1. The document discusses carbon compounds and their properties. It covers hydrocarbons, saturated and unsaturated compounds, functional groups, and nomenclature.
2. Specific carbon compounds discussed include ethanol, ethanoic acid, and soaps. Reactions of ethanol and ethanoic acid with substances like sodium, chlorine, and alcohols are described.
3. Soaps are introduced as cleansing agents made of sodium or potassium salts of long chain carboxylic acids. Their structure allows them to interact with both water and oils/fats.
L.05 carbon and its compounds gr 10, 2019-20MhdAfz
For more such informative content, go to https://scifitechify.blogspot.com/. For more such informative presentations go to https://scifitechify.blogspot.com/
L.05 carbon and its compounds gr 10, 2019-20. HOPE YOU ENJOY IT. NEXT POST ON: COVID 19 LIFE CYCLE OF THE VIRUS
L.05 carbon and its compounds gr 10, 2019-20MhdAfz
For more such informative content, go to https://scifitechify.blogspot.com/. For more such informative presentations go to https://scifitechify.blogspot.com/
L.05 carbon and its compounds gr 10, 2019-20. HOPE YOU ENJOY IT. NEXT POST ON: COVID 19 LIFE CYCLE OF THE VIRUS
Myself being as a class 10 CBSE student; I understand the difficulties faced by the students.
so refer this presentation to have a well understanding over a difficult chapter.
PLEASE DO FOLLOW ME FOR FURTHER UPDATES!!
This ppt was made for our stupid projects..... The main purpose behind uploading this ppt is that no one should suffer like us and waste their time behind these stupid things... concentrate on your studies..
Basic concepts of organic chemistry such as structural formulas, different kinds of representation, types of isomerism, examples, alkanes, alkenes, alkynes etc.
Myself being as a class 10 CBSE student; I understand the difficulties faced by the students.
so refer this presentation to have a well understanding over a difficult chapter.
PLEASE DO FOLLOW ME FOR FURTHER UPDATES!!
This ppt was made for our stupid projects..... The main purpose behind uploading this ppt is that no one should suffer like us and waste their time behind these stupid things... concentrate on your studies..
Basic concepts of organic chemistry such as structural formulas, different kinds of representation, types of isomerism, examples, alkanes, alkenes, alkynes etc.
Organic compounds are almost 60% of all compounds. because of carbons tendency to form a compound as it has more than1 electron(4electrons) to form covallent compounds. SO a wide range of everything we eat is formed from carbon and hydrogen, which is the second important element to form organic compounds.
Presentation on Metallic Bond and its nature, presented by Engineer S.M. Wahid Mahmud from Daffodil International University from the department of Electronics & Telecommunication, Faculty of Science & IT.
A PowerPoint Presentation for Grade 9 teachers. This presentation is ONLY suggested guide for teachers to assist them on the discussion after the activities as suggested in the Learner's Module were performed. Please feel free to add comments and suggestions. Thanks!
This is the presentation about alkanes including its properties ,nomenclature,preparation,reaction and its importance to our everyday lives.
This is very important to education. It is used during our reports in order to learn.
Thus by opening this document you can learn about naming alkanes and cycloalkanes. It is also helpful in preparation in order to identify its importance. I hope that all of you will download this presentation.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
2. Standard 10 Chapter 9 Carbon Compounds
Contents
Hydrocarbons
Saturated and unsaturated
Catenation
Straight chain and branched chain
Functional groups
Homologous series
Nomenclature
Chemical properties
Reactions
Soaps and detergents
3. Standard 10 Chapter 9 Carbon Compounds
Organic compounds
Compounds directly or indirectly obtained from plants
and animals
Organic chemistry is also known as the chemistry of
carbon compounds
Inorganic compounds
Compounds obtained from minerals
4. Urea CO(NH2)2 , an organic
compound, was synthesized from
an inorganic compound
ammonium cyanate NH4(NCO)
by Friedrich Wohler, a German
chemist
5. Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons (Parent compounds/ fundamental
organic compounds)
All organic compounds contain hydrogen along with
carbon
Some organic compounds also contain oxygen,
halogens, and sometimes nitrogen and sulphur
6. Methane (marsh gas) CH4
In methane C is bonded to four H atoms
Electronic configuration - C (2, 4),
H 1
C has four electrons in its
outermost orbit – tetravalent
If C gets four electrons in the
second orbit, its outermost orbit
will be completely filled and will
make it stable to attain the
nearest inert gas configuration
[Neon (2, 8)]
7. Covalent bond in methane
• C gets four electrons by sharing one electron with
each H atom
• C-H bonds are formed. C atom is centrally placed
• Bonds formed by sharing of electrons are known
as covalent bonds
• A single covalent bond is formed by sharing of two
electrons
Structure
8. Electron dot and cross structure
If the electrons of C are shown as "x" and the
electrons of H as ". ", then methane appears as
methane
9. Properties of organic compounds with covalent
bonds
(1) Low melting point and boiling point
(2) Generally insoluble in water but are soluble in
other organic solvents
(3) Poor conductors of heat and electricity
10. Covalent bond in oxygen
The atomic number of
oxygen is 8
Six electrons are present in
its outermost shell
It requires 2 more electrons
to complete its octet
11. Each oxygen atom shares its valence electron with the
valence electron of another oxygen atom to give two
shared pairs of electrons which results in the
formation of O2 molecule
If two electron pairs are shared between two atoms,
then a double covalent bond (=) is formed
Structure
O::O or O = O or O2
12. Saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons
Saturated hydrocarbons Carbon atoms are linked
to each other only by single bonds
Unsaturated hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons in which
carbon atoms are linked to each other by double or
triple bonds are known as unsaturated hydrocarbons
14. Saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons can form
straight chains or closed chain structures
These chains can have branches and cross links and
are known as closed chain or ring compounds
15. Catenation The remarkable property of carbon atom
to form bonds with itself and give rise to a single
large structure or chain
Definition: The property of direct bonding between
atoms of same element to form a chain
The carbon chains can be straight or branched
forming large molecules
17. Diamond and graphite
Both are formed by carbon atoms
Diamond Graphite
hard, beautiful, crystalline soft, grayish black,
crystalline
Each carbon atom is
linked to four other
neighbouring, carbon
atoms held at the corners
of a regular tetrahedron by
covalent bonds to form a
rigid three dimensional
structure
Each carbon atom is
attached to three other
carbon atoms forming a
hexagonal planar
structure
18. Physical properties of graphite and diamond are
different but their chemical properties are the same
Diamond Graphite
There are no mobile
electrons in the system
and hence diamond
crystal is a non-conductor
of electricity
Free electrons move
throughout the entire
layers, and hence
graphite is a good
conductor of electricity
Used as precious stone in
jewellery.
Black diamonds are used
for cutting glass
Used in making
electrodes and carbon,
lubricants and lead
pencils
19. Parent hydrocarbons
Methane CH4 is a saturated hydrocarbon and an
alkane
If we increase the number of carbon atoms by 1 and
the number of hydrogen atoms by 2, then we get
ethane C2H6 and is the next member in the family of
alkanes
If we add one more carbon atom and two more
hydrogen atoms to ethane, we get propane C3H8
The general formula for alkanes is CnH2n+2 where n is
the number of carbon atoms
20. Isomers and isomerism
Compounds with identical molecular formula but
different structure hence called isomers and the
property is known as isomerism
Straight chain and branched chain
Pentane C5H12
Three possible carbon skeletons
The carbon atoms are linked together in the form of
open chain
These compounds also contain branched chain
24. Structure of Benzene C6H6 Benzene ring is made
up of six carbon atoms, in which each carbon atom is
joined by a single bond on one side and double bond
on other side (alternate single bond and double
bonds)
25. Functional groups in organic compounds
All organic compounds are considered as the
derivatives of hydrocarbons
The derivatives are formed by replacing one or more
hydrogen atoms in a molecule of hydrocarbon by
some other atom or group of atoms
After replacement, a new set of compounds is formed
which has functions (properties) different from the
parent hydrocarbon
26. Functional group
It is the atom or group of atoms present in the
molecule which determines characteristics property
of organic compounds
If one hydrogen in methane CH4 is replaced by an
-OH group, then a compound known as methyl
alcohol CH3OH is formed
The -OH group is known as the alcoholic functional
group
27. Type General formula
R = CnH2n+1
R = alkyl group
Functional
group
Compound containing functional
group
Name Formula
Alcohols R-OH -OH Ethyl alcohol C2H5OH
Aldehydes R-CHO 1) Acetaldehyde 2)
Ketones 3) 4) Acetone
(Dimethyl ketone)
5)
Carboxylic acid R-COOH -COOH Acetic acid CH3COOH
1) aldehyde 2) acetaldehyde 3) ketone 4) carbonyl group
5) acetone
28. Homologous series A group of organic compounds
containing same functional group, which can be
represented by the same general formula and which
more or less show similar trends in their properties
Some important characteristics of homologous
series
(1)The general formula of all compounds in the series
is the same
(2) They have the same functional group
29. (3) Physical properties like melting point, boiling point,
density, generally show a gradual change with increase of
molecular formula in the series. On the other hand,
chemical properties of the member show close
resemblance because of the presence of the same
functional group in them
(4) Consecutive members of the series differ from one
another by -CH2- group which is known as the methylene
group and their molecular weight differs by 14 units
30. 1. Alkanes The Alkane family is a homologous series
and characterized by the general formula CnH2n+2
Methane CH4
Ethane C2H6
Differ by –CH2 units
Ethane C2H6
Propane C3H8
Differ by –CH2 units
Butane C4H10
Pentane C5H12
Differ by –CH2 units
2. Alcohols CnH2n+1OH
Methyl alcohol CH3OH
Ethyl alcohol C2H5OH
Differ by –CH2 units
Propyl alcohol C3H7OH
Butyl alcohol C4H9OH
Differ by –CH2 units
31. Nomenclature of organic compounds
IUPAC (lnternational Union of Pure and Applied Chemists)
system is the latest and widely accepted system for giving
systematic names to organic compounds
All organic compounds are considered as derivatives of
saturated hydrocarbons and are known as Alkanes
To express the name of the compound the basic carbon chain
is modified by 'root'. A root indicates the “nature of basic carbon
skeleton”, prefix indicates “phrase before” and suffix indicates
“phrase after”
32. Terminology used in nomenclature
Root: It indicates the nature and the number of
carbon atoms in the basic carbon skeleton
Bond with Root word
One C atom Meth-
Two C atom Eth-
Three C atom Prop-
Four C atom But-
Five C atom Pent-
Six C atom Hex-
Seven C atom Hept-
Eight C atom Oct-
33. Suffix: It denotes the type of bonds or functional group
present in the carbon chain. A Suffix is added to a
root word to indicate the saturation or unsaturation in
the carbon chain
C chain Suffix Root name
Saturated –C–C- -ane Alkane
Unsaturated
–C=C-
-ene Alkene
Unsaturated
-C≡C-
-yne Alkyne
34. Prefix: It indicates the presence of other functional
groups and their position
Examples
Ethanol C2H5OH
One hydrogen atom is substituted by the -OH group
35. Select the longest chain of carbon atoms
The name of the parent alkane is ethane
Since the functional group is alcohol, remove the ‘e’
from the word ethane and substitute it with ‘ol’ ('ol'
stands for alcohol)
The carbon atom to which the -OH group is attached
is numbered as C1 and the other carbon atoms are
numbered accordingly
The compound C2H5OH is named as ethan-1-ol
indicating that the functional group-OH is attached to
the carbon atom at the end of the chain
36. 2-bromopropane 1-bromopropane
• One hydrogen atom in the chain is substituted by
-Br group
• The longest chain is of three carbon atoms
• The name of the parent alkane is propane
• The functional group is halide (in this case bromo)
• The carbon atom nearest to the substituted group is
numbered as C1 and C2, respectively
• The compounds are called 2-bromopropane
and 1-bromopropane, respectively
37. Unsaturated compound containing a double bond
CH2=CH2
CH2=CH-CH3
CH2=CH-CH2-CH3
CH3-CH=CH-CH3
Ethene (ethylene)
Propene
Butene-1
Butene-2
38. CH3CH2CH=CH2
4 3 2 1
The longest chain of carbon atoms is four
The parent alkane is butane. The above chain is
named as butene
In the structure, the numbering of carbon atoms starts
from the carbon atom nearest to the double bond. In
the above case, the carbon atom on the extreme right
is numbered 1
The position of the double bond in the chain is
indicated by prefix the lower number of the carbon
atoms between the double bonds. In the above case,
since the double bond is between C1 and C2, the
compound is known as but-1-ene
39. Unsaturated compound containing a triple bond
H-C≡C-H ethyne/ acetylene
The same rules as for double bonds are followed. The
suffix is changed from -ene- to -yne-
40. Chemical properties of carbon compounds
Combustion All hydrocarbons burn in air or oxygen
to form CO2 and H20
The reactions are exothermic with the evolution of a
large amount of heat
(1) CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O (g) + Heat and light
(2) 2C4H10(g) + 13O2(g) exothermic 8CO2(g) + 10H2O(l) + 2658 KJ Heat
combustion
41. If very limited air is supplied, then methane gives carbon
black
CH4 + O2 → C + 2H20
limited air → carbon black
Saturated hydrocarbons give a clean flame (oxidizing
flame) but when unsaturated carbon compounds burn,
they give a yellow flame (reducing flame) with lots of
black carbon
When gas or kerosene stove is used a sufficient quantity
of air is used and hence we get clean blue flame
42. Addition Reaction
The reaction in which two molecules react to form a
single product is known as addition reaction. This type
of reaction occurs only in unsaturated compounds
where there are double or triple bonds.
(a) Reactant adds to the carbon atoms of C=C double
and C≡C triple bond
ethene + bromine → ethylene dibromide
43. (b) Addition of hydrogen molecule to ethene gives
corresponding ethane i.e. saturated product
(unsaturated compound gets converted into saturated
compound)
44. Substitution Reaction
Reactions where substitution of one (or more atoms)
in a molecule for another atom takes place are called
substitution reactions
CH4 + Cl2 UV rays CH3Cl + HCl (H substituted by Cl)
CH3CH2I + KOH → CH3CH20H + KI (I substituted by OH)
45. Some important carbon compounds
Ethanol
Ethanol C2H5OH is called ethyl alcohol or spirit, has a
linear structure CH3CH2OH. It is a colourless liquid
and has a pleasant odour. Boiling point is 78 °C and
freezing point is -114 °C. It is combustible and burns
with blue flame
46. Reactions with ethyl alcohol
(a) When sodium comes in contact with ethyl alcohol it
gives hydrogen gas
2C2H5OH + 2Na → 2C2H5ONa + H2
(ethyl alcohol + sodium → sodium ethoxide + gas)
(b) When ethyl alcohol reacts with PCI3 it forms ethyl
chloride
3C2H5OH + PCI3 → 3C2H5Cl + H3PO3
(ethyl alcohol + phosphorous trichloride → ethyl
chloride + phosphorous acid)
47. Reactions with ethanoic acid (acetic acid) C2H4O2
Has a linear structure CH3COOH, is a weak acid,
colourless, corrosive liquid and has pungent smell at
ordinary temperature. Below 290 K it solidifies to an
ice like mass called glacial acetic acid
49. (b) Reaction with metals
When acetic acid reacts with Na or Zn it gives sodium
acetate with liberation of Hydrogen gas
2CH3COOH + 2Na → 2CH3COONa + H2
(c) Reaction with alcohol
When acetic acid reacts with ethyl alcohol in
presence of anhydrous ZnCl2, ethyl acetate is formed
CH3COOH + C2H5OH → CH3COOC2H5 + H2O
50. Soaps and Detergents
• Soaps are cleansing agents which are capable of
reacting with water to dislodge the unwanted
particles from cloth or skin
• The molecules of soap are sodium or potassium
salts of long chain carboxylic acids
• A soap molecule has a tadpole shaped structure
• At one end (long non polar end) of soap molecule
is a hydrocarbon chain i.e. insoluble in water but
soluble in oil
51. • At the other end (short polar end) of soap
molecule there is a carboxylate ion which is
hydrophilic i.e. water soluble but insoluble in oil
• When soap is mixed with water, the solution
becomes concentrated and causes foaming
• The long non-polar end of soap gravitates
towards and surrounds the dirt and absorbs the
dust in it
• The short polar end with the carboxylate ion turns
the water away from the dirt
• The soap molecule thus helps in dissolving the
dirt in water and we can wash our clothes clean
52. Toilet soap Laundry soap
High quality of fats used
for raw material
Cheaper quality of oils
and fats are used
Expensive perfumes
added
Cheaper perfumes
added
No free alkali content
present to prevent
injuries to skin
Free alkali present for
cleaning action
53. THANK YOU
SSC Std 10th Textbook
CBSE Std 10th Textbook
YouTube
Google
Wikipedia
Suggestions and Appreciations welcome
gkwagh@gmail.com