Localization of brainstem lesion by Prof Dr Bashir Ahmed Dar Sopore Kashmir
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Localizing neurological lesions in the brainstem can be very precise, it relies on a clear understanding on the functions of brainstem .Brainstem lesions usually produce cranial nerve palsy one one side and hemiplegia or hemiparesis on other side
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Brainstem stroke syndromes
1. Medial medullary syndrome results from lesions of the corticospinal tract, medial lemniscus, and hypoglossal nucleus, causing contralateral hemiparesis, loss of trunk/extremity sensation, and ipsilateral tongue paralysis respectively.
2. Lateral medullary syndrome results from lesions affecting structures like the vestibular nuclei, inferior cerebellar peduncle and vagal nuclei, causing nystagmus, ipsilateral cerebellar signs, and laryngeal/pharyngeal paralysis.
3. Pontine syndromes include medial inferior pontine syndrome affecting corticospinal and medial lemniscus tracts and lateral inferior pontine syndrome affecting
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This document discusses various syndromes that can result from strokes in different areas of the brainstem. It begins with an overview of brainstem anatomy and blood supply. It then describes in detail the clinical presentations of medial and lateral midbrain syndromes, various pontine syndromes including medial and lateral inferior pontine syndromes, and medial and lateral medullary syndromes. Case examples are provided to illustrate the different neurological deficits that can occur based on the location of the brainstem stroke.
Brain stem syndromes
The document discusses various syndromes associated with lesions in different areas of the brainstem. It describes syndromes related to lesions of the posterior cerebral artery including Dejerine-Roussy syndrome and Claude's syndrome. It also summarizes syndromes caused by lesions in specific areas of the pons including the basis pontis, ventral pons, dorsal pons, and ventral medial pons. Syndromes involving the medulla are also outlined such as Wallenberg's lateral medullary syndrome and medial medullary syndrome. Finally, it provides an overview of the anatomy and blood supply of the midbrain and medulla.
Brain edema
1. Cerebral edema occurs when there is abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain parenchyma, increasing brain volume and intracranial pressure.
2. It can be caused by traumatic brain injury, stroke, tumors, or other conditions that disrupt the blood-brain barrier.
3. Increased intracranial pressure from cerebral edema can cause neurological deterioration and herniation if not treated.
4. Management involves controlling intracranial pressure, optimizing ventilation and oxygenation, administering osmotherapy agents like mannitol to draw water out of the brain, and in severe cases surgery may be needed.
Posterior circulation stroke Syndromes
Posterior circulation strokes can be differentiated from anterior circulation strokes based on clinical features. Posterior circulation strokes often present with vertigo, unsteadiness, crossed hemiplegia, bilateral deficits, cerebellar signs, ocular findings, dissociated sensory loss, and Horner's syndrome. The vertebrobasilar system supplies structures such as the cerebellum, medulla, pons, midbrain, thalamus, and occipital and temporal lobes. Common syndromes include lateral medullary syndrome and superior cerebellar artery occlusion. Infarctions in different vascular territories can produce characteristic clinical deficits.
Lateral medullary syndrome {Wallenberg Syndrome}
Wallenberg syndrome, also known as lateral medullary infarction, is caused by occlusion of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery, which supplies blood to the lateral medulla. This leads to vertigo, abnormal eye movements, Horner's syndrome on one side, ataxia of the limb on the same side, and dissociated sensory loss. The condition is usually due to atherosclerosis but can also result from traumatic vertebral artery dissection. MRI and MRA are used to diagnose the infraction and rule out arterial dissection.
Brain herniation
- Cerebral herniation occurs when brain tissue shifts from its normal position inside the skull due to increased intracranial pressure. This is a medical emergency.
- Common causes are cerebral edema, hematoma, stroke, tumor, and infections.
- There are several types of cerebral herniations including subfalcine, central, uncal, and tonsillar. Uncal herniation can cause pupillary dilation and decreased consciousness as it compresses the midbrain.
- Increased intracranial pressure can be managed medically with positioning, hyperventilation, hyperosmolar therapy, and induced hypertension or surgically with decompressive craniectomy.
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Brainstem stroke syndromes
1. Medial medullary syndrome results from lesions of the corticospinal tract, medial lemniscus, and hypoglossal nucleus, causing contralateral hemiparesis, loss of trunk/extremity sensation, and ipsilateral tongue paralysis respectively.
2. Lateral medullary syndrome results from lesions affecting structures like the vestibular nuclei, inferior cerebellar peduncle and vagal nuclei, causing nystagmus, ipsilateral cerebellar signs, and laryngeal/pharyngeal paralysis.
3. Pontine syndromes include medial inferior pontine syndrome affecting corticospinal and medial lemniscus tracts and lateral inferior pontine syndrome affecting
Stroke localization
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Brainstem stroke syndromes ppt
This document discusses various syndromes that can result from strokes in different areas of the brainstem. It begins with an overview of brainstem anatomy and blood supply. It then describes in detail the clinical presentations of medial and lateral midbrain syndromes, various pontine syndromes including medial and lateral inferior pontine syndromes, and medial and lateral medullary syndromes. Case examples are provided to illustrate the different neurological deficits that can occur based on the location of the brainstem stroke.
Brain stem syndromes
The document discusses various syndromes associated with lesions in different areas of the brainstem. It describes syndromes related to lesions of the posterior cerebral artery including Dejerine-Roussy syndrome and Claude's syndrome. It also summarizes syndromes caused by lesions in specific areas of the pons including the basis pontis, ventral pons, dorsal pons, and ventral medial pons. Syndromes involving the medulla are also outlined such as Wallenberg's lateral medullary syndrome and medial medullary syndrome. Finally, it provides an overview of the anatomy and blood supply of the midbrain and medulla.
Brain edema
1. Cerebral edema occurs when there is abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain parenchyma, increasing brain volume and intracranial pressure.
2. It can be caused by traumatic brain injury, stroke, tumors, or other conditions that disrupt the blood-brain barrier.
3. Increased intracranial pressure from cerebral edema can cause neurological deterioration and herniation if not treated.
4. Management involves controlling intracranial pressure, optimizing ventilation and oxygenation, administering osmotherapy agents like mannitol to draw water out of the brain, and in severe cases surgery may be needed.
Posterior circulation stroke Syndromes
Posterior circulation strokes can be differentiated from anterior circulation strokes based on clinical features. Posterior circulation strokes often present with vertigo, unsteadiness, crossed hemiplegia, bilateral deficits, cerebellar signs, ocular findings, dissociated sensory loss, and Horner's syndrome. The vertebrobasilar system supplies structures such as the cerebellum, medulla, pons, midbrain, thalamus, and occipital and temporal lobes. Common syndromes include lateral medullary syndrome and superior cerebellar artery occlusion. Infarctions in different vascular territories can produce characteristic clinical deficits.
Lateral medullary syndrome {Wallenberg Syndrome}
Wallenberg syndrome, also known as lateral medullary infarction, is caused by occlusion of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery, which supplies blood to the lateral medulla. This leads to vertigo, abnormal eye movements, Horner's syndrome on one side, ataxia of the limb on the same side, and dissociated sensory loss. The condition is usually due to atherosclerosis but can also result from traumatic vertebral artery dissection. MRI and MRA are used to diagnose the infraction and rule out arterial dissection.
Brain herniation
- Cerebral herniation occurs when brain tissue shifts from its normal position inside the skull due to increased intracranial pressure. This is a medical emergency.
- Common causes are cerebral edema, hematoma, stroke, tumor, and infections.
- There are several types of cerebral herniations including subfalcine, central, uncal, and tonsillar. Uncal herniation can cause pupillary dilation and decreased consciousness as it compresses the midbrain.
- Increased intracranial pressure can be managed medically with positioning, hyperventilation, hyperosmolar therapy, and induced hypertension or surgically with decompressive craniectomy.
Localization of cerebrum lesions
This document provides an outline and overview of localisation in neurology. It discusses the history and examination in neurology, focusing on good listening skills and avoiding assumptions. It then covers the anatomy and blood supply of the brain and cerebral cortex. Specific sections discuss lesions of the frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital lobes and their associated signs and symptoms. Other topics include the internal capsule, aphasia syndromes, stroke syndromes involving different arteries, and involvement of various cranial nerves.
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This document discusses cerebral herniation syndromes which occur when increased intracranial pressure causes brain tissue to be squeezed through openings in the skull. It describes the four main types of herniation - subfalcine, central/downward transtentorial, temporal transtentorial/uncal, and cerebellar tonsillar. Clinical signs and prognosis are provided for each type of herniation. The Monro-Kellie doctrine is also summarized, which states that the intracranial compartment has a fixed volume, and increases in any component can increase intracranial pressure.
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This document discusses cerebral circulation and brainstem syndromes. It begins by outlining the major regions of the brain and noting that the brain receives a large portion of cardiac output due to its high metabolic needs. It then describes the anterior and posterior circulations, focusing on the branches and territories of the internal carotid and vertebral arteries. Specific syndromes that can result from occlusions or lesions in different vessel segments are outlined, such as anterior cerebral artery syndromes and middle cerebral artery syndromes. Blood supply and clinical syndromes involving the brainstem structures like midbrain, pons, and medulla are also summarized. The document provides an in-depth overview of cerebral vasculature and the neurologic deficits that can arise from
Posterior cerebral circulation - Gross Anatomy
This document summarizes the posterior circulation of the brain. It describes how the vertebral arteries join to form the basilar artery in the brainstem. The basilar artery then divides into the two posterior cerebral arteries. Key branches include the posterior inferior cerebellar artery and superior cerebellar artery. The posterior cerebral arteries supply blood to the occipital and temporal lobes. The vertebrobasilar system provides blood to the brainstem, cerebellum, and posterior portions of the telencephalon.
Cisterns of brain
The document summarizes the anatomy and contents of various brain cisterns. It describes the locations and structures contained within several major cisterns, including:
1) The cisterna magna, which contains the cerebellar medullary veins and lower cranial nerves.
2) The interpeduncular cistern, which is divided by membranes and contains the basilar artery, posterior cerebral arteries, and cranial nerves 3 and 6.
3) The ambient cistern, which surrounds the midbrain and contains the posterior cerebral artery and cranial nerve 4.
4) The suprasellar/chiasmatic cistern, located above the pituitary fossa,
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Venous drainage of brain
1. The document describes the venous drainage of the brain, which occurs through intracranial dural venous sinuses and internal jugular veins in the neck.
2. It outlines the characteristic features of brain venous drainage, including that it does not have an arterial pattern, the veins have extremely thin walls without muscular tissue, and they do not have valves.
3. The document then provides details on the different groups of cerebral veins that drain the surface of the brain hemispheres and their connections to various dural venous sinuses.
Anatomy of brainstem and its clinical significance
The document provides an overview of the anatomy and clinical significance of the brainstem. It describes the structures and tracts within the medulla, pons, and midbrain. Key points include:
- The medulla contains tracts like the pyramid, olive, and nuclei gracilis and cuneatus. It is involved in motor and sensory functions. Lesions can cause lateral or medial medullary syndromes.
- The pons contains pontine nuclei and transverse fibres. Lesions can cause inferior or superior pontine syndromes depending on location.
- The midbrain contains the tectum, cerebral peduncles, and aqueduct. Lesions can cause medial or lateral mid
Cerebral circulation by DR.ARSHAD
The brain receives a large portion of the body's blood supply and oxygen consumption despite being only 2% of body weight. The internal carotid arteries supply the anterior circulation while the vertebral arteries supply the posterior circulation, with these systems connecting at the circle of Willis. Occlusion of cerebral arteries can cause neurological deficits corresponding to the brain areas supplied, such as hemiplegia from middle cerebral artery occlusion or homonymous hemianopia from posterior cerebral artery occlusion. Proper blood flow is crucial for brain function.
Posterior circulation - Applied Anatomy
This document provides an overview of the posterior cerebral circulation and blood supply of the spinal cord. It discusses the anatomy and branches of the posterior cerebral artery, vertebral arteries, basilar artery, and artery of Adamkiewicz. Syndromes related to occlusions in these vessels are outlined, including P1/P2 PCA syndromes, lateral medullary syndrome, basilar artery syndromes, and anterior spinal artery syndrome. The circle of Willis and variations in posterior circulation anatomy are also briefly mentioned.
BLOOD SUPPLY OF SPINAL CORD
The spinal cord receives its blood supply from three major sources: the anterior spinal artery, paired posterior spinal arteries, and radicular arteries that branch off from larger vessels. The anterior spinal artery supplies the ventral two-thirds of the spinal cord while the posterior arteries supply the dorsal one-third. Radicular arteries provide crucial blood flow throughout the spinal cord, particularly the artery of Adamkiewicz which supplies the lower two-thirds. Disruptions to this vascular supply can cause different syndromes depending on the location of injury.
False localising signs : a major examination finding
1) Neurological signs that indicate dysfunction in a different area of the brain than would be expected given the location of pathology are known as false localizing signs.
2) False localizing signs can occur due to compression of brain structures distant from the site of a lesion, such as cranial nerve palsies resulting from compression against the skull base.
3) Dysfunction of motor or sensory pathways can also produce false localizing signs, like contralateral hemiparesis from transtentorial herniation compressing the cerebral peduncle.
Plantar reflex
The plantar reflex is an important superficial reflex that involves polysynaptic pathways. A normal plantar reflex results in flexion of the toes when the sole is scratched, while an extensor plantar response (Babinski's sign) involves dorsiflexion of the great toe and fanning of the other toes and suggests corticospinal tract dysfunction. There are several methods to elicit the plantar reflex and variations in responses provide information about neurological conditions.
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Release reflexes
Release reflexes are primitive motor responses seen in infants but not adults that originate in the central nervous system. They are normally suppressed by the frontal lobe. The presence of release reflexes in adults may indicate diffuse central nervous system disease, damage to the frontal areas, or senescence. Common frontal release reflexes include the palmomental reflex, grasp reflex, glabellar tap reflex, and oral reflexes like sucking and rooting. When present, these primitive reflexes can provide clues about neurological abnormalities.
Normal pressure hydrocephalus
1) Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is characterized by abnormal gait, urinary incontinence, and dementia. It is most common in the elderly and can be caused by conditions like subarachnoid hemorrhage.
2) Diagnosis involves evaluating symptoms, imaging tests showing disproportionate ventricle enlargement, and tests like lumbar puncture to check CSF pressure and flow.
3) Treatment usually involves surgically placing a CSF shunt if symptoms improve with temporary drainage, with benefits seen in 50-61% of cases but also a high risk of complications.
Approach to a_patient_presenting_with_hemiplegia
1) A 60-year-old man presented with sudden onset right-sided hemiplegia upon waking.
2) On examination, he had right-sided weakness and sensory loss consistent with involvement of the left middle cerebral artery territory.
3) Brain imaging revealed an acute ischemic stroke in the left middle cerebral artery distribution, likely due to thrombotic occlusion of that vessel.
X-RAYS ON PNEUMONIA BY DR BASHIR AHMED DAR ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR MEDICINE SOPOR...
X-RAYS ON PNEUMONIA BY DR BASHIR AHMED DAR ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR MEDICINE SOPOR...Prof Dr Bashir Ahmed Dar
DR BASHIR ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR MEDICINE SOPORE KASHMIR PRESENTLY WORKING IN MALAYSIA TEACHING MEDICAL STUDENTS THE ART OF TREATING PATIENTS SPEAKS ABOUT THE IMPORTANCE OF HISTORY TAKING.MEDICAL STUDENTS AND DOCTORS should probe more deeply WHILE TAKING HISTORY OF A PATIENT as it gives the useful information in formulating a diagnosis and providing medical care to the patient.evaluation of dyspnoea
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Localization of cerebrum lesions
This document provides an outline and overview of localisation in neurology. It discusses the history and examination in neurology, focusing on good listening skills and avoiding assumptions. It then covers the anatomy and blood supply of the brain and cerebral cortex. Specific sections discuss lesions of the frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital lobes and their associated signs and symptoms. Other topics include the internal capsule, aphasia syndromes, stroke syndromes involving different arteries, and involvement of various cranial nerves.
Brainstem syndrome vinod (1)
This document discusses various vascular and demyelinating syndromes of the brainstem. It describes several syndromes defined by their anatomical location in the midbrain, pons or specific vascular territories involved. These include Weber's syndrome, Claude syndrome, Benedikt syndrome, and Nothnagel's syndrome in the midbrain as well as Millard-Gubler syndrome, Raymond syndrome, lateral and medial pontine syndromes, and Locked-in syndrome in the pons. Each syndrome is characterized by the neurological deficits caused by lesions to specific brainstem structures. The vascular supply and clinical features of each syndrome are concisely outlined.
Pons anatomy and syndromes
covered all the important details from textbook like bradley,paul brazis, snellss anatomy, dejong txtbook of neurology
Cerebral herniation syndromes
This document discusses cerebral herniation syndromes which occur when increased intracranial pressure causes brain tissue to be squeezed through openings in the skull. It describes the four main types of herniation - subfalcine, central/downward transtentorial, temporal transtentorial/uncal, and cerebellar tonsillar. Clinical signs and prognosis are provided for each type of herniation. The Monro-Kellie doctrine is also summarized, which states that the intracranial compartment has a fixed volume, and increases in any component can increase intracranial pressure.
Cerebral circulation and brain stem syndromes
This document discusses cerebral circulation and brainstem syndromes. It begins by outlining the major regions of the brain and noting that the brain receives a large portion of cardiac output due to its high metabolic needs. It then describes the anterior and posterior circulations, focusing on the branches and territories of the internal carotid and vertebral arteries. Specific syndromes that can result from occlusions or lesions in different vessel segments are outlined, such as anterior cerebral artery syndromes and middle cerebral artery syndromes. Blood supply and clinical syndromes involving the brainstem structures like midbrain, pons, and medulla are also summarized. The document provides an in-depth overview of cerebral vasculature and the neurologic deficits that can arise from
Posterior cerebral circulation - Gross Anatomy
This document summarizes the posterior circulation of the brain. It describes how the vertebral arteries join to form the basilar artery in the brainstem. The basilar artery then divides into the two posterior cerebral arteries. Key branches include the posterior inferior cerebellar artery and superior cerebellar artery. The posterior cerebral arteries supply blood to the occipital and temporal lobes. The vertebrobasilar system provides blood to the brainstem, cerebellum, and posterior portions of the telencephalon.
Cisterns of brain
The document summarizes the anatomy and contents of various brain cisterns. It describes the locations and structures contained within several major cisterns, including:
1) The cisterna magna, which contains the cerebellar medullary veins and lower cranial nerves.
2) The interpeduncular cistern, which is divided by membranes and contains the basilar artery, posterior cerebral arteries, and cranial nerves 3 and 6.
3) The ambient cistern, which surrounds the midbrain and contains the posterior cerebral artery and cranial nerve 4.
4) The suprasellar/chiasmatic cistern, located above the pituitary fossa,
Cerebral edema and its management
This document discusses different types of cerebral edema including cytotoxic, vasogenic, hydrostatic, osmotic, and hydrocephalic edema. It provides details on the causes, mechanisms, and management of each type. The key management strategies for cerebral edema discussed are head elevation, oxygenation, fluid management, seizure prophylaxis, fever control, nutrition, hyperventilation, osmotherapy using mannitol, and other adjunctive therapies.
Foramen Magnum Meningioma
This document discusses foramen magnum meningiomas, a type of brain tumor. It defines the foramen magnum region and describes the structures that pass through it. Foramen magnum meningiomas present with variable neurological symptoms and are challenging to treat due to their proximity to critical structures. Imaging plays an important role in diagnosis and surgical planning. The surgical approach depends on factors such as tumor location and relationship to the vertebral artery. Complications can include lower cranial nerve deficits, cerebrospinal fluid leakage, and vascular injury. Complete resection remains the goal but must be balanced against risk of morbidity.
Venous drainage of brain
1. The document describes the venous drainage of the brain, which occurs through intracranial dural venous sinuses and internal jugular veins in the neck.
2. It outlines the characteristic features of brain venous drainage, including that it does not have an arterial pattern, the veins have extremely thin walls without muscular tissue, and they do not have valves.
3. The document then provides details on the different groups of cerebral veins that drain the surface of the brain hemispheres and their connections to various dural venous sinuses.
Anatomy of brainstem and its clinical significance
The document provides an overview of the anatomy and clinical significance of the brainstem. It describes the structures and tracts within the medulla, pons, and midbrain. Key points include:
- The medulla contains tracts like the pyramid, olive, and nuclei gracilis and cuneatus. It is involved in motor and sensory functions. Lesions can cause lateral or medial medullary syndromes.
- The pons contains pontine nuclei and transverse fibres. Lesions can cause inferior or superior pontine syndromes depending on location.
- The midbrain contains the tectum, cerebral peduncles, and aqueduct. Lesions can cause medial or lateral mid
Cerebral circulation by DR.ARSHAD
The brain receives a large portion of the body's blood supply and oxygen consumption despite being only 2% of body weight. The internal carotid arteries supply the anterior circulation while the vertebral arteries supply the posterior circulation, with these systems connecting at the circle of Willis. Occlusion of cerebral arteries can cause neurological deficits corresponding to the brain areas supplied, such as hemiplegia from middle cerebral artery occlusion or homonymous hemianopia from posterior cerebral artery occlusion. Proper blood flow is crucial for brain function.
Posterior circulation - Applied Anatomy
This document provides an overview of the posterior cerebral circulation and blood supply of the spinal cord. It discusses the anatomy and branches of the posterior cerebral artery, vertebral arteries, basilar artery, and artery of Adamkiewicz. Syndromes related to occlusions in these vessels are outlined, including P1/P2 PCA syndromes, lateral medullary syndrome, basilar artery syndromes, and anterior spinal artery syndrome. The circle of Willis and variations in posterior circulation anatomy are also briefly mentioned.
BLOOD SUPPLY OF SPINAL CORD
The spinal cord receives its blood supply from three major sources: the anterior spinal artery, paired posterior spinal arteries, and radicular arteries that branch off from larger vessels. The anterior spinal artery supplies the ventral two-thirds of the spinal cord while the posterior arteries supply the dorsal one-third. Radicular arteries provide crucial blood flow throughout the spinal cord, particularly the artery of Adamkiewicz which supplies the lower two-thirds. Disruptions to this vascular supply can cause different syndromes depending on the location of injury.
False localising signs : a major examination finding
1) Neurological signs that indicate dysfunction in a different area of the brain than would be expected given the location of pathology are known as false localizing signs.
2) False localizing signs can occur due to compression of brain structures distant from the site of a lesion, such as cranial nerve palsies resulting from compression against the skull base.
3) Dysfunction of motor or sensory pathways can also produce false localizing signs, like contralateral hemiparesis from transtentorial herniation compressing the cerebral peduncle.
Plantar reflex
The plantar reflex is an important superficial reflex that involves polysynaptic pathways. A normal plantar reflex results in flexion of the toes when the sole is scratched, while an extensor plantar response (Babinski's sign) involves dorsiflexion of the great toe and fanning of the other toes and suggests corticospinal tract dysfunction. There are several methods to elicit the plantar reflex and variations in responses provide information about neurological conditions.
Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis is a progressive and fatal neurodegenerative disease caused by persistent measles virus infection in the central nervous system. It typically presents with behavioral changes and seizures in children and young adults, around 6 years after primary measles infection. While there is no cure, treatment focuses on immunomodulation and antiviral therapies to slow progression, though the prognosis remains poor with death usually within 4 years.
Release reflexes
Release reflexes are primitive motor responses seen in infants but not adults that originate in the central nervous system. They are normally suppressed by the frontal lobe. The presence of release reflexes in adults may indicate diffuse central nervous system disease, damage to the frontal areas, or senescence. Common frontal release reflexes include the palmomental reflex, grasp reflex, glabellar tap reflex, and oral reflexes like sucking and rooting. When present, these primitive reflexes can provide clues about neurological abnormalities.
Normal pressure hydrocephalus
1) Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is characterized by abnormal gait, urinary incontinence, and dementia. It is most common in the elderly and can be caused by conditions like subarachnoid hemorrhage.
2) Diagnosis involves evaluating symptoms, imaging tests showing disproportionate ventricle enlargement, and tests like lumbar puncture to check CSF pressure and flow.
3) Treatment usually involves surgically placing a CSF shunt if symptoms improve with temporary drainage, with benefits seen in 50-61% of cases but also a high risk of complications.
Approach to a_patient_presenting_with_hemiplegia
1) A 60-year-old man presented with sudden onset right-sided hemiplegia upon waking.
2) On examination, he had right-sided weakness and sensory loss consistent with involvement of the left middle cerebral artery territory.
3) Brain imaging revealed an acute ischemic stroke in the left middle cerebral artery distribution, likely due to thrombotic occlusion of that vessel.
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Anatomy of brainstem and its clinical significance
Anatomy of brainstem and its clinical significance
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False localising signs : a major examination finding
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This document discusses the pharmacotherapy of acute bronchitis. It begins by defining acute bronchitis as a cough lasting less than 3 weeks, which is usually viral in origin. The goals of therapy are to rule out serious illness, minimize symptoms, and limit unnecessary antibiotic use. Treatment is primarily supportive and includes analgesics, antitussives, and bronchodilators only for those with wheezing. Antibiotics are not routinely recommended as they do not impact illness duration or severity. Education of patients about the typical self-limiting course of acute bronchitis is important.
Bronchitis ppt
Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes that carry air to and from the lungs. There are two main types: acute and chronic. Risk factors include smoking, air pollution, and respiratory infections. Symptoms include cough, wheezing, shortness of breath, and mucus production. Homeopathy can help relieve cough, control recurring infections, improve immunity, reduce severity and duration of bronchitis, and help both allergic and infectious cases. Specific homeopathic remedies target productive coughing, lower recurrence risk, boost immunity, clear infections, reduce inflammation and make breathing easier. The document encourages those suffering from bronchitis to seek homeopathic treatment.
Shortness Of Breath
This document provides information on evaluating and diagnosing shortness of breath. It lists various potential causes of shortness of breath including cardiac, lung, anatomical, trauma, and other issues. Specific conditions that could cause wheezing, stridor, crepitations, or a clear chest are identified. The speed of onset can help determine if the underlying cause is acute, subacute, or chronic. Guidelines for triaging patients with shortness of breath into green, yellow, or red zones based on dyspnea and oxygen saturation are also provided. The evaluation involves assessing severity, examining the chest, providing oxygen support if needed, and getting a chest x-ray.
Dyspnea
Dyspnea, or shortness of breath, is a common symptom that can be caused by many cardiac and pulmonary conditions. A thorough diagnostic evaluation of dyspnea involves taking a detailed patient history, conducting a physical exam, and obtaining initial tests like an electrocardiogram, chest x-ray, and blood tests to evaluate for conditions involving the heart, lungs, blood, and other potential causes and to guide further testing if needed. Grading scales are used to characterize the severity of a patient's dyspnea. The pathophysiology of dyspnea involves an imbalance between the perceived need to breathe and the ability to breathe.
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Memories Dr bashir sopore kashmir
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for both physical and mental health. Regular exercise can help reduce the risk of diseases like heart disease and diabetes, and it may also help relieve symptoms of depression and anxiety. Exercising for at least 30 minutes per day several times a week is recommended to gain these health benefits.
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This photo album belongs to Dr Bashir Ahmad Dar from Sopore, Kashmir. It contains photographs from his life and career. The album provides a glimpse into Dr Dar's experiences living and working in Kashmir.
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This photo album belongs to Dr Bashir Ahmad Dar from Sopore, Kashmir. It contains photographs from his personal and professional life. The album provides a glimpse into Dr Dar's experiences living and working in Kashmir.
Prof dr bashir ahmed dar sopore kashmir
Dr. Bashir Ahmed Dar is a professor based in Sopore, Kashmir. He holds a doctorate and works as an assistant professor. The document provides his name and location in Kashmir.
Localization of brain lesion by Prof Dr Bashir Ahmed Dar Sopore Kashmir
The document discusses the benefits of meditation for reducing stress and anxiety. Regular meditation practice can calm the mind and help prevent worrying thoughts. Meditation lowers stress levels in the body by inducing a relaxation response that counters the effects of the fight-or-flight response.
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The passage discusses the importance of summarization in efficiently conveying key information from lengthy documents or meetings. It notes that effective summaries distill the most critical details into a brief yet informative overview, allowing readers to quickly understand the core topics and conclusions without reviewing the source material in its entirety. Summarization is presented as a useful skill for professionals across industries to help colleagues stay updated on evolving projects and initiatives.
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Taking the patient's history is traditionally the first step in virtually every clinical encounter. A thorough neurologic history allows the clinician to define the patient's problem and, along with the result of physical examination, assists in formulating an etiologic and/or pathologic diagnosis
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Doctors need to be aware of a rare, hard to diagnose condition called Porphyria. To reach an accurate diagnosis of Porphyria a crystal clear understanding is needed
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The document discusses the history and current state of climate change research. It notes that scientific consensus has formed around the occurrence of climate change due to human activity like fossil fuel burning. Recent decades have seen increasing documentation of impacts like sea level rise, stronger storms, and more frequent wildfires.
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Facial nerve disorders can be caused by infection, injury or other conditions.Facial nerve disorders can cause weakness on one or both sides of the face. Those affected may experience loss of facial expression and also difficulties with eating, drinking and clarity of speech. Closing of the eye and blinking can also become difficult
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Obesity is recognized as a global health crisis. Weight loss surgery offers a treatment that can reduce weight, induce remission of obesity-related diseases, and improve the quality of life. This review summarizes recent evidence related to the safety, efficacy, and metabolic outcomes of weight loss surgery for morbid obesity. The article also highlights various issues when lifestyle modifications and weight loss medications have failed to provide significant weight loss in the majority of obese people.Research article on anti aging tool by Prof Dr Bashir Ahmed Dar Sopore Kashmir
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A research article HbA1c:A Biomarker of Anti Aging By Prof Dr Bashir Ahmed Dar Chinki Pora Sopore Kashmir
Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is a marker of evaluation of long-term glycemic control in diabetic patients that predict risks for the development and progression of diabetic complications. The aim of this study is to evaluate the significance of Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in relation to agingResearch article on SLE by Prof Dr Bashir Ahmed Dar Sopore Kashmir
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease and as we know immune
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This case report describes a 72-year-old man presenting with behavioral abnormalities and lack of personal hygiene suggestive of frontotemporal dementia. Brain imaging showed atrophy of the frontal and temporal lobes. A diagnosis of frontotemporal dementia was made based on presentation and diagnostic criteria. Frontotemporal dementia is a common cause of early-onset dementia that is often misdiagnosed as psychiatric illness due to behavioral symptoms. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms; no cure exists but counseling family is important for support.A research article Fountain of Youth by Prof Dr Bashir Ahmed Dar Sopore Kashmir
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Calorie restriction (CR) is as close to a real fountain of youth as any known technique is. Caloric restriction known to extend the human lifespan by up to five years has quietly become accepted among leading researchers. Even scientists who are cautious about anti-aging hype say it worksHYPERTHYROIDISM PART-2 BY DR BASHIR ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR MEDICINE SOPORE KASHMIR
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Read hyperthyroidism part-1 and part-2 for better understanding of the subject.Consulted many books and available litrature on the subject
brought their points together to produce precise simple easy to understand slide presentation.Thankful to all these masters.If you need a copy to download just message me on the email drbashir123@gmail.com.Your comments on the site is highly appreciable and welcome, gives me some feedback to improve my work in futureHYPERTHYROIDISM PART-1 BY DR BASHIR ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR MEDICINE SOPORE KASHMIR
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The document discusses the importance of renewable energy and outlines a plan to transition the country's energy production to renewable sources like solar and wind power over the next 10 years. It proposes generating 50% of the nation's electricity from renewable sources by 2030 by investing in new solar and wind farms across the country and providing tax incentives and subsidies for homeowners and businesses to install their own renewable energy systems.ANTI THYROID DRUGS BY DR BASHIR ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR MEDICINE SOPORE KASHMIR
The thyroid gland is the biggest gland in the neck. It is situated in the anterior part of the neck below the skin and muscle layers. The thyroid gland takes the shape of a butterfly with the two wings being represented by the left and right thyroid lobes which wrap around the trachea. The sole function of the thyroid is to make thyroid hormone. This hormone has an effect on nearly all tissues of the body where it increases cellular activity. The function of the thyroid, therefore, is to regulate the body's metabolism
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Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
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2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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