A presentation made by Dr Gauhar Mahmood Azeem on the interpretations of a simple CBC and the information it can give us, Various conditions which may cause derangement are mentioned,
Anemia Causes, Types, Symptoms, Diet, and Treatment Dr Medical
https://userupload.net/0gv9ijneu7hf
Anemia is a condition that develops when your blood lacks enough healthy red blood cells or hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is a main part of red blood cells and binds oxygen. If you have too few or abnormal red blood cells, or your hemoglobin is abnormal or low, the cells in your body will not get enough oxygen.
Anemia Causes, Types, Symptoms, Diet, and Treatment Dr Medical
https://userupload.net/0gv9ijneu7hf
Anemia is a condition that develops when your blood lacks enough healthy red blood cells or hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is a main part of red blood cells and binds oxygen. If you have too few or abnormal red blood cells, or your hemoglobin is abnormal or low, the cells in your body will not get enough oxygen.
This presentation is focused on diagnostic utility of Red blood cell indices which will be very useful for undergraduate and postgraduate of medical field.
Megaloblastic anaemia is a red blood cell disorder due to the inhibition of DNA synthesis during erythropioesis.
Mitotically, the inhibition of the DNA synthesis impaires the progression of the cell cycle development from G2 to (M) stage.
Aplastic anemia is one of the stem cell disorder which leads to pancytopenia in the peripheral blood and decrease production of all cell line in bone marrow. it require bone marrow transplantation to cure the patient.
This presentation is focused on diagnostic utility of Red blood cell indices which will be very useful for undergraduate and postgraduate of medical field.
Megaloblastic anaemia is a red blood cell disorder due to the inhibition of DNA synthesis during erythropioesis.
Mitotically, the inhibition of the DNA synthesis impaires the progression of the cell cycle development from G2 to (M) stage.
Aplastic anemia is one of the stem cell disorder which leads to pancytopenia in the peripheral blood and decrease production of all cell line in bone marrow. it require bone marrow transplantation to cure the patient.
Seven Basic Tools of Quality
A designation given to a fixed set of graphical techniques identified as being most helpful in troubleshooting issues related to quality.
Dr. Sachin Verma is a young, diligent and dynamic physician. He did his graduation from IGMC Shimla and MD in Internal Medicine from GSVM Medical College Kanpur. Then he did his Fellowship in Intensive Care Medicine (FICM) from Apollo Hospital Delhi. He has done fellowship in infectious diseases by Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA). He has also done FCCS course and is certified Advance Cardiac Life support (ACLS) and Basic Life Support (BLS) provider by American Heart Association. He has also done a course in Cardiology by American College of Cardiology and a course in Diabetology by International Diabetes Centre. He specializes in the management of Infections, Multiorgan Dysfunctions and Critically ill patients and has many publications and presentations in various national conferences under his belt. He is currently working in NABH Approved Ivy super-specialty Hospital Mohali as Consultant Intensivists and Physician.
The terms leukopenia and neutropenia are often used interchangeably. However, they refer to slightly different conditions. Leukopenia is an umbrella term that refers to a reducation in any of the white blood cell types.
Neutropenia is a type of leukopenia but refers specifically to a decrease in neutrophils, the most common type of white blood cell. A person’s neutrophil count is an important indicator of their infection risk.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
Contact us if you are interested:
Email / Skype : kefaya1771@gmail.com
Threema: PXHY5PDH
New BATCH Ku !!! MUCH IN DEMAND FAST SALE EVERY BATCH HAPPY GOOD EFFECT BIG BATCH !
Contact me on Threema or skype to start big business!!
Hot-sale products:
NEW HOT EUTYLONE WHITE CRYSTAL!!
5cl-adba precursor (semi finished )
5cl-adba raw materials
ADBB precursor (semi finished )
ADBB raw materials
APVP powder
5fadb/4f-adb
Jwh018 / Jwh210
Eutylone crystal
Protonitazene (hydrochloride) CAS: 119276-01-6
Flubrotizolam CAS: 57801-95-3
Metonitazene CAS: 14680-51-4
Payment terms: Western Union,MoneyGram,Bitcoin or USDT.
Deliver Time: Usually 7-15days
Shipping method: FedEx, TNT, DHL,UPS etc.Our deliveries are 100% safe, fast, reliable and discreet.
Samples will be sent for your evaluation!If you are interested in, please contact me, let's talk details.
We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
3. COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT
A complete blood count (CBC) is an important and
readily available investigation that focuses on Red
Blood Cells, White Blood Cells and Platelets, and
their various parameters. It can help to serve as a
screening test for many disorders and as a
prognostic or follow up tool.
5. RBC
Normal Values
Males 4.7 to 6.1 million cells per microliter
Females 4.2 to 5.4 million cells per microliter
6. LOW RBC COUNT
Known as anemia
Acute or chronic bleeding
RBC destruction (e.g., hemolytic anemia, etc.)
Nutritional deficiency (e.g., iron deficiency, vitamin B12
or folate deficiency)
Bone marrow disorders or damage
Chronic inflammatory disease
Kidney failure
7. HIGH RBC COUNT
Known as polycythemia
Dehydration
Pulmonary disease
Kidney or other tumor that produces excess
erythropoietin
Smoking
Genetic causes (altered oxygen sensing,
abnormality in hemoglobin oxygen release)
Polycythemia vera
8. HEMOGLOBIN
Is the protein molecule that carries oxygen in the
Red Blood Cells.
13.0-18.0 g/dl in males
11.5-16.5 g/dl in females
We can have N HB in N RBC
We can have N HB in D RBC
We can have D HB in D RBC
Thus the other indices MCH and MCHC come into
play.
9. HEMATOCRIT OR PCV
Males normal 45%
Females normal 40%
• High Hct
• Increased risk of Dengue
Shock Syndrome
• Polycythemia Vera
• COPD
• EPO or Erythropioten use
• Dehydration
• Capillary leak syndrome
• Sleep apnea
• Anabolic Steroid use
• Low Hct
• Due to anemia
• Anemia can be
characterised by using
the indices
10. MEAN CORPUSCULAR VOLUME
Normal 77-95fL
Low MCV indicates RBCs are smaller than normal
(microcytic); caused by iron deficiency anemia,
or thalassemias, Congenital sideroblastic Anemia,
Lead Poisoning, pyridoxine deficiency, anemia of
chronic disease
High MCV indicates RBCs are larger than normal
(macrocytic)
11. MEGALOBLASTIC MACROCYTIC ANEMIA
Macrocytes in bone marrow smear
Medications affecting folate metabolism
Vit B12 deficiency (Pernicious Anemia)
Folate deficiency (Alcohol related often)
Atrophic Gastitis
Gastrointestinal malabsorption
Nitrous oxide abuse
Primary Bone marrow disorders
14. MCH AND MCHC
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) measures the
amount, or the mass, of hemoglobin present in one
RBC. The weight of hemoglobin in an average cell is
obtained by dividing the hemoglobin by the total RBC
count. The result is reported by a very small weight
called a picogram (pg).
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)
measures the proportion of each cell taken up by
hemoglobin. The results are reported in percentages,
reflecting the proportion of hemoglobin in the RBC. The
hemoglobin is divided by the hematocrit and multiplied
by 100 to obtain the MCHC
15. MCH AND MCHC
Less in Microcytic Anemias
Normal in Macrocytic Anemias
Elevated in hereditary spherocytosis, sickle cell
disease and Honozygous Hemoglobin C disease
16. RED CELL DISTRIBUTION WIDTH
Low value indicates uniformity in size of RBCs
High value indicates mixed population of small and
large RBCs; immature RBCs tend to be larger. For
example, in iron deficiency anemia or pernicious
anemia, there is high variation (anisocytosis) in
RBC size (along with variation in shape –
poikilocytosis), causing an increase in the RDW
17. RETICULOCYTE COUNT
Absolute reticulocyte count = # or % retics X (pt’s Hct/ Normal
Hct)
Can be absolute or %
In the setting of anemia, a low reticulocyte count indicates a
condition is affecting the production of red blood cells, such as
bone marrow disorder or damage, or a nutritional deficiency
(iron, B12 or folate)
In the setting of anemia, a high reticulocyte count generally
indicates peripheral cause, such as bleeding or hemolysis, or
response to treatment (e.g., iron supplementation for iron
deficiency anemia)
19. WHITE BLOOD CELL COUNT
The normal number of WBCs in the blood is
4,500-11,000 white blood cells per microliter
(mcL). Normal value ranges may vary slightly
among different labs.
20. LEUKOPENIA
Low white cell count may be due to acute viral infections, such
as with a cold or influenza. It can be associated
with chemotherapy, radiation
therapy, myelofibrosis and aplastic anemia (failure of white
cell, red cell and platelet production). HIV and AIDS are also a
threat to white cells.
Other causes of low white blood cell count include systemic
lupus erythematosus, Hodgkin's lymphoma, some types
of cancer, typhoid, malaria, tuberculosis, dengue, rickettsial
infections, enlargement of
the spleen, folate deficiencies, psittacosis, sepsis and Lyme
disease. Many other causes exist, such as deficiency
in certain minerals, such as copperand zinc.
21. PSEUDOLEUKOPENIA
Pseudoleukopenia can develop upon the onset of
infection. The leukocytes (predominately neutrophils,
responding to injury first) start migrating towards the site
of infection and can be scanned at the site of infection.
Their migration causes bone marrow to produce more
WBCs to combat infection as well as to restore the
leukocytes in circulation, but as the blood sample is
taken upon the onset of infection, it contains low amount
of WBCs, which is why it is called "pseudoleukopenia".
22. DRUGS CAUSING LEUKOPENIA
LOADS!!!
Clozapine, buproprion, valproic acid, minocycline,
lamotrigine.
Immunosuppressive drugs, such
as sirolimus, mycophenolate
mofetil, tacrolimus, cyclosporine, Leflunomide
(Arava) and TNF inhibitors.[2] Interferonsused to
treat multiple sclerosis, such as Rebif, Avonex,
and Betaseron, can also cause leukopenia.
Chemotherapeutic drugs.
Lots of others.
24. LEUKOCYTOSIS
Known as leukocytosisInfection, most
commonly bacterial orviral
Inflammation
Leukemia, myeloproliferative disorders
Allergies, asthma
Tissue death (trauma, burns, heart attack)
Intense exercise or severe stress
Will mention in detail in respective cell line.
27. NEUTROPENIA
Decreased production in
the bone marrow due to:
aplastic anemia
arsenic poisoning
cancer, particularly blood
cancers
certain medications
hereditary
disorders (e.g. congenital
neutropenia, cyclic neutropenia)
radiation
Vitamin B12, folate
or copper deficiency
Increased destruction:
autoimmune neutropenia
chemotherapy treatments, such
as for cancer and autoimmune
diseases
Marginalisation and
sequestration:
Hemodialysis
Medications
Flecainide (a class 1C cardiac
antiarrhythmic drug)
Phenytoin
Indomethacin
Propylthiouracil
Carbimazole
Chlorpromazine
Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (cotri
moxazole)
Clozapine
Ticlodipine
Often, a mild neutropenia is seen in viral
infections. Additionally, a condition
called morning pseudoneutropenia might
be a side effect of certain antipsychotic
medications.
31. LOW MONOCYTES
Usually, one low count is not medically
significant.Repeated low counts can indicate:
Bone marrow damage or failure
Hairy cell leukemia
32. MONOCYTOSIS
Chronic infections (e.g., TB, Fungal Infections)
Infection within the heart (bacterial endocarditis)
Collagen vascular diseases (e.g.,
lupus, scleroderma, rheumatoid arthritis, vasculitis)
Monocytic or myelomonocytic leukemia (acute or
chronic)
33. LOW EOSINOPHILS
Numbers are normally low in the blood. One or an
occasional low number is usually not medically
significant
34. EOSINOPHILIA
Asthma, allergies such as hay fever
Drug reactions
Parasitic infections
Inflammatory disorders (celiac
disease, inflammatory bowel disease)
Some cancers, leukemias or lymphomas
35. BASOPENIA :D
As with eosinophils, numbers are normally low in
the blood; usually not medically significant
37. PLATELET COUNT
Normal platelet counts are in the range of 150,000
to 400,000 per microliter (or 150 - 400 x 109 per
liter), but the normal rangefor the platelet count
varies slightly among different laboratories.
39. THROMBOCYTOSIS
Reactive
Chronic infection
Chronic inflammation
Malignancy
Hyposplenism (post-splenectomy)
Iron deficiency
Acute blood loss
Myeloprofirative disorders – platelets are
both elevated and activated
Essential Thrombocytosis
Polycythemia Vera
Associated with other myeloid neoplasms
Congenital
Cancer (lung,
gastrointestinal, breast,ovarian,
lymphoma)
Kawasaki disease
Soft tissue sarcoma
Osteosarcoma
Dermatitis (rarely)
Inflammatory bowel
disease
Rheumatoid arthritis
Nephritis
Nephrotic syndrome
Bacterial diseases,
including pneumonia, sep
sis, meningitis, urinary
tract infections, and
septic arthritis
40. MEAN PLATELET VOLUME
Typical range of platelet volumes is 9.7–12.8 fL
Low value indicates average size of platelets is
small; older platelets are generally smaller than
younger ones and a low MPV may mean that a
condition is affecting the production of platelets by
the bone marrow.
High volume indicates a high number of larger,
younger platelets in the blood; this may be due to
the bone marrow producing and releasing platelets
rapidly into circulation.
41. PLATELET DISTRIBUTION WIDTH
A high PDW means increased variation in the size
of the platelets, which may mean that a condition is
present that is affecting platelets
42. LOW BLOOD COUNTS
All three lines depressed in
Aplastic Anemia, Myelodysplastic Syndrome,
Chemotherapy