Syllables & Syllable structure
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Syllables have three possible parts - an onset, nucleus, and coda. The onset is a consonant or consonant cluster at the start of a syllable. The nucleus forms the core and is usually a vowel or vowel combination. The coda is a consonant or consonant cluster at the end. In the word "cat", [c] is the onset, [a] is the nucleus, and [t] is the coda. The nucleus and any coda together form the rhyme of a syllable. Even in English, consonants like [á1ƒ] can be syllable nuclei.
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Syllable
This document discusses syllables and syllable structure in the English language. Some key points:
- A syllable is the unit between a phoneme and a word and consists of at least one vowel sound.
- Words can be made up of one (monosyllabic), two (disyllabic), or more (polysyllabic) syllables.
- The nucleus of a syllable is obligatorily a vowel sound, while consonant sounds occur before (onset) and/or after (coda) the vowel, making syllables open or closed.
- English allows up to three consonant clusters at the beginning of a syllable and four at the end.
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This document discusses syllables and syllable structure in the English language. Some key points:
- A syllable is the unit between a phoneme and a word and consists of at least one vowel sound.
- Words can be made up of one (monosyllabic), two (disyllabic), or more (polysyllabic) syllables.
- The nucleus of a syllable is obligatorily a vowel sound, while consonant sounds occur before (onset) and/or after (coda) the vowel, making syllables open or closed.
- English allows up to three consonant clusters at the beginning of a syllable and four at the end.
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Syllabic structure of English words.pptx
The document discusses the syllabic structure of English words. It begins by outlining general characteristics of syllables, including that a syllable typically contains a nucleus (usually a vowel) surrounded by optional consonants. It then discusses theories on syllable formation, including based on sonority, muscular tension, and loudness. The document outlines the structure of English and Russian syllables, including common patterns such as open, closed, covered open and covered closed syllables. It concludes by discussing rules for syllable division in English words.
Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology
This document provides an introduction to linguistics, focusing on phonetics and phonology. It defines key terms including:
- Phonetics is the study of speech sounds and their production, including articulatory, acoustic, and auditory phonetics.
- Phonology examines how sounds function and are organized in languages.
- Other terms defined include phoneme, allophone, place and manner of articulation, voiced vs voiceless sounds, syllables, phonotactics, and consonant clusters. Speech organs and their roles in sound production are also discussed.
phoneticsandphonology
This document provides an introduction to linguistics, focusing on phonetics and phonology. It defines key terms including:
- Phonetics is the study of speech sounds and their production, including articulatory, acoustic, and auditory phonetics.
- Phonology examines how sounds function and are organized in languages.
- Other terms defined include phoneme, allophone, place and manner of articulation, voiced vs voiceless sounds, syllables, phonotactics, and consonant clusters. Speech organs and their roles in sound production are also discussed.
English syllables
A presentation on English syllables.This is the first part of the presentation. It is about syllabification and its rules. The second part will be about stress on syllables.
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what is the consonant cluster
what is the consonant and what is the consonant cluster and why Arabs learners have problems in learning English
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Morphological types of languages
. Morphology and Morphological typology
2. Morphological types of languages
3. Analytic Languages
4. Synthetic languages
MORPHOLOGICAL PROCESS
The morphological process is a means of changing a stem to adjust its meaning to fit its syntactic and communicational context.
Markedness: Marked and Unmarked forms
In linguistics, markedness refers to the way words are changed or added to give a special meaning. The unmarked choice is just the normal meaning. For example, the present tense is unmarked for English verbs. If I just say "walk" that refers to the present tense. But if we add something to "walk" (marking it), such as adding ‘ed’ to the end, I can indicate the past: "walked".
The 4 english sentence types
There are four types of English sentence, classified by their purpose:
declarative sentence (statement)
interrogative sentence (question)
imperative sentence (command)
explanative sentence (exclamation)
What is linguistics?
Linguistics is often called "the science of language," the study of the human capacity to communicate and organize thought using different tools (the vocal tract for spoken languages, hands for sign languages, etc.) and involving different abstract and tactile components.
Redundancy
The document discusses redundancy in language from multiple perspectives. It defines redundancy in grammar as features that are not necessary to identify linguistic units. In generative grammar, redundancy refers to language features that can be predicted based on other features. Common usage of redundancy refers to repetition of ideas or information within a phrase, clause, or sentence. The document provides examples of redundancy providing understanding even when parts of language are removed, due to the redundant nature of language. Redundancy can come from predictable spelling, grammar, or word order patterns that help anticipate the flow of language.
Underlying representation
In some models of phonology as well as morphophonology in the field of linguistics, the underlying representation (UR) or underlying form (UF) of a word or morpheme is the abstract form that a word or morpheme is postulated to have before any phonological rules have applied to it.[1][2] By contrast, a surface representation is the phonetic representation of the word or sound. The concept of an underlying representation is central to generative grammar.
Alternation
In linguistics, alternation is a variation in the form and/or sound of a word or word part. (Alternation is equivalent to allomorphs in morphology.) Also known as alternance.
A form involved in an alternation is called an alternant. The customary symbol for alternation is ~.
American linguist Leonard Bloomfield defined an automatic alternation as one that's "determined by the phonemes of the accompanying forms" ("A Set of Postulates for the Science of Language," 1926). An alternation that affects only some morphemes of a particular phonological form is called non-automatic or non-recurrent alternation.
Semantic analysis
Semantic analysis is the process of machines understanding relationships between words and concepts in text to derive meaning. It involves analyzing grammatical structure and identifying connections between individual words in context. Semantic analysis tools can automatically extract meaningful information from unstructured data like emails and customer feedback. Machine learning algorithms are trained using samples of text labeled with semantic information like word meanings, relationships between entities, and more to enable accurate text analysis. The results can then be used for tasks like text classification, sentiment analysis, intent analysis, keyword and entity extraction.
Grammatical form and grammatical function
A useful distinction in grammar is that of form and function. Grammatical form is concerned with the description of linguistic units in terms of what they are, and grammatical function is concerned with the description of what these linguistic units do. Note that we use capital letters at the beginning of function labels.
Understanding the way that form and function relate to one another has important implications for text production and comprehension, and enables students to more accurately discuss how grammatical structure relates to meaning.
General information on dictionary use
What is a dictionary?
A dictionary is a reference book about words and as such it describes the functioning of individual words (sometimes called lexical items). It does so by listing these words in alphabetical order in the form of headwords, the words listed as entries in the dictionary.
HOMONYM, POLYSEM &HYPONYMY
This document discusses different types of word relationships:
Homonyms are words that are spelled or pronounced the same but have different unrelated meanings, like "arm" and "flat".
Polysemy refers to words that have multiple related meanings, like "head" referring to both the body part and the leader of a company.
Hyponymy is a hierarchical relationship where one word includes the meaning of another more specific word, like "cook" being more general than the hyponyms "roast", "boil", etc.
Synonyms, antonyms, & homonyms
Synonyms are words that have the same or similar meanings, such as wet and moist. Antonyms are words with opposite meanings, like hot and cold. Homonyms are words that are spelled and pronounced the same but have different meanings, such as dog the animal and dog to follow closely. The document provides examples of synonyms, antonyms, and homonyms and distinguishes between homonyms, homophones, and homographs.
Denotation and connotation
Denotation refers to the literal or dictionary meaning of a word, while connotation refers to the implied cultural or emotional meanings associated with a word beyond its strict definition. Connotations are subjective and can vary between individuals and cultures. For example, while a red rose has a denotation of being a flower, it carries additional connotations of love, romance, or politics depending on context. Words like "inexpensive" versus "cheap" can have very different positive or negative connotations despite similar denotative meanings. Understanding denotation and connotation is important for comprehending subtle meanings in language and media.
Collocations
In corpus linguistics, a collocation is a series of words or terms that co-occur more often than would be expected by chance. In phraseology, collocation is a sub-type of phraseme. An example of a phraseological collocation, as propounded by Michael Halliday,[1] is the expression strong tea. While the same meaning could be conveyed by the roughly equivalent powerful tea, this expression is considered excessive and awkward by English speakers. Conversely, a corresponding expression in technology, powerful computer, is preferred over strong computer. Phraseological collocations should not be confused with idioms, where an idiom's meaning is derived from its convention as a stand-in for something else while collocation is a mere popular composition.
There are about six main types of collocations: adjective + noun, noun + noun (such as collective nouns), verb + noun, adverb + adjective, verbs + prepositional phrase (phrasal verbs), and verb + adverb.
Collocation extraction is a computational technique that finds collocations in a document or corpus, using various computational linguistics elements resembling data mining.
Idiom dictionary
An idiom is an expression whose meaning cannot be understood based on the definition of its constitutional elements
Etymology
Etymology is the study of the origin of words and how the meaning of words has changed over the course of history. Let’s get meta and take the word “etymology” as an example. “Etymology” derives from the Greek word etumos, meaning “true.” Etumologia was the study of words’ “true meanings.” This evolved into “etymology” by way of the Old French ethimologie. That’s all fairly straightforward, but there are many, many words in the English language that have unexpected and fascinating origins. Here are a few of our favorite examples.
Encyclopedia Atlas Dictionary Thesaurus Almanac.
Reference Materials. Four Types of Reference Materials Encyclopedia Atlas Dictionary Thesaurus Almanac.
Bilingualism types of bilingualism
The generalized definition of the word bilingualism, is the ability to use two/ more languages.
• However, scholars like Peter A Hornby (1997; 3) quoted Bloomfield’s definition which says “the term bilingualism should be applied to those individuals who possesses a native-like like ability in both languages
Types of Bilingualism
1- Early bilingualism - there are two types: simultaneous early bilingualism and consecutive (or successive) early bilingualism.
Simultaneous early bilingualism refers to a child who learns two languages at the same time, from birth.
Successive early bilingualism refers to a child who has already partially acquired a first language and then learned a second language early in childhood (for example, when the child moves into an environment where the dominant language is not his or her mother tongue).
2- Late bilingualism – refers to bilingualism when the second language is learned after the age of 6 or 7; especially when it is learned in adolescence or adulthood.
Late bilingualism is a consecutive bilingualism which occurs after the acquisition of the first language (after the childhood language development period). This is what also distinguishes it from early bilingualism. With the first language already acquired, the late bilingual uses their experience to learn the second language.
3- Additive bilingualism and subtractive bilingualism – The term additive -bilingualism refers to the situation where a person has acquired the two languages in a balanced manner. It is a strong bilingualism.
Subtractive bilingualism refers to the situation where a person learns the second language to the detriment of the first language, especially if the first language is a minority language. In this case, mastery of the first language decreases, while mastery of the other language (usually the dominant language) increases.
4- Negative bilingualism - refers to the ability to understand a second language without being able to speak it. Children who respond appropriately in English when addressed in French can become passive bilinguals, as they have less mastery of oral expression in French.
Phone, phoneme and allophone
Phoneme consists of two parts: phon and eme. Phon refers to the shape of a sound, and phoneme is formed when eme is added to phon. A phoneme is the smallest unit in a language that can change meaning. A phoneme is a set of allophones, which are variants of the same phoneme that do not change meaning. An essential property of a phoneme is that it functions contrastively in a language.
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Syllables & Syllable structure
- 1. Syllables & Syllable structure By: Ibrahim muneer
- 2. Syllables • The syllable is a constant feature in every spoken language in the world and most people have an intuitive sense of what a syllable is. Each language has its own rules about what kinds of syllables are allowed, and what kinds aren’t - but the general structure is the same everywhere.
- 3. Syllable structure • A syllable can have as many as three parts: onset, nucleus, and coda. The onset and the coda are consonants, or consonant clusters, that appear at the beginning and the end of the syllable respectively. The nucleus forms the core of the syllable; it is most often a vowel, or a combination of vowels - but there are exceptions to that.
- 4. Syllable structure • In the word “cat” for example, [c] is the syllable onset, [a] is the nucleus, and [t] the coda. A syllable does not necessarily have to have an onset or a coda - depending on the language - but a nucleus is always present. If a coda is present in a syllable, the nucleus and the coda form a single unit called a rhyme; otherwise the nucleus makes up the rhyme by itself. Looking at “cat” again, [at] forms the rhyme.
- 5. Syllable structure • Even in English, syllable nuclei are not restricted to vowels. For example, in the monosyllabic word, “hmm”, the syllable nucleus is the nasal consonant [ṃ]. The small dot underneath the character ṃ indicates that the sound represented is a syllabic consonant, which is any consonant that forms a syllable nucleus. Vowels are not marked with the same diacritic because they are always considered to be syllabic.