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Syllable
This document provides an overview of syllables, including their nature, structure in English, and principles of syllable division. It defines a syllable phonetically as consisting of an onset, nucleus, and coda. The English syllable structure is described as having optional onsets with one or more consonants and codas with up to four consonants. Principles of maximal onsets and sonority are introduced for dividing syllables between words. Examples demonstrate possible consonant combinations in onsets, codas, and ambisyllabic consonants.
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Syllable
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- 3. In this chapter •Thenature of the syllable •The structure of the English syllable •Syllable division
- 4. Many people findit easier to count how many syllables there are in a word/sentence more than defining what a syllable is Introduction What a syllable is
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- 6. Syllable Phonetically The relationship between howwe produce them & how they sound phonologically The possible combination of English phonemes
- 7. Syllable (Phonetically) Minimum syllable (a singlevowel in isolation) ʃ m Onset (one or more consonant preceding the center of the syllable) bɑː kiː mɔː Coda (end with one or more consonants) æm ɔːt iːz Onset & coda Sæt fɪt consist of a center which has little or no obstruction to airflow and which sounds comparatively loud; before and after it there will be greater obstruction to airflow and/or less loud sounds
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- 10. Phonotactics: The studyof the possible phoneme combinations of a language Syllable (phonologically) What can occur at initial position Vowel, 1 or 2 or 3 consonants What can occur at final position Vowel, 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 consonants
- 11. THE STRUCTURE OF THE ENGLISH SYLLABLE syllable Onset C(c) Rhyme Nucleus V (v) Coda C (c)
- 12. Onset syllable Zero onset(Question) 1st syllable of the word begins with a vowel Any vowel may occur, though (ʊ) is rare The syllable begins with one consonant Any consonant may occur, though (ŋ,ʒ) are rare
- 13. Consonant cluster: 2or more consonants together Consonant clusters 1st:Two-consonants (s) Followed by one of a small set of consonants 2nd:Two-consonants Begins with one of a set of 15 consonants, followed by one of the set (l, r, w, j) 3 consonants A relationship between them & the 2 sorts of 2 consonant clusters
- 14. (s) pre-initial consonant Initial pt k b d g f θ s ʃ h v ð z ʒ m n ŋ spɪn stɪk skɪn - - - sfəɪ - - - - - - - - smel snəʊ - Initial or post-initial l W J r slɪp swɪŋ sjuː srɪndʒ 1st : Two-consonant clusters with pre-initial (s)
- 15. Post- initial v ð zʒ m n ŋ l r w j l - - - - - - - - - - - r - - - - - - - - - - - w - - - - - - - - - - - j vjuː - - - mjuːz njuːz - ljuːd - - - Post- initial p t k b d g f θ s ʃ h l pleɪ - kleɪ blæk - gluː flaɪ - slɪp - - r preɪ treɪ kraɪ brɪŋ drɪp grɪn fraɪ θrəʊ ?4 ʃruː - w - twɪn kwɪn - dwel ?1 - θwɔːt swɪm ?5 - j pjɔː tjuːn kjuː bjuːti djuː ?2 fjuː ?3 sjuː - hjuːdʒ 2nd : Two-consonant clusters with post-initial (l, r, w, j)
- 16. 4- Some peoplepronounce the word ‘syringe’ as srɪndʒ; there are no other cases of sr unless one counts foreign names (e.g. Sri Lanka) 1- Many Welsh names (including some well known outside wales) – such as girls’ names like Gwen and places names like the country of Gwent – have initial gw and English speakers seem to find them perfectly easy to pronounce 5- Two cases make ʃw seem familiar: the vowel name ‘schwa’, and the name of the soft drinks brand Schweppes. This is ,however, a very infrequent cluster in English 2- The only possible occurrence of gj would be in the archaic word ‘gules’, which is in very few people’s vocabulary 3- θj occurs in the archaic word ‘thew’ only
- 17. Three-consonant clusters *The number ofpossible initial three-consonant clusters is quite small and they can be set out in full Pre-initial Initial Post-initial l r w j s p ‘Splay’ ‘spray’ - ‘spew’ t - ‘string’ - ‘stew’ k ‘sclerosis’ ‘screen’ ‘squeak’ ‘skewer’
- 18. Final syllable Zero coda Nofinal consonant at the end of a word Final consonant Only one consonant Any consonant may be a final consonant except (h, w, j) (r) is a special case: it doesn’t occur as a final consonant in BBC pronunciation
- 19. Consonant final cluster Two-consonant finalcluster Final consonant preceded by pre- final consonant Final consonant followed by a post-final consonant Final three- consonant cluster Pre-final + final + post-final Final + post-final +post-final Four- consonant cluster Pre-final + final + post-final + post- final Final + 3 post-final consonants
- 20. Pre-final m Bump bʌmp nBent bent ŋ Bank bæŋk l Belt belt s Ask ɑːsk Final consonant preceded by pre-final consonant
- 21. Post-final s Bets bets zBeds bedz t Backed bækt d Bagged bægd θ Eighth eɪtθ Final consonant followed by a post-final consonant
- 22. The release ofthe 1st plosive of a plosive- plus-plosive cluster such as the g (of gd) in bægd or k (of kt) in bækt is usually without plosion and therefore practically inaudible Point of pronunciatio
- 23. Pre-final final Post-final Helpedhe l p t Banks bæ ŋ k s Bonds bɒ n d z Twelfth twe l f θ Pre-final + final + post-final
- 24. Final + post-final+post-final final Post-final Post-final Fifth fɪ f θ s Next ne k s t lapsed læ p s t
- 25. Pre-final + final+ post-final + post-final Pre-final final Post-final Post-final Twelfths twe l f θ s Prompts prɒ m p t s
- 26. Few cases Final +3 post-final consonants Final Post-final Post-final Post-final Sixths sɪ k s θ s Texts te k s t s
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- 30. It often happensthat one or more consonants from the end of one word combine with ne or more at the beginning of the following word, resulting in a consonant sequence that could not occur in a single syllable Maximal onsets principles: Two syllables are to be divided, any consonants between them should be attached to the right-hand syllable Consonants are assigned to the right-hand syllable as far as possible within the restrictions governing syllable onsets and codas Ambisyllabic: When one consonant stands between vowels and it is difficult to assign the consonant to one syllable or to the other
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- 32. Notes: Sonority theory ofsyllables: Sonority corresponds to loudness, and some sounds have greater sonority than others Vowels have the greatest sonority (S) has greater sonority than (k, t)
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