecule increases, the molecular size of alkene …………………., the ………………….. the intermolecular forces, more ………………….. energy is needed to ………………….. this forces, the melting and boiling points …………………..gas liquid solid Low weak Low increases Stronger overcome Heat increases
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23. Activity 8 :- 1.Balance the following equations : C2H4 + O2 -> CO2 + H2O C3H6 + O2 -> CO2 + H2O C4H8 + O2 -> CO2 + H2O 2.Write the balanced equation for combustion reaction of : Pentene:……………………………………………………… Hexene:……………………………………………………… Octene:…………………………………………………………
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29. Hydrogenation is used to prepare an alkane (saturated compound) from an alkene (unsaturated compound) in industry.Example : Ni / Pt 180 C Ethene Ethane + H2
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32. This reaction is used to distiguish a saturated hydrocarbon and unsaturated hydrocarbon. 1,2-dibromoethane
41. In this reaction, two hydroxyl, -OH groups are added to the carbon-carbon …………………… in an alkene molecule.
42. An alkene…………………… the ………………… colour of acidified potassium manganate(VII)solution //the orangesolution of acidified Potassium dicrhoromate(VI), K2Cr2O7turns to ……………………This reaction is used to distiguish a …………………… hydrocarbon and …………………… hydrocarbon double bond Decolorized purple green saturated unsaturated
43. Example : KMnO4(aq) [Purple] Alkene Colourless KMnO4 C2H6 gas C2H4 + H2O + [O] -> C2H4(OH)2 Ethene Ethan-1,2-diol colourless
44. Activity10 :- Propan-1,2-diol Ethan-1,2-diol ☺Complete the following equation : (a) C3H6 + H2O + [O] -> C3H6(OH)2 H H (b) H C = C H + H2O + [O] -> H H H H C C OH OH
