1) Weak forms occur when commonly used words like prepositions and conjunctions are unstressed in connected speech. Their vowels shift towards a schwa sound.
2) Yod coalescence is where /j/ assimilates to a preceding /t/ or /d/ sound, like "but you" becoming "betcha".
3) Elision omits sounds like /t/ between consonants or in contractions like "can't". Assimilation changes sounds to match neighboring sounds.
In this presentation you will find a brief explanation on how English vowel sounds are produced, their articulation and a summary on their graphic representation.
The syllable is a constant feature in every spoken language in the world and most people have an intuitive sense of what a syllable is. Each language has its own rules about what kinds of syllables are allowed, and what kinds aren’t - but the general structure is the same everywhere.
The phoneme can be defined as "the smallest contrastive linguistic unit which may bring about a change of meaning" (Gimson, A.C. (2008), Cruttenden, A., ed., The Pronunciation of English (7 ed.)). This definition can be clarified by a practice called minimal pair which is listing pairs of words which are different in meaning and phonologically distinct only in one phonological element.
Minimal pair can be illustrated in the following examples:
The words "pin" /pɪn/ and "pan" /pæn/ are different only in their middle sounds i.e. /ɪ/ & /æ/. Therefore the sounds /ɪ/ & /æ/ are considered to be different phonemes.
The words "pill" /pɪl/ and "bill" /bɪl/ are different only in their initial sounds i.e. /p/ & /b/. Therefore the sounds /p/ & /b/ are considered to be different phonemes.
An allophone, on the other hand, is one of a set of multiple possible spoken sounds (or phones) used to pronounce a single phoneme. It can be considered to be variations of a phoneme and doesn't change the meaning of a word.
e.g. the phoneme /p/ in the word "pill" /pɪl/ can be aspirated [pʰɪl ]. So the aspirated [pʰ] is considered to be the allophone of the phoneme /p/
In this presentation you will find a brief explanation on how English vowel sounds are produced, their articulation and a summary on their graphic representation.
The syllable is a constant feature in every spoken language in the world and most people have an intuitive sense of what a syllable is. Each language has its own rules about what kinds of syllables are allowed, and what kinds aren’t - but the general structure is the same everywhere.
The phoneme can be defined as "the smallest contrastive linguistic unit which may bring about a change of meaning" (Gimson, A.C. (2008), Cruttenden, A., ed., The Pronunciation of English (7 ed.)). This definition can be clarified by a practice called minimal pair which is listing pairs of words which are different in meaning and phonologically distinct only in one phonological element.
Minimal pair can be illustrated in the following examples:
The words "pin" /pɪn/ and "pan" /pæn/ are different only in their middle sounds i.e. /ɪ/ & /æ/. Therefore the sounds /ɪ/ & /æ/ are considered to be different phonemes.
The words "pill" /pɪl/ and "bill" /bɪl/ are different only in their initial sounds i.e. /p/ & /b/. Therefore the sounds /p/ & /b/ are considered to be different phonemes.
An allophone, on the other hand, is one of a set of multiple possible spoken sounds (or phones) used to pronounce a single phoneme. It can be considered to be variations of a phoneme and doesn't change the meaning of a word.
e.g. the phoneme /p/ in the word "pill" /pɪl/ can be aspirated [pʰɪl ]. So the aspirated [pʰ] is considered to be the allophone of the phoneme /p/
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12. Others and but than that you your her a an the
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14. Yod coalescence In English phonetics Yod coalescence is a form of assimilation – it is a phenomenon which takes place when /j/ is preceded by certain consonants most commonly /t/ and /d/:
15. /t/ + /j/ = /tS/ … but use your head! bətʃu:z jɔ: hed / Last year…. / lɑ:stʃɪə / The ball that you brought…. / ðə bɔ:l ðətʃu: brɔ:t / What you need…. / wɒtʃu ni:d /
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17. /d/ + /j/ = / d Z / Could you help me? / kʊdʒu help mi: / She had university students… / ʃi: hædʒu:ni:vɜ:sɪti stju:dənts Would yours work? / wʊdʒɔ:z wɜ:k/
18. Exercise. Identify places where yod coalescence may occur in the following phrases: What you need is a good job! You told me that you had your homework done. She didn’t go to France that year. Could you open the window please? You’ve already had yours!
19. Elision Elision is very simply the omission of certain sounds in certain contexts . The most important occurrences of this phenomenon regard: 1 Alveolar consonants /t/ and /d/ when ‘sandwiched’ between two consonants Se nd F rank a card. / sen ˈfræŋk ə ˈkɑ:d / Ho ld th e dog! / ˈhəʊl ðə ˈdɒg / The la st c ar… / ðə ˈlɑ:s ˈkɑ: / The ne xt d ay…. / ðə ˈneks ˈdeɪ /
20. Africates / t / & / d / This can also take place within affricates /t / and /d / when preceded by a consonant, e.g. lunchtime / ˈlʌntʃtaɪm / becomes / ˈlʌnʃtaɪm / strange days / ˈstreɪndʒˈdeɪz / / ˈstreɪnʒˈdeɪz /
21. Elision of ‘not’ The phoneme /t/ is a fundamental part of the negative particle not , the possibility of it being elided makes the foreign students life more difficult. Consider the negative of can – if followed by a consonant the /t/ may easily disappear and the only difference between the positive and the negative is a different, longer vowel sound in the second: + I can speak…. / aɪ kən ˈspi:k / / - I can’t speak… / aɪ ˈkɑ:n(t) ˈspi:k / / /
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25. Assimilation of Place The most common form involves the movement of place of articulation of the alveolar stops /t/, /d/ and /n/ to a position closer to that of the following sound. For instance, in the phrase ten cars , the /n/ will usually be articulated in a velar position, so that the tongue will be ready to produce the following velar sound /k/. Similarly, in ten boys the /n/ will be produced in a bilabial position, to prepare for the articulation of the bilabial /b/.
26. /k/ /t/ e.g. that kid / / e.g. good girl / / /g/ /d/ BEFORE A VELAR (/k/, /g/)
27. /p/ /t/ / m / /n/ e.g. hot mushrooms / hɒp ˈmʌʃru:mz / e.g. bad boys / bæb ˈbɔɪz / / / b / /d/ e.g. ten men /te m m en/ BEFORE A BILABIAL (/ m /, / b / , /p/ )
28. ASSIMILATION OF VOICING The vibration of the vocal folds is not something that can be switched on and off very swiftly, as a result groups of consonants tend to be either all voiced or all voiceless. Consider the different endings of ‘books’, bags and ‘catches’