This document discusses the consonant sounds of English. It describes 5 categories of consonants: friction consonants like f and v; stop consonants like p and b; nasal consonants like m, n, and ng; lateral consonants like l; and gliding consonants like w, y, and r. For each category, it provides details on place and manner of articulation, voiced and voiceless pairs, distribution patterns, and examples to illustrate key points. The goal is to explain the production of all the consonant phonemes in English.

1. 
Universty of Duhok
Science & Education - Akre
English Department
Phonetic
The Consonants of English
Produced by:
Mosa H. Mosa
Teacher:
Saeed A. Attieh

2. 
1- Friction Consonants
2- Stope Consonants
3- Nasal Consonants
4- Lateral Consonants
5- Gliding Consonants

3. 
Friction Consonants
Voiceless Voiced
It is strog It is weak
It is long It is short
It hasn’t Vibration It has Vibration

4. 
Voiceless Voiced
/ f / / v /
/ θ / / ð /
/ s / / z /
/ ∫ / / Ʒ /
/h/

5. 
* The soft plate is raised.
* The bottom lip is veryclose
to the upper front teeth.
* The tongue is not directly
concerned in making these
sounds.

6. 
* When /f/ and /v/ occur at the end of words,
after a vawel, they have an effect on the length of
the vowel. ( The strong consonant /f/ makes the
vowel shorter, the weak consonant /v/ makes the
vowel longer ). And for /θ,ð,s,z/
life /laIf/ live /laIv/
calf /kɑ:f/ carve /kɑ:v/

7. 
* The soft plate is raised so
that all the breath is forced
to go through the mouth.
* The tip of the tangue is close
to the upper front teeth.

8. 
* Between vowels /ð/ is voiced, but in initial it
will be fully voiced.
Between vowels: worthy /wз:ðI/ Voiced
In Initially: that /ðæt/ Fully Voiced

9. * The soft plate is raised so
that all the breath is forced
to go through the mouth.
* The tip and blade of the
tangue are very close to the
alveolar ridge.
* The friction for these sounds,
especially for /s/, is much greater than for
/f,v,θ/ and /ð/.

10. 
* /s/ and /z/ sounds is noisy, /θ/and /ð/ is
less noisy.
south /saʊθ/ this /ðIs/
these / ði:z/ those /ðǝʊz/

11. 

12. 
* The soft plate is raised so
that all the breath is forced
to go through the mouth.
* There is a narrowing between
the tip of the tangue and the
back of the alveolar ridge.
* The lips are very slightly rounded.
* The front of the tangue is higher than for /s/,/z/

13. 
* /Ʒ/ doesn’t occur at the beginning of English
words, But /ʃ / quite frequently does.
she /ʃi:/ show /ʃǝʊ/
short /ʃͻ:t/ shut /ʃʌt/

14. 
- In production, /h/ is like vowels.
Such as ( hot,hat,hit )
- In distribution, /h/is a consonants .
Such as ( sat,hat )
- we don’t use speech organs for /h/ sound.

15. 
Stope Consonants
- Between thes sounds we have Voiceless and
voiced sounds .
* /p,t,k/sounds they
have explosion .
Voiceless voiced
/p/ /b/
/t/ /d/
/k/ /g/
/ʧ/ /ʤ/

16. 

17. * When /p/ occur in initially and if we have vowel
after /p/, It will be aspiration But if /p/ occurs
between vowels the aspiration may be less
noticeable or even absent, And for /t,k/ is same.
Aspiration: short period after the explosion of
/p,t,k/ when air leaves the mouth without voice.
- In initially: pool /ph
u:l/
- Between vowels: happy /hæpI/

18. 

19. 
* When /t/ occur in initially and if we have vowel
after /t/, It will be aspiration But if /t/ occurs
between vowels the aspiration may be weaker or
even absent.
- In initially: ton /th
ʌn/
- Between vowels: putting /pʊtIŋ/

20. * The back of the tangue is in firm contact with
the soft palate, and the soft palate is raised, so that
the breath is trapped for a short time.

21. 
* When /k/ occur in initially and if we have vowel
after /k/, It will be aspiration But if /k/ occurs
between vowels the aspiration may be weaker or
even absent.
- In initially: cool /kh
u:l/
- Between vowels: lacking /lækIŋ/

22. 

23. 
/p/ is aspirated and shortens the vowel before it, whilst /b/ is
particularly weak and only very little noise, but lenghens the vowel
before it. Example: cap /kæp/ cab /kæb/
/t/ is aspirated and shortens the vowel before it, whilst /d/ is
particularly weak and only very little noise, but lenghens the vowel
before it. Example: heart /hɑ:t/ hard /hɑ:d/
/k/ is aspirated and shortens the vowel before it, but /g/ is very
gentle weak lenghens the vowel before it.
Example: back /bæk/ bag /bæg/
/ʧ/ is strong and voiceless, and it shortens the vowel before it, but
/ʤ/ is very weak and short, and it lenghens the vowel before it.
Example: rich /rIʧ/ ridge /rIʤ/

24. 
Friction
consonants
Stope
consonants
In friction
consonants the air
continues following
to the outside .
In stope consonants
the air is stopped at
some point in the
mouth .

25. 
Nasal Consonants
/m,n,ŋ/
/m,n,ŋ/
person /pз:sṇ/

26. 

27. 
Lateral Consonants
* The air passes through
the sides of the tangue.
* The soft palate is raised.
* The sound is voiced.

28. 
* We have two difference pronunciation for /l/
sound in Received pronunciation ( B.B.C ) .
/l/ sound
ClearDark

29. 
1- Dark:
* /l/ + Consonants = Dark e.g : milk /mIlk/
* /l/ in finally is dark e.g : full /fʊl/
2- Clear:
* /l/ + Vowel = Clear e.g : leaf /li:f/

30. 
Gliding Consonants
/j,w,r/
* In production /j,w,r/ is semi vowel.
Exampel: Yes /jes/
* /j/ doesn’t come finally
/jes/
/j/= short/I//j/= longe /i:/

31. 
* /r/ sound in Received pronunciation ( B.B.C ) ,
it is produced only befory vowels.
Exampel: marry /mærI/ , raw /rͻ:/
* In finally it is produced, if we have after /r/
word and the first letter of the word is vowel,
if we haven’t vowel isn’t produced.
Exampel: better of /betǝr ɒf/ letter /betǝ/
* /r/ after /p,t,k/ it will be voiceless.
Exampel: pray /preɪ/

32. 
The End
Produced by
Mosa Hussein Mosa
Sources: Internet & Better English Pronunciation
Facebook.com/mosakhurty
Twitter.com/mosakurdish
instagram.com/mosa_mzoory
Thanks