Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds. The document introduces organic chemistry, discussing the history and key figures in the field. It describes the properties of carbon that allow it to form many different compounds and categorizes the main types and sources of organic compounds, including naturally occurring, synthetic, and invented compounds. Organic compounds have applications in areas like medicine, pesticides, dyes, plastics, and more.

1. Introduction to Organic Chemistry
Introduction to Organic chemistry
1.1 Chemistry of carbon
1.2 Types of organic compound
1.3 Applications of organic compound

2. INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC
CHEMISTRY
Organic chemistry is a chemistry of carbon compounds.
Example : methane, DNA, urea, DDT (insecticide),
penicillin , nicotine, aspirin etc..
But not all carbon compounds are organics. Example :
carbonate (CO3
2-
; cyanide (CN-
), bicarbonate (HCO3
-
),
carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide.

3. Organic chemistry is the study of compounds that contain carbon. It
is one of the major branches of chemistry.
The history of organic chemistry can be traced back to ancient times
when medicine for human extracted from plants and animals to treat
members of their tribes.
In ancient era, it was produced willow bark which was used as a pain
killer, (willow bark contains acetylsalicylic acid, the ingredient in
aspirin )- Organic Chemistry.
Organic chemistry was first defined as a branch of modern science in
the early 1800's by Jon Jacob Berzelius. He classified chemical
compounds into two main groups:
i. Organic: if they originated in living or once-living matter, and
ii). Inorganic: if they came from "mineral" or non-living matter.
In 1828, Frederich Wöhler discovered that urea - an organic compound - could be
made by heating ammonium cyanate (an inorganic compound).

4. Wöhler mixed silver cyanate and ammonium chloride to produce solid silver chloride
and aqueous ammonium cyanate:
He then separated the mixture by filtration and tried to purify the aqueous
ammonium cyanate by evaporating the water.

5. Chemistry of Carbon

6. The carbon family, Group 14 in the p-block, contains carbon (C), silicon (Si),
germanium (Ge), tin (Sn), lead (Pb), and flerovium (Fl). Each of these elements has
only two electrons in its outermost p orbital: each has the electron configuration
ns2np2.
 Catenation is the linkage of atoms of the same element into longer chains.
 Catenation occurs most readily in carbon, which forms covalent bonds with other
carbon atoms to form longer chains and structures.
 Catenation is the reason for the presence of the vast number of organic compounds
in nature.

7. 1. Carbon-carbon bonds are strong, long chains or rings of carbon atoms bonded to one another are possible.
2. Diamond and graphite are two familiar examples: a. Diamond lattice being a three-dimensional network
of carbon atoms, b.Graphite more closely resembles a planar network.
3.Carbon is not unique in forming bonds to itself because other elements such as boron, silicon, and
phosphorus form strong bonds in the elementary state. But with the combination of hydrogen carbon affords a
remarkable variety of carbon hydrides (Hydrocarbons)
4. Carbon forms bonds not only with itself and with hydrogen but also with many other elements, including
strongly electron-attracting elements
WHY ORGANIC CHEMISTRY SPECIAL?

8. TYPES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Organic compound: An organic compound is any member of a large
class of gaseous, liquid, or solid chemical compounds
whose molecules contain carbon. Such as carbides, carbonates,
simple oxides of carbon (such as CO and CO2), etc.

9. There are three generally accepted sources of organic compounds:
SOURCES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
2. Living organisms
oThe chemical compounds of living things are known as organic compounds because of their
association with organisms and because they are carbon-containing compounds.
oAmong the numerous types of organic compounds, four major categories are found in all
living things: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
3. Invention/Human ingenuity
oAntibiotics, aspirin, vanilla flavoring, and heart drugs are examples of substances that no longer
have to be obtained directly from nature, they are manufactured in laboratories from organic
starting materials.
oEach year over 250,000 new chemical compounds are discovered and many of these are
products of scientists' imaginations, exploration.
o Plastics are excellent examples of substances that are the product of invention - they are not
found anywhere in nature.
1. carbonized organic matter:
o Carbonization is the term for the conversion of an organic
substance into carbon or a carbon-containing residue
through pyrolysis or destructive distillation.
o Example: the generation of coal gas and coal tar from
raw coal. Fossil fuels from vegetable matter, coal to
produce coke. the charcoal making process, etc.

10. Property Organic compound
Inorganic
compound
Bonding with
molecule
Usually covalent Often ionic
Forces between
molecules
Generally weak
(Intermolecular force)
Quite strong
(Electrostatic force)
Normal physical
state
Gases, liquids or low-
melting-point solids
Usually high-
melting-point solids
Flammability Often flammable
Usually non-
flammable
Solubility in water Insoluble Soluble
Conductivity Non-conductor Conductor
Rate of chemical
reaction
Slow and complex Fast and simple
Properties of typical organic and inorganic compound

11. Name Of Organic
Compounds
Origin Usage
Proteins
Example :
a) Enzymes
b) Hormones
From animals a) As a structural materials
b) As a biological catalyst
and regulators
Fats and Oils
Example :
a) Triglyceride
b) Paraffin Oils
c) Almond Oils
From animals and
vegetables
To store energy
Vitamins
Example :
A, B Complex, C, D,
E and K
From food For healthy growth and
functioning
Naturally Occurred Organic Compounds

12. Items Examples Usage
Plastics Poly (ethene),
Perspex.
For packaging, plastic
bags, as a substitute for
glass.
Medicines
and
Drugs
Tranquilizer,
Analgesic and
Bactericide.
To treat tropical diseases
such as Trypanosomiasis or
Sleeping Illness and
Malaria.
Pesticides Dichlorodiphenyl
trichloroethane
( DDT )
To kill houseflies and
other insects.
Dyes Methylene blue Give colour to the material.
Synthetic Organic Compounds

13. Type of organic compound
lic organic compound.docx
yclic organic compound.docx
c-aromatic organic compound.docx
-aromatic organic compound.docx
Saturated
Unsaturated

14. Aromatic
● CLOSE rings of Carbon atoms.
● Contain a benzene ring.
Example: Benzene
Aliphatic
● OPEN chains of Carbon atoms.
● Unbranched or Branched
● Contain Single, Double or Triple bonds.
Example: ethane (CH3–CH3)
ethene / ethylene (CH2=CH2)
ethyne / acetylene ( )
Alicyclic
● CLOSE rings of Carbon Atoms.
● Rings form the shape of POLYGON (triangle, square,
rectangle or etc).
Example: Epoxide
CC CC
OO
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
HCHC CHCH

15. Functional groups: an atom or group of atoms which determine
the chemical and physical properties of an organic compound.
Functional Groups
IMPORTANCIMPORTANC
EE

18. All the member of a particular homologous series have:
1. Same general formula eg : CnH2n+1OH
2. Same functional group : same chemical reactions.
Eg : all alcohols contain –OH group.
3. Each member differs from the next member by a
constant –CH2.
4. As the molecular size increase, the boiling points
increase.
HOMOLOGOUS SERIES

19. Alkane Nomenclature

20. Formula of organic compounds
● Molecular formula
● Empirical formula
● Structural formula
● Condensed formula
● Bond-line formula
Organic compounds can be complex
A system is needed that shows structure.
 We want something that is easy to read.

21. Example: Glucose, C6H12O6
C6H12O6
Molecular formula
CH2O
Empirical formula
Empirical formula
Simplest ratio number of atoms of each element in a molecule.
Molecular formula :
Actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule.
Structural Formula:
Shows all atoms in the bonds, Bonds are
represented as line
Condensed Formula:
Shorthand way of writing Molecular formula
Bond-line formula
•Represent structure between carbon-carbon bonds.
•Atoms other than carbon and hydrogen are called heteroatoms.
CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33 is shown asis shown as
CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22OHOH is shown asis shown as

22. IsomersIsomers
Structural isomersStructural isomers StereoisomersStereoisomers
Isomers are different compounds that have the
same molecular formula.
Classification of isomers

23. n-pentane 2-methylbutane
2,2-dimethylpropane
Structural isomers
C5H12

24. Example
CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33
n-hexanen-hexane
C6H14
(CH(CH33CHCH22))22CHCHCHCH33
3-Methylpentane3-Methylpentane
(CH(CH33))22CHCH(CHCHCH(CH33))22
2,3-Dimethylbutane2,3-Dimethylbutane
(CH(CH33))33CCHCCH22CHCH33
2,2-Dimethylbutane2,2-Dimethylbutane
(CH(CH33CHCH22))22CHCHCHCH33
2-Methylpentane2-Methylpentane

25. Stereoisomer
Compound with the same molecular formula and
structural formula but with different arrangement of
their bond in space.
HH33CC
CC CC
CHCH33
HH
HHHH
CHCH33
CC CC
HH33CC
HH
cis-2-butene trans-2-butene
cis (large groups
on same side)
trans (large groups
on opposite sides)

26. Naming of organic compound according to IUPAC system
1 Identify the longest carbon chain. This chain is called the parent chain
2 Identify all of the substituents (groups appending from the parent chain).
3 Number the carbons of the parent chain from the end that gives the substituents the lowest numbers.
When comparing a series of numbers, the series that is the "lowest" is the one which contains the
lowest number at the occasion of the first difference. If two or more side chains are in equivalent
positions, assign the lowest number to the one which will come first in the name.
4 If the same substituent occurs more than once, the location of each point on which the substituent
occurs is given. In addition, the number of times the substituent group occurs is indicated by a prefix
(di, tri, tetra, etc.).
5 If there are two or more different substituents they are listed in alphabetical order using the base name
(ignore the prefixes). The only prefix which is used when putting the substituents in alphabetical order
is iso as in isopropyl or isobutyl. The prefixes sec- and tert- are not used in determining alphabetical
order except when compared with each other.
6 If chains of equal length are competing for selection as the parent chain, then the choice goes in series
to:
A. the chain which has the greatest number of side chains.
B. the chain whose substituents have the lowest- numbers.
C. the chain having the greatest number of carbon atoms in the smaller side chain.
D. the chain having the least branched side chains.
7 A cyclic (ring) hydrocarbon is designated by the prefix cyclo-which appears directly in front of the base
name.

27. prefix Length of
Carbon
Meth 1
Eth 2
Prop 3
But 4
Pent 5
Hex 6
Hept 7
Oct 8
Non 9
Dec 10
1. Longest chain is 6 - hexane
2. Two methyl groups - dimethyl
3. Use 2,5-dimethylhexane
EXAMPLE

28. Types of Organic Reactions
General
Addition Substitution Elimination Rearrangement
Specific
Hydrogenation Esterification Oxidation Hydrolysis

29. Addition: Two substances react together to form a single substance.
Ethane Bromoethane
Substitution (SN2 reaction): An atom or a group (leaving group) in a
molecule is replaced by another atom or group (nucleophile / electrophile).

30. Elimination: Removal of atoms or groups of atoms from
a saturated molecule to form an unsaturated molecule.
Rearrangement: Migration of an atom, a group of atoms or a
bond from one atom to another within molecule to form its
isomer.

31. Hydrogenation
•Addition of hydrogen to a multiple bond to form a
single bond substance.
+ H—H+ H—HCC CC HH CC CC
HH HH
HH HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
Pt
Ethylene Ethane
Hydrogen
Hydrogenation of alkane

32. Esterification: Acid-catalyzed ester formation between alcohol and
carboxylic acid.
CHCH33COCHCOCH22CHCH33
OO
++ HH22OOCHCH33COHCOH
OO
++ CHCH33CHCH22OHOH
HH22SOSO44
reflux
noic acid Ethanol Ethyl ethanoate
Fischer esterification
Oxidation: An increase in the number of bonds between carbon and
oxygen and/or a decrease in the number of carbon-hydrogen bonds.

33. Hydrolysis
•Chemical process in which a molecule is split
into two parts by the addition of a molecule of
water.
(CH3)3C–Br + H2O (CH(CH33))33C–OH + HBrC–OH + HBr
tert-Butyl alcoholalcoholtert-Butyl bromide Hydrogen
bromide

34. Applications of Organic Compounds