Anthracene
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This document summarizes information about anthracene, including its structure, properties, purification, and synthesis. Anthracene is obtained from coal tar and contains phenanthrene and carbazole as impurities. It is purified by washing with solvent naphtha and pyridine. Anthracene has a linear fused benzene ring structure that is confirmed through various reactions. It can be synthesized through Friedel-Crafts reactions or Diels-Alder reactions. Anthracene is colorless and fluorescent, but insoluble in water. It is reactive at the 9 and 10 positions and can form dimers when exposed to light.
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Preparation and reactions of alkane, alkene, conjugated diene, uses of paraffins, electrophilic addition reaction, free radical addition reaction, markovnikov rule, antimarkovnikov rule, stability of alkenes, conjugated dienes, E1 and E2 reaction and mechanism.
5.Determination of structure of terpenoid
This document discusses various methods for determining the structure of terpenoid compounds, including:
- Elemental analysis and specific rotation to determine molecular formula.
- Esterification rates to determine location of functional groups like hydroxyl and carboxyl.
- Reactions like oxidation, ozonolysis, and degradation to break down terpenoids into fragments of known structure.
- Physical methods like UV, IR, NMR, and X-ray crystallography provide further structural information.
- Considering factors like number of double bonds and rings, along with molecular formula, can reveal the parent hydrocarbon skeleton. Synthetic reactions help confirm or determine unknown structures.
Presentation 24.pptx
This document discusses different types of hydrocarbons. It begins by classifying hydrocarbons into four general classes: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and arenes. It then provides details on the structure, properties, methods of preparation, and isomerism of alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. It notes that alkanes are saturated and contain single carbon-carbon bonds, while alkenes contain carbon-carbon double bonds and alkynes contain carbon-carbon triple bonds. The document also discusses aromatic hydrocarbons and notes that many contain benzene rings. It provides information on the nomenclature and isomerism of different hydrocarbons.
Terpenoids
Triterpenes are classified based on the number of isoprene units they contain. Squalene is a 30-carbon triterpene containing six double bonds. Its structure was elucidated through reactions showing the presence of double bonds and the absence of conjugated double bonds. Oxidation and ozonolysis reactions provided further insight into its structure. Carotenoids are tetraterpenoids containing 9-11 double bonds that may terminate in rings. Alpha and beta carotene are prominent carotenoids, with beta carotene being the most well-known and a provitamin A.
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Noise pollution
Noise pollution can negatively impact human health and the environment. It is caused by loud sounds from sources like vehicles, construction sites, and industrial activity. Prolonged exposure to noise above safe levels can lead to hearing loss, cardiovascular issues, and disrupted sleep. Methods to reduce noise pollution include using barriers around noisy machinery, limiting vehicle speeds, planting trees as buffers, and protecting workers' hearing with earplugs. Controlling noise at the source is the most effective approach.
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Air pollution
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Anthracene
- 1. Anthracene
- 3. Introduction • It is obtained from oil fraction of coal tar. • The crude anthracene contains Phenanthrene and carbazole Phenanthrene Carbazole
- 4. Purification of anthracene Anthracene is washed with Solvent naphtha which dissolve phenanthrene and remaining solid is then washed with pyridine which dissolve the Carbazole.
- 5. Solvent naphtha • A flammable liquid distillate containing mainly xylene and aromatic hydrocarbon. • It has high boiling point than ligroin. • It is obtained by cracking of petroleum. • It is used as solvent.
- 6. Structure Xylene Ligroin • Light ligroin; Light petroleum; pether
- 8. • Ligroin is the petroleum fraction consisting mostly of C7 and C8 hydrocarbons and boiling in the range 90‒140 ℃ (194–284 °F). The fraction is also called heavy naphtha. • Ligroin is used as a laboratory solvent. Products under the name ligroin can have boiling ranges as low as 60‒80 ℃ and may be called light naphtha. • Petroleum ether is the petroleum fraction consisting of aliphatic hydrocarbons and boiling in the range 35‒60 °C, and commonly used as a laboratory solvent. • Despite the name, petroleum ether is not classified as an ether; the term is used only figuratively, signifying extreme lightness and volatility.
- 9. • Ligroin is assigned the CAS Registry Number 8032-32-4, which is also applied to many other products, particularly the lower boiling ones, called petroleum spirit, petroleum ether, and petroleum benzine. • "Naphtha" has the CAS Registry Number 8030- 30-6, which also covers petroleum benzine and petroleum ether: that is, the lower boiling point non-aromatic hydrocarbon solvents.
- 10. Structure of Anthracene When anthracene react with bromine gives bromo anthracene
- 12. • This reactions suggest that anthracene contain two benzene ring. • The presence of two benzene ring is confirmed by the fact that on fusion with KOH at 250C. • It forms anthroquinone • On oxidation gives two molecules of benzoic acid Structure of Anthracene
- 13. • It contain 14 carbon and 10 hydrogen atom,the middle ring must be closed to retain the quadrivalency of carbon. • The structure of anthracene is three benzene rings are fused in a linear manner. Structure of Anthracene
- 15. Friedel craft reaction Two molecules of benzyl chloride in the presence of AlCl3 from 9:10dihydroanthracene, readily eliminates two hydrogen atom under the condition of the experiment to form anthracene
- 16. Friedel craft condensation Anthracene is formed by condensation between benzene and methylene bromide
- 17. Friedel craft condensation Anthracene is formed by condensation between benzene and Acetylene tetra bromide
- 18. By heating ortho bromo benzyl bromide with sodium; the product dihydro anthracene is converted into anthracene by mild oxidation.
- 21. Elbs reaction
- 22. • It is prepared by refluxing ketone under 400-450C. • The yield is low. • But Elb’s reaction is often used to prepare polynuclear hydrocarbon. Elbs reaction
- 25. Position of double bond
- 26. • Structure I was accepted by may because synthesis of anthracene by treating benzene with acetylene tetra bromide.
- 27. • Synthesis of naphthalene from anthracene ondicates the absence of para bond
- 28. Anthracene adds on maleic anhydride, the addition occur in the middle ring[because it behave as diene]
- 30. X ray analysis revealed that all the carbons are lying in a same plane. Anthracene is resonance hybrid of four structure
- 31. • Anthracene is an alternate hydrocarbon • Pie-electron densities are unity at all position. • The self polarisability order is 9<1<2 • Position 9 will be more reactive.
- 33. Isomerism of anthracene • Three possible mono substitution product α,β and ϒ [meso]. • There are 15 possible disubstitution product if both the substituents are similar. • If the substituents are not similar than large number of isomers are possible.
- 34. Properties of anthracene • Colorless solid • Melting point 216 C • It gives blue fluorescence. • It is insoluble in water and sparingly soluble in organic solvent. • It is very reactive in 9: 10 position • A saturated solution of anthracene in xylene on exposure to light forms crystals of the dimer [dianthracene – paranthracene ]
- 35. Xray analysis revealed that two anthracene molecule are linked in 9th and 10th position
- 36. • It adds on one molecule of oxygen to form peroxide
- 37. • It forms a red picrate. • It undergoes diels alder reaction • It reduced in sodium ethanol forms 9:10 dihydroanthracene.
- 38. Anthracene treated with chlorine forms dichloro anthracene.when it is treated with alkali or HCl it gives 9 chloro anthracene
- 40. Anthracene treated with nitric acid underwent oxidation to anthroquinone
- 43. • This is trans annular tautomerism • Hydrogen atom migrates across • X ray reveals that solid anthrone does not exist in anthranol [enol form]