Folic acid is a water-soluble B vitamin that acts as a coenzyme in single-carbon transfers in amino acid and nucleotide metabolism. It is required for DNA synthesis and cell division. A deficiency can lead to megaloblastic anemia due to impaired DNA synthesis. Rich dietary sources include green leafy vegetables. Folic acid supplementation is important during pregnancy to prevent neural tube defects in newborns.
Vitamin B12- Chemistry, functions and clinical significanceNamrata Chhabra
Vitamin B12- Chemical structure, Forms of B12, Sources, absorption, storage, transportation, metabolic role, deficiency, megaloblastic anemia and neurological changes, laboratory diagnosis and treatment
Folic acid- Chemistry, One carbon metabolism and megaloblastic anemiaNamrata Chhabra
Folic acid- Structure, forms, absorption, transportation, storage, excretion, role in one-carbon metabolism, role in methionine synthesis, role in nucleotide biosynthesis, folate trap, folate antagonists, megaloblastic anemia
Chemistry of Vitamin K, Biochemical role of Vitamin K, Recommended dietary allowance of Vitamin K, Dietary sources of Vitamin K, Deficiency symptoms of vitamin K, Hypervitaminosis of vitamin K, Toxicity of Vitamin K
B vitamins are a class of water-soluble vitamins that play important roles in cell metabolism. Though these vitamins share similar names, research shows that they are chemically distinct vitamins that often coexist in the same foods. In general, supplements containing all eight are referred to as a vitamin B complex. Individual B vitamin supplements are referred to by the specific name of each vitamin (e.g., B1, B2, B3 etc.).
VITAMIN B3
GUL MUNEER
Niacin
Niacinamide 0R Nicotinamide
Vitamin P OR PP (pellagra preventive)
Pellagra preventive factor
Anti black tongue factor
Nicotinic acid
Vitamin G (after Goldberger’s death, vitamin B3 was some times called in his honor)
Structure of Vitamin B3
Function of Vitamin B3
DISCOVERY of Vitamin B3
PROPERTIES of Vitamin B3
Nicotinic Acid (Plant form)
CHEMISTRY of Vitamin B3
Sources of Vitamin B3
RECOMMENDED DAILY ALLOWANCE (RDA) of Vitamin B3
BIOCHEMICAL FUNCTIONS of Vitamin B3
Digestion and Absorption of Dietary Niacin
Metabolism of B-3
Deficiency of B3
Vitamin B 9 or folic acid By Mr Allah Dad Khan Former Director General Agri...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Vitamin B 9 or folic acid By Mr Allah Dad Khan Former Director General Agriculture Extension Khyber Pakhtun Khwa Province , VP Agriculture University Peshawar
Vitamin B12- Chemistry, functions and clinical significanceNamrata Chhabra
Vitamin B12- Chemical structure, Forms of B12, Sources, absorption, storage, transportation, metabolic role, deficiency, megaloblastic anemia and neurological changes, laboratory diagnosis and treatment
Folic acid- Chemistry, One carbon metabolism and megaloblastic anemiaNamrata Chhabra
Folic acid- Structure, forms, absorption, transportation, storage, excretion, role in one-carbon metabolism, role in methionine synthesis, role in nucleotide biosynthesis, folate trap, folate antagonists, megaloblastic anemia
Chemistry of Vitamin K, Biochemical role of Vitamin K, Recommended dietary allowance of Vitamin K, Dietary sources of Vitamin K, Deficiency symptoms of vitamin K, Hypervitaminosis of vitamin K, Toxicity of Vitamin K
B vitamins are a class of water-soluble vitamins that play important roles in cell metabolism. Though these vitamins share similar names, research shows that they are chemically distinct vitamins that often coexist in the same foods. In general, supplements containing all eight are referred to as a vitamin B complex. Individual B vitamin supplements are referred to by the specific name of each vitamin (e.g., B1, B2, B3 etc.).
VITAMIN B3
GUL MUNEER
Niacin
Niacinamide 0R Nicotinamide
Vitamin P OR PP (pellagra preventive)
Pellagra preventive factor
Anti black tongue factor
Nicotinic acid
Vitamin G (after Goldberger’s death, vitamin B3 was some times called in his honor)
Structure of Vitamin B3
Function of Vitamin B3
DISCOVERY of Vitamin B3
PROPERTIES of Vitamin B3
Nicotinic Acid (Plant form)
CHEMISTRY of Vitamin B3
Sources of Vitamin B3
RECOMMENDED DAILY ALLOWANCE (RDA) of Vitamin B3
BIOCHEMICAL FUNCTIONS of Vitamin B3
Digestion and Absorption of Dietary Niacin
Metabolism of B-3
Deficiency of B3
Vitamin B 9 or folic acid By Mr Allah Dad Khan Former Director General Agri...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Vitamin B 9 or folic acid By Mr Allah Dad Khan Former Director General Agriculture Extension Khyber Pakhtun Khwa Province , VP Agriculture University Peshawar
Metabolism of potassium and its clinical significancerohini sane
A comprehensive presentation on Metabolism of Potassium and its clinical significance for MBBS, BDS, B Pharm & Biotechnology students to facilitate self- study.
This presentation deals with Thiamine Pyrophosphate (TPP), Pyridoxal Phosphate (PLP) and Coenzyme- A .
A brief description about Vitamins and Co enzymes. Then synthesis and application of PLP, TTP and Co-enzyme A
Thiamine (vitamin B1) and biochemical aspects of beriberirohini sane
A comprehensive presentation on Thiamine and biochemical aspects of Beriberi for MBBS, BDS, B Pham and Biotechnology students to facilitate easy leaning.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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Hot Selling Organic intermediates
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
1. FOLIC ACID (B9]
Gandham. Rajeev
Department of Biochemistry,
Akash Institute of Medical Sciences &
Research Centre,
Devanahalli, Bangalore,
Karnataka, India.
E-Mail: gandhamrajeev33@gmail.com
2.
3.
4. The word folic acid is derived from latin word
Folium means leaf & it is also isolated from the
leafy vegetable spinach
Folic acid mainly consists of three components
Pteridine ring
PABA (p-amino benzoic acid)
Glutamic acid residue (1 to 7 residues)
Hence it is known as Pteroyl-glutamic acid
7. N
H
H
HN
I
H
H2N
N
N
H
I
N
- CH2 – NH-
O
II
- C
H
I
- N - CH –COO-
I
CH2
I
CH2
I
COO-
8
7
6
5
Folic Acid
Dihydrofolate
reductase
2NADPH + 2H+
2NADP
5,6,7,8 – Tetrahydrofolic acid (THF)
8. Absorption:
Formation of monoglutamate form:
Most of the dietary folic acid exists as
polyglutamate with 3-7 glutamate residues
It is not absorbed in the intestine
The glutamate side chains are cleaved by the
enzyme folate conjugase or
polylpolyglutamate hydrolase
9. Only monoglutamyl form of folic acid is absorbed
from the intestine
The enzyme folate conjugase is present in
duodenum & jejunum
Mucosal uptake & metabolism in mucosal cell
Folate monoglutamate is taken up by the
mucosal cell
In the mucosal cell, folate monoglutamate is
reduced to tetrahydrofolate & methylated to form
N5 methyl tetrahydrofolate (in circulation)
10. N5 methyl tetrahydrofolate enters the
circulation
Storage:
Inside the cells, tetrahydrofolates are found as
polyglumates (with 5-6 amino acid residues)
Which are biologically most potent
Polyglutamate is the storage form of folic acid
It is mainly stored in the liver (10-20 mg)
11. Folic acid is not biologically active
The active coenzyme forms of folic acid are
Tetrahydrofolic acid (FH4)
N5 methyl tetrahydrofolic acid (N5FH4)
N5,N10 methylene tetrahydrofolic acid
N10 formyl tetrahydrofolate(N10 formyl FH4)
N5 formimino tetrahydrofolate (N5 formimino
FH4)
13. The coenzymes of folic acid are actively
involved in the one carbon metabolism
THF acts as an acceptor or donor of one
carbon units (formyl, methyl etc.) in reactions
involving amino acid & nucleotide metabolism
The one carbon units bind with THF at
position N5 or N10 or on both N5 &N10 of
pteroyl structure
14. Amino acid metabolism is important for
transfer or exchange of one carbon units
The following one carbon fragments are
involved in biological reactions
Methyl (-CH3)
Hydroxymethyl (-CH2OH)
Methylene (=CH2)
Methenyl (-CH=)
Formyl (-CH=O)
Formimino (-CH=NH)
15. THF is a versatile coenzyme actively
participates in one carbon metabolism
Transfer of methyl groups from S-
adenosylmethionine
B12 is also involved
The one carbon units covalently binds with
THF at position N5 or N10 or on both N5
&N10 of pteroyl structure of folate
16. Many compounds particularly amino acids act as
donors of one carbon units
The formate is released from glycine & tryptophan
metabolism combines with THF to form N10 –
formyl THF
Histidine contributes formimino fragment to
produce N5 – formimino THF
Serine is converted to glycine, N5,N10 methylene
THF is formed
This is most common entry of 1C units into one
carbon pool
17. Choline contributes to the formation of N5
methyl THF
Different derivatives of THF carrying one
carbon units are interconvertible, & this is
metabolically significant for the continuity of
one carbon pool
Utilization of one carbon units
Utilized for synthesis of wide variety of
compounds
18. These includes
Purines
Formylmithionine tRNA (initiation of protein
synthesis)
Glycine
Pyrimidine nucleotide etc
Role of methionine & vitamin B12
Methyl group is an important one carbon unit
Methionine is active donor of methyl groups in
transmethylation reactions
19. After the release of methyl group, methionine
is converted to homocysteine
For regeneration of methionine, homocysteine
& N5-methyl THF are required & this reaction
is dependent on Vitamin B12
The one carbon pool, under the control of THF,
is linked with methionine metabolism through
Vitamin B12
23. Dietary deficiency is the most common cause
of folic acid
Dietary deficiencies are caused by
Inadequate intake seen in alcoholics
Overcooking of food resulting in loss of folic
acid activity
Impaired absorption due to small intestinal
diseases,
Drugs interfere with folic acid absorption-
sulfamethaxazole
24. Increased demand of folic acid seen in
pregnancy
Hemolytic anemia
Hence folic acid preparations are prescribed in
pregnancy &hemolytic anemia
Other causes
Loss of folic acid seen in patients undergoing
dialysis
Impaired synthesis of active form seen in
patients receiving folic acid antagonists such as
methotrexate
25. Megaloblastic anemia characterized by
hyperchromic macrocytic anemia (due to
maturation bloked)
Magaloblastic changes are seen in bone
marrow & mucosa
Patients look pale
Glossitis
26. Peripheral smear shows macrocytic
hyperchromic anemia
Hypersegmentation of neutrophils is common
27. Bone marrow shows megaloblastic changes
characterized by abnormally large size of
erythroid cells with cytoplasmic maturation
but impaired nuclear maturation due to
defective DNA synthesis
Defective red cell production
29. FIGLU excretion test:-
Folic acid deficiency is associated with
increased excretion of formiminoglutamate
(FIGLU) in urine
Due to impaired conversion of FIGLU to
glutamate in a reaction requiring FH4
Histidine
FIGLU
Formimino FH4
Histidine
Glutamate
FH4
FIGLU
Formimino FH4
Glutamate
FH4
Urine
Folic acid
deficiency
30. Folic acid supplementation during pregnancy
helps to prevent neural tube defects
Mainly involved in brain & spinal cord
Science, folic acid involved in nucleic acid &
amino acid metabolism
Deficiency results in impaired & aberrant
neural development
31.
32.
33.
34. Homocysteine is a risk factor for CHD
Folic acid is required for conversion of
homocysteine to methionine
Deficiency is associated with increased
plasma levels of Homocysteine
Folic acid suplementation decreases plasma
homocysteine levels
Homocysteine levels are also increased in
Vitamin B12 & Pyridoxine deficiency
35.
36. Aminopterin & Amethopterin (methotrexate)
Aminopterin & Amethopterin (methotrexate)
competitevely inhibit the enzyme dihydrofolate
reductase in humans
It impaires the formation of active form of
tetrahydrofolate from dihydrofolate
Significance:-
During the conversion of deoxyuridylate to
deoxythymidylate, dihydrofalate is formed,
utilizes N5,10 methylene FH4
37. Deoxythymidylate is required for DNA
synthesis
Folic acid antagonists will block DNA synthesis
& inhibit cell division
Clinical uses:-
Aminopterin & Amethopterin (methotrexate)
inhibit DNA synthesis in cancer cells
Used in treatment of cancer
Particularly leukemia & choriocarcinoma
38. It is a folic acid antagonist & it inhibits the
bacterial dihydrofolate reductase
Thus impairs the deoxythymidylate synthesis
leading to decreased synthesis of DNA
It is mainly used in bacterial infections
39.
40. Harper’s Biochemistry 25th Edition.
Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry by Tietz.
Text Book of Medical Biochemistry-A R Aroor.
Text Book of Biochemistry-DM Vasudevan
Text Book of Biochemistry-MN Chatterjea
Text Book of Biochemistry-Dr.U.Satyanarana