The document discusses different types and causes of anemia. It classifies anemia into etiologic categories including impaired red blood cell production, excessive destruction of RBCs, and blood loss. It further describes morphologic classifications such as macrocytic, microcytic hypochromic, and normocytic normochromic anemia. Specific causes are provided for each category including deficiencies, diseases, and genetic disorders. Hemolytic anemia is discussed in more detail including hereditary and acquired causes. Laboratory findings associated with different types of anemia are also summarized.

1. ANEMIA By Dr Bashir Ahmed Dar Chinki pora sopore kashmir Associate professor of Medicine

2. Classification of Anemia I. Etiologic Classification 1. Impaired RBC production 2. Excessive destruction 3. Blood loss II. Morphologic Classification 1. Macrocytic anemia 2. Microcytic hypochromic anemia 3. Normochromic normocytic anemia

3. Impaired RBC Production 1. Abnormal bone marrow 1.1 Aplastic anemia 1.2 Myelophthisis : Myelofibrosis, Leukemia, Cancer metastasis 2. Essential factors deficiency 2.1 Deficiency anemia : Fe, Vit. B12, Folic acid, etc 2.2 Anemia in renal disease : Erythropoietin 3. Stimulation factor deficiency 3.1 Anemia in chronic disease 3.2 Anemia in hypopituitarism 3.3 Anemia in hypothyroidism

4. Excessive Destruction of RBC (cont.) Hemolytic anemia 1. Intracorpuscular defect 1.1 Membrane : Hereditary spherocytosis Hereditary ovalocytosis, etc. 1.2 Enzyme : G-6PD deficiency, PK def., etc. 1.3 Hemoglobin : Thalassemia, Hemoglobino- pathies

5. Excessive Destruction of RBC 2. Extracorpuscular defect 2.1 Mechanical : March hemolytic anemia MAHA (Microangiopathic HA) 2.2 Chemical/Physical 2.3 Infection : Clostridium tetani 2.4 Antibodies : HTR, SLE 2.5 Hypersplenism

6. Blood Loss 1. Acute blood loss : Accident, GI bleeding 2. Chronic blood loss : Hypermenorrhea Parasitic infestation

7. Macrocytic Anemia MCV > 94 MCHC > 31 1. Megaloblastic dyspoiesis 1.1 Vit. B12 deficiency : Pernicious anemia 1.2 Folic acid deficiency : Nutritional megaloblas- tic anemia, Sprue, Other malabsorption 1.3 Inborn errors of metabolism : Orotic aciduria, etc. 1.4 Abnormal DNA synthesis : Chemotherapy, Anticonvulsant, Oral contraceptives

8. Microcytic Hypochromic Anemia MCV < 80 MCHC < 31 1. Fe deficiency anemia : Chronic blood loss, Inadequate diet, Malabsorption, Increased demand, etc. 2. Abnormal globin synthesis : Thalassemia with or without Hemoglobinopathies 3. Abnormal porphyrin and heme synthesis : Pyridoxine responsive anemia, etc. 4. Other abnormal Fe metabolism :

9. Normocytic Normochromic Anemia MCV 82 - 92 MCHC > 30 1. Blood loss 2. Increased plasma volume : Pregnancy, Overhydration 3. Hemolytic anemia : depend on each cause 4. Hypoplastic marrow : Aplastic anemia, RBC aplasia 5. Infiltrate BM : Leukemia, Multiple myeloma, Myelofibrosis, etc. 6. Abnormal endocrine : Hypothyroidism, Adrenal insufficiency, etc. 7. Kidney disease / Liver disease / Cirrhosis

10. Hemolytic Anemia

21. Acquired hemolytic anaemia

25. Coombs Test Antiglobulin Test RBC Red cell with bound antibody to membrane antigen + Anti-immunoglobulin

26. Coombs Test Antiglobulin Test RBC RBC Agglutination