This document discusses chronic venous congestion (CVC) of the lung, liver, and spleen. It defines hyperemia as an increase in blood flow to a tissue due to arterial dilation, while congestion is increased venous blood due to outflow obstruction. CVC of the lung is caused by left heart failure and results in brown induration. CVC of the liver is caused by right heart failure or IVC/portal vein obstruction, appearing as alternating red and yellow "nutmeg liver". CVC of the spleen causes enlargement and congestion. Microscopically, CVC results in hemorrhage, edema, and hemosiderin deposition in affected tissues over time.
amyloidosis(including history,physical and chemical properties, classification, variants, staining characteristics, lab diagnosis,morphological patterns according to organ involved ,), basically for undergraduates and residents in pathology
This presentation mainly deals with granuloma formation and various factors involved in it. It describes the examples of granulomatous disorders and gives a details on how to seperate them on histopathology.It also describes type 4 hypersensitivty reaction concisely
amyloidosis(including history,physical and chemical properties, classification, variants, staining characteristics, lab diagnosis,morphological patterns according to organ involved ,), basically for undergraduates and residents in pathology
This presentation mainly deals with granuloma formation and various factors involved in it. It describes the examples of granulomatous disorders and gives a details on how to seperate them on histopathology.It also describes type 4 hypersensitivty reaction concisely
chronic myeloid leukemia, CML, epidemiology, BCR ABL1 gene, philadelphia chromosome, t(9;22), CML incidence, etiology of CML, pathophysiology of CML, phases of CML, treatment of CML, Allogenic stem cell transplant, TKI therapy for CML, Sokal index for CML,
Definition
Morphology and ultra structure
Types of giant cell
Formation of giant cell
Inclusion bodies of giant cell
Giant cell in detail
It’s a mass formed by the union of several distinct cells (usually macrophage).
And usually arise in response to an infection.
Merriam – Webster - Dictionary
Giant cell as an unusually large cell, especially a large multinucleated often phagocytic cell.
A) Cell wall :
Mature giant cell wall is from five to ten times thicker than the cell wall of the surrounding cells
Cell wall has irregular surface with numerous projections jutting into the cytoplasm.
B) Cytoplasm :
Its dense and granular and contain protein
Contain RNA
Traces of carbohydrate and fat.
chronic myeloid leukemia, CML, epidemiology, BCR ABL1 gene, philadelphia chromosome, t(9;22), CML incidence, etiology of CML, pathophysiology of CML, phases of CML, treatment of CML, Allogenic stem cell transplant, TKI therapy for CML, Sokal index for CML,
Definition
Morphology and ultra structure
Types of giant cell
Formation of giant cell
Inclusion bodies of giant cell
Giant cell in detail
It’s a mass formed by the union of several distinct cells (usually macrophage).
And usually arise in response to an infection.
Merriam – Webster - Dictionary
Giant cell as an unusually large cell, especially a large multinucleated often phagocytic cell.
A) Cell wall :
Mature giant cell wall is from five to ten times thicker than the cell wall of the surrounding cells
Cell wall has irregular surface with numerous projections jutting into the cytoplasm.
B) Cytoplasm :
Its dense and granular and contain protein
Contain RNA
Traces of carbohydrate and fat.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
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Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2. HYPEREMIA & CONGESTION
Hyperemia is an increase in volume of blood in a
particular tissue.
Its an “active process” , the increased blood influx
results from arteriolar dilatation.
Congestion, also known as “passive hyperemia”,
results due to stagnation of blood because of venous
obstruction.
4. a. Active Hyperemia (arterial):a. Active Hyperemia (arterial): is an active process
resulting from increased arterial blood inflow because of
arteriolar dilatation.
- The affected tissue is reddened because of engorgement of
tissues with oxygenated blood.
b. Passive hyperemia (Congestion)b. Passive hyperemia (Congestion) is a passive
process resulting from impaired venous outflow from a
tissue.
- The affected tissue has a red-blue color due to
accumulation of deoxygenated blood.
7. PASSIVE HYPEREMIA OR
CONGESTION
Definition:
- Increase in venous blood in an organ as result of
obstruction of venous outflow.
- The veins, venules & capillaries in the organ become
passively dilated (passive hyperemia).
Types:
a. Localized
b. Generalized
9. Examples:-
Hyperemia:-
1. Inflammation
2. Blushing – adrenergic stimulation
3. Exercise – increased blood flow to the muscle.
Congestion:-
Obstruction of veins due to thrombi or backward
pressure due to heart failure.
10. Color of hyperemic & congested tissue:-
Hyperemic tissue contains increased amounts of
oxygenated blood & therefore the tissue appears
bright red.
Congested tissue contains increased amounts of
deoxygenated blood & appears blue.
Hyperemic tissue is warm, while congested blood is
cold & clammy.
11. Chronic venous congestion (CVC):-
In CVC there is long standing accumulation of
deoxygenated blood & hence there is damage to the
tissue.
12. Mechanism
HEART FAILURE
left heart failure right heart failure
Pressure into pressure into the
Pulmonary vein systemic venous system
CVC LUNGS CVC LIVER SPLEEN KIDNEY
13. CVC Lung
Causes:-
Left heart failure
Gross :-
The lungs are heavy. Lungs appear brown- BROWN
INDURATION OF LUNGS.
14.
15.
16. CVC Lungs
Micro:-
Rupture of congested vessel results in edema &
hemorrhage.
The alveolar septa appears thickened and fibrotic.
The alveoli are dilated and contain edema fluid and
RBC’s and macrophages.
Lysis of RBC’s releases hemosiderin pigment which
is taken up by macrophages in the alveoli – HEART
FAILURE CELLS.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21. CVC Liver
Causes:-
1. Right heart failure
2. Occlusion of inferior vena cava or portal vein.
GROSS APPEARANCE:-
NUTMEG APPEARANCE – Alternate areas of red &
yellow .
22.
23.
24.
25.
26. CVC Liver (MICRO)
Blood fills up the central vein & sinusoids
around it. Followed by centrilobular hepatocyte
atrophy and necrosis.
In the long standing cases the necrotic area is
replaced by fibrous tissue.
The mid zonal hepatocytes may show fatty
change due to relative hypoxia.
The areas with blood appears red & areas with
fibrosis appears whitish yellow- NUTMEG
APPEARANCE.
Figure 4-3 Hyperemia versus congestion. In both cases there is an increased volume and pressure of blood in a given tissue with associated capillary dilation and a potential for fluid extravasation.
In hyperemia, increased inflow leads to engorgement with oxygenated blood, resulting in erythema.
In congestion, diminished outflow leads to a capillary bed swollen with deoxygenated venous blood and resulting in cyanosis.
View of pulmonary congestion and edema. Often caused by an increase in hydrostatic pressure, a protein poor transudate seeps into interstitial and alveolar spaces. Note the engorged alveolar wall capillaries. If capillaries rupture, RBCs will escape into the alveolar space
Heart failure cells are hemosiderin laden macrophages. Blood escapes into the alveolar space because chronic congestion causes the thin walled alveolar capillaries to burst. Note the thickening of the alveolar septae. This is caused by chronic pulmonary congestion and edema.
Note the thickening of the alveolar septae. This is caused by chronic pulmonary congestion and edema.
Nutmeg liver compared with actual nutmeg.
Courtesy of Dr. Ed Friedlander
This view shows a close up of hemorrhagic central necrosis. Necrotic cells in the central area have been removed (cell dropout) and been replaced by cellular debris and hemorrhge. There is evidence that the passive congestion and hemorrhage is chronic, as many of the RBCs have been degraded into hemosiderin.
