This document discusses strong and weak forms in English pronunciation. It explains that many common English words can be pronounced either with a strong or weak form depending on stress. The strong form is used when a word is stressed or at the end of a phrase, while weak forms are used for unstressed words. Using weak forms is important for fluent English as it is how native speakers naturally speak. The document provides examples of words and their strong and weak forms to illustrate this concept.
Now we have moved on from looking at syllables to looking at words, and we will consider certain well-known English forms that can be pronounced in two different ways; these are called strong forms and weak forms.
Strong Form is the full form of word pronounced with stress.
Weak forms are sounds that become unstressed in connected speech and are often then pronounced as a schwa.
In this presentation you will find a brief explanation on how English vowel sounds are produced, their articulation and a summary on their graphic representation.
Morph: A morph is simply the phonetic representation of a morpheme, how the morpheme is said.
Morpheme: Smallest meaningful unit, cannot be further divided or analyzed
Allomorph: Allomorphs are different forms of the same morpheme, or basic unit of meaning.These can be different pronunciations or different spellings.
The small words that manage the grammar in English have two different pronunciations. These are called weak and strong forms. The weak forms are unstressed and the strong forms stressed. Most weak forms have either schwa or short 'i' vowel sounds and they are difficult to hear. These words are very important for the pronunciation of English grammar--they are like the gluer in the phonetic system.
Now we have moved on from looking at syllables to looking at words, and we will consider certain well-known English forms that can be pronounced in two different ways; these are called strong forms and weak forms.
Strong Form is the full form of word pronounced with stress.
Weak forms are sounds that become unstressed in connected speech and are often then pronounced as a schwa.
In this presentation you will find a brief explanation on how English vowel sounds are produced, their articulation and a summary on their graphic representation.
Morph: A morph is simply the phonetic representation of a morpheme, how the morpheme is said.
Morpheme: Smallest meaningful unit, cannot be further divided or analyzed
Allomorph: Allomorphs are different forms of the same morpheme, or basic unit of meaning.These can be different pronunciations or different spellings.
The small words that manage the grammar in English have two different pronunciations. These are called weak and strong forms. The weak forms are unstressed and the strong forms stressed. Most weak forms have either schwa or short 'i' vowel sounds and they are difficult to hear. These words are very important for the pronunciation of English grammar--they are like the gluer in the phonetic system.
For basic understanding of knowing what syllable is.
Always use phonetic transcription(produce/ articulate the sounds in the word) to mark or identify syllables.
Verification is a way of looking at science which defined much of the 20th century in terms of technology. Though perfectly reasonable, it is quite the opposite when compared to Descartes. How can it be such a powerful way of thinking then?
This is my 1st semester assignment on "Pronunciation" topic. This assignment will help the reader to understand how to pronounce English phonemes correctly. International Phonetic Alphabet is the tool for English students to practice their pronunciation.
Abstract
We are language teachers and should be teaching language, not
wasting time watching our learners struggle with pronunciation
which we all know they find boring. Living and working here, we
become inured to and sometimes over-tolerant of substandard
pronunciation, which doesn't necessarily mean sounding like a native
speaker. But how many times have we accepted walk for woke, cut
for cat and berry for very? It's not always easy to diagnose the cause
of our students' pronunciation problems, much less propose an
adequate solution. In this session, for teachers of teens and adults,
we won't be doing any choral drilling but we'll take a look at a range
of non-threatening classroom strategies and techniques that can
help students identify and overcome their pronunciation difficulties.
This workshop looks at a number of accessible ways we can work on
in and out of class to help improve our learners' pronunciation by
providing them activities which we can use in our language classes.
You will find practical in class activities and enjoyable online digital
games to integrate pronunciation teaching to your lessons.
Biographical Details
Ayşegül Liman holds BA (2009) in ELT from Marmara University. She
has been working at Marmara University, English Preparatory School
as an instructor of English. Her interest areas are educational
technology and teacher education.
Fatma Kübra Köşker holds BA (2008) in ELT from Boğaziçi University.
She worked at Aydın University one year and now she has been
working at Marmara University, English Preparatory School as an
instructor of English. Her interest areas are educational technology
and teacher education.
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Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
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The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
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2. Warm-Up
If You’re Happy
If you're happy and you know it clap your
hands
If you're happy and you know it clap your
hands
If you're happy and you know it
never be afraid to show it
If you're happy and you know it clap your
hands
stomp your feet/wink your eye
3. Brief Introduction
In this session, we will
learn strong forms & weak
forms – two different ways
of pronouncing a word.
4. • Many common English words have
two or more pronunciations in
speech, depending on their positions
in a sentence --- a strong form
and one or more weak forms.
These words include form words
and the following pronouns:
personal, possessive, relative and
the indefinite pronoun “some”,
denoting indefinite quantity.
5. • The strong form of a word is used
when the word is said in isolation,
or in connected speech in which the
word should be stressed; it is also
used in certain cases where the
word is in unstressed positions. The
weak form or forms of a word are
used only in unstressed positions.
And the weak forms of the words
are of much more frequent
occurrence than their strong
forms.
6. The Importance of
Learning Weak Forms
• Two reasons:
• Firstly, most native speakers of
English find an “all-strong form”
pronunciation very unpleasant.
• Secondly, learners who are not
familiar with the use of weak
forms are likely to have difficulty
understanding native speakers.
7. • The average foreigner uses far
too many strong forms; it is
impossible to speak English
fluently unless the phenomenon
of weak forms is properly
understood and their use
acquired, preferably from the
earliest stage.
8. Strong Forms
• The strong forms are used in the
following cases:
• a) When the word is stressed, e.g.
• They don’t believe, do they?
/ðei 'dәunt bi'li:v 'du:ðei/
• You must choose us or them.
/ju: mә st 'ʧ u:z 'Λs ɔ : 'ðem/
9. • b) When the word is at the end of
a sense group or a sentence, even
when they are unstressed, e.g.
• Who is on duty today?
I am. /'ai æm/
• Who’s got?
Jane has. /'ʤ ein hæz/
• Who is a teacher?
You are. /'ju: a:/
10. • What are you looking at?
/'wɔ t ә ju: 'lukiŋ æt/
• What is he waiting for?
/'wɔ ts i: 'weitiŋ fɔ :/
• Where did you get it from?
/'wεә did ju: 'get it frɔm/
11. • c) Prepositions may have their
strong forms when they are
followed by an unstressed personal
pronoun at the end of a sense
group or a sentence. However, in
this position the weak form may
also be used. For example:
• I am waiting for you.
/aim 'weitiŋ fɔ : ju:/
or /aim 'weitiŋ fә ju:/
12. • d) The indefinite pronoun
“some” in the meaning of “a
certain quantity” is always
stressed and therefore
pronounced as /sΛm/. For
example:
• some of us / 'sΛm ә v ә s/
13. • The adjective “some” in the
meaning of “certain” always use
its strong form, even when it is
unstressed. For example:
• For some reason she is absent
today.
/'fɔ : sΛm 'ri:zn ʃ iz 'æbsnә t
tә 'dei/
14. • As an adjective in contrast to
“others” it is always stressed and
therefore pronounced as /sΛm/.
For example:
• Some people like it, but others
don’t.
/'sΛm pi:pl 'laik it bә t 'Λðә z
'dә unt/
15. Weak Forms
• A weak form of a word is generally
distinguished from a strong form
• a) by the difference in vowelsounds,
• b) by the absence of a sound (vowel
or consonant),
• c) by the difference in the length
of a vowel.
16. • For example:
/a:/
• are
them /ðem/
/ænd/
• and
am
/æm/
• been /bi:n/
were /wә :/
/ә /
/ðә m/
/ә n/ & /n/
/m/
/bin/
/wә /
17. • Very often the weak form has /ә /
in it, whereas the strong form
contains some other vowel, e.g.
was /wɔ z/, for/fɔ :/, them/ðem/,
to/tu:/,
• but “It was too difficult for them
to read.”
/it wәz 'tu: 'difikә lt fә ðәm tә
'ri:d/
18. • A few words with /i:/ in the
strong form have a weak form
with /i/, e.g. the /ði:/,
• but “the other end”
/ði 'Λðә r 'end/.
19. Exercise
•
Ladies and Gentlemen, I have
some good news and some bad
news. First, the good news. The
dive that you just watched in
Olympic Diving event was the
winning dive. Now, the bad news.
The swimming pool was empty.
20. •
Ladies and Gentlemen, I
have some good news and some
bad news. First, the good
news. The dive that you just
watched in Olympic Diving event
was the winning dive. Now, the
bad news. The swimming pool
was empty.
21. Comparison
• I saw them, not you.
I don’t like th(e)m.
• Yes, I can.
I c(a)n tell you an interesting
story.
• I have obeyed you, I swear.
Have you met my wife?
They’ve left.
22. • Where are you going to?
I’m going to London.
• Who are you waiting for?
I’m waiting for John.
• Are you taking me for a fool?
They’re trying to help.
23. Joke
Homework
• Teacher: I’m able to read one of
the essays you did for homework,
but the other is very poor.
• Student: Yes, my mother is a much
better writer than my father.
25. • We have an old musical instrument. It
is called a clavichord. It was made in
Germany in 1681. Our clavichord is
kept in the living room. It has belonged
to our family for a long time. The
instrument was bought by my
grandfather many years ago. Recently
it was damaged by a visitor. She tried
to play jazz on it! She struck the keys
too hard and two of the strings were
broken. My father was shocked. Now
we are not allowed to touch it. It is
being repaired by a friend of my
father's.
26. • We have an old musical instrument. It
is called a clavichord. It was made in
Germany in 1681. Our clavichord is
kept in the living room. It has belonged
to our family for a long time. The
instrument was bought by my
grandfather many years ago. Recently
it was damaged by a visitor. She tried
to play jazz on it! She struck the keys
too hard and two of the strings were
broken. My father was shocked. Now
we are not allowed to touch it. It is
being repaired by a friend of my
father's.
27. The dean's words
• Student A: If the dean doesn't
take back what he said to me
this morning, I am going to
leave college.
• Student B: what did he say?
• Student A: He told me to leave
college.