This document provides an overview of hematological disorders, focusing on anemias and their causes. It discusses the main types of anemia (microcytic, normocytic, macrocytic), and lists common causes for each type. For example, it notes that microcytic anemias can be caused by iron deficiency, thalassemia, or sideroblastic anemia. It also summarizes key lab findings that help differentiate between different anemias, such as iron studies in iron deficiency anemia versus anemia of chronic disease.

1. Making the diagnosis in Hematology Part 1

13. Types of Hemoglobin

15. β- thalassaemia

18. α -thalassaemia

27. Other causes of B12 deficiency

28. Causes of aplastic anemia

30. Causes for pancytopenia

31. Causes of Hemolytic anemia

55. A normal blood film, with a neutrophil, normal red cells, and platelets (arrows).

56. Microcytic hypochromic cells in iron deficiency anaemia

57. Poikilocytosis and anisocytosis seen in iron deficiency anaemia.

58. Pathological ring sideroblasts in the bone marrow, with a perinuclear ring of iron granules, found in sideroblastic anaemia

59. Acanthocytosis.

60. Basophilic stippling.

61. Burr cells

62. Left-shift: presence of immature neutrophils in the blood

63. Pappenheimer bodies

64. Reticulocytes. RNA in RBCs; supravital staining (azure B; cresyl blue) is needed

65. Rouleaux formation

66. Film in hyposplenism: target cell (short arrow), acanthocyte (long arrow) and a Howell-Jolly body (arrow head).

68. A Cabot ring; these red/purple-staining filamentous figure-of-8 rings are often seen in RBCs with basophilic stippling. They occur in severe or megaloblastic anaemia, leukaemia, and lead poisoning.

69. Megaloblastic anaemia: peripheral blood film showing many macrocytes and one hypersegmented neutrophil (normally there should be <5 segments).

70. A bite cell in G6PD, following removal of Heinz bodies by the spleen. Heinz bodies are formed from oxidized, denatured Hb during oxidative crises

71. Blister cells (arrows) in G6PD, following removal of Heinz bodies. Also contracted red cells (arrowheads).

73. Microangiopathic anaemia eg from DIC: numerous cell fragments (schistocytes) are present

74. Fibrin strands, deposited in HUS & TTP, slice up passing red cells (microangiopathic anaemia).

75. Hereditary spherocytosis.

77. Hereditary elliptocytosis

78. Blood film in sickle-cell anaemia: there are sickle cells, target cells, and a nucleated red cell .

84. Leg ulcers in sickle cell disease.