This document outlines and compares several types of research methods: naturalistic observation, case studies, surveys, correlational studies, and psychological testing. It discusses the advantages and limitations of each method. Naturalistic observation involves observing behavior in natural environments but the presence of observers can alter behavior. Case studies allow extensive data collection from a single case but have limited generalizability. Surveys can gather large amounts of information quickly but rely on self-reported data. Correlational studies assess relationship strengths but cannot determine causation. Psychological testing provides standardized results but tests must be rigorously validated.

1. TYPES OF RESEARCH
Chapter 1

2. Naturalistic Observation
Observing behavior in a “natural”
environment
Often involves counting
behaviors, such as number of
aggressive acts, number of
smiles, etc.

3. Advantages
Behavior is naturally occurring
and is not manipulated by a
researcher
Can offer qualitative data, not just
quantitative information

4. Limitations
 The presence of someone observing
can cause those being observed to
alter behavior.
 Researcher’s beliefs can also alter
their observations
 Difficult to coordinate multiple
observers since observed behavior
must be operationally defined (e.g.
what constitutes an aggressive act)

5. Case Study
Following a single case, typically
over an extended period of time.
This can involve naturalistic
observations, and include
psychological testing, interviews,
and the application of a
treatment.

6. Advantages
Can gather extensive information,
both qualitative and quantitative
Can be helpful in better
understanding rare cases or very
specific interventions.

7. Limitations
Only one case is involved, severely
limiting the generalization to the rest of the
population.
Can be very time consuming and can
involve other problems specific to the
techniques used, including researcher
bias

8. Survey
Questionnaires are often used to gather
opinions.

9. Advantages
Can gather large amounts of information
in a relatively short time, especially now
with many surveys being conducted online

10. Limitations
People may not be truthful or accurate on
surveys or questionnaires.

11. Correlational Studies
Correlation means relationship, so the
purpose of a correlational study is to
determine if a relationship exists, what
direction the relationship is, and how
strong it is. For example: Is there a
relationship between amount of time
dedicated to studying and overall GPA?

12. Advantages
Can assess the strength of a relationship
Is popular with lay population because it is
relatively easy to explain and understand

13. Limitations
Cannot make any assumptions of cause
and effect
Cannot explain how a third variable can be
involved
Cannot explain how the variables can
influence each other

14. Psychological Testing
Utilizing testing to gather information
about a group or individual

15. Advantages
Most tests are normed and standardized,
which means they have very reliable and
valid results.
Popular with businesses looking for data
on employees
Popular with psychologists working with
difficult or specific therapy cases

16. Limitations
Tests which are not rigorously normed and
standardized can easily result in
inaccurate results.