This document provides a literature review on reversible arithmetic and logical units (ALUs). It discusses how reversible logic can be used to reduce power dissipation, one of the main requirements in low power digital design. Reversible logic gates like the Feynman gate, Fredkin gate, Toffoli gate, and HNG gate are described. Previous work on designing reversible ALUs is summarized, including designs using these reversible logic gates that achieve lower power consumption, quantum cost, and area. The document concludes by stating that novel programmable reversible logic gates have been used to design an 8-bit reversible ALU with low power consumption.
Presentation energy efficient code converters using reversible logic gatesAdityakumar2208
This document discusses energy efficient code converters using reversible logic gates. It outlines the drawbacks of irreversible computing such as energy dissipation and information loss. Reversible computing is more energy efficient and improves performance by recovering inputs from outputs. Code converters are used for encryption and decryption and allow for portability and tractability. A BCD to excess-3 converter is presented along with its truth table and block diagram. Reversible gates like the Feynman gate and NG gate are also discussed. The advantages of reversible gates include less energy dissipation and heat management. Designing reversible circuits is complex as garbage outputs must be minimized and loops and fan-out are not permitted. Reversible logic can be applied to code converters,
High Speed Time Efficient Reversible ALU Based Logic Gate Structure on Vertex...IJERD Editor
This document summarizes a research paper on designing a high-speed, time-efficient reversible arithmetic logic unit (ALU) using novel reversible logic gates. The paper proposes two new 4x4 reversible logic gates, the MRG and PAOG gates, that can be configured to perform various logical calculations with minimal delay. An 16-bit reversible ALU design is presented that can perform eight operations simultaneously using these gates. The ALU design is verified through simulation in ModelSim 6.5 and synthesis using Xilinx ISE 14.1 software. Analysis shows the proposed ALU design has advantages over existing designs in terms of speed, efficiency and logical functionality.
Researchers like Landauer and Bennett have shown that every bit of information lost will generate kTlog2 joules of
energy, whereas the energy dissipation would not occur, if computation is carried out in a reversible way. k is
Boltzmann’s constant and T is absolute temperature at which computation is performed. Thus reversible circuits will be
the most important one of the solutions of heat dissipation in Future circuit design. Reversible computing is motivated
by the Von Neumann Landauer (VNL) principle, a theorem of modern physics telling us that ordinary irreversible logic
operation which destructively overwrite previous outputs)in cur a fundamental physics) that performance on most
applications within realistic power constraints might still continue increasing indefinitely. Reversible logic is also a
core part of the quantum circuit model
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
1) The document presents designs for reversible logic gates and their applications in low power circuits. It proposes an improved design for a reversible programmable logic array (RPLA) using multiplexer and Feynman gates that is more efficient than existing designs.
2) It also proposes a method for structuring a reversible arithmetic logic unit (ALU) using reversible logic gates instead of traditional gates, achieving the same functionality with reduced information loss.
3) The RPLA design is demonstrated by implementing reversible 1-bit full adders and subtractors. Simulation results show the proposed design optimizes the number of reversible gates used.
Design of 4:16 decoder using reversible logic gatesIJERA Editor
Reversible logic has received great importance in the recent years because of its feature of reduction in power
dissipation. It finds application in low power digital designs, quantum computing, nanotechnology, DNA
computing etc. Large number of researches are currently ongoing on sequential and combinational circuits using
reversible logic. Decoders are one of the most important circuits used in combinational logic. Different
approaches have been proposed for their design. In this article, we have proposed a novel design of 4:16.
Implementation of Reversable Logic Based Design using Submicron TechnologySai Viswanath
Reversible logic has emerged as a computing paradigm having application in low power CMOS, quantum and optical computing. Design of reversible logic gate is reversible operation, when we say reversible it performing computation in such a way that any previous state can be reconstructed at given a description of the current state. The classical set of gates such as AND, OR, and XOR are not reversible.
This presentation is a design of reversible logic gate used for reversible operation. When we say reversible computing, we mean performing computation in such a way that any previous state of the computation can always be reconstructed given a description of the current state. The classical set of gates such as AND, OR, and EXOR are not reversible. This paper also includes simulation results of forward & backward computation of reversible FREDKIN gate and TSG gate.
Low Power Area Efficient Arithmetic and Logical Control Unit Using Reversible...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design of an 8-bit arithmetic logic unit (ALU) using reversible logic gates to reduce power consumption. Reversible logic gates allow computations to be done without loss of information, avoiding the energy dissipation associated with conventional logic gates. The proposed ALU uses a single reversible RC-1 gate to perform 10 operations - 4 logical and 6 arithmetic. It is implemented on an FPGA using Verilog and simulation results demonstrate it correctly performing operations on 8-bit inputs under different conditions as selected by a multiplexer. The design has advantages over existing approaches in requiring fewer gates and having zero garbage outputs.
Presentation energy efficient code converters using reversible logic gatesAdityakumar2208
This document discusses energy efficient code converters using reversible logic gates. It outlines the drawbacks of irreversible computing such as energy dissipation and information loss. Reversible computing is more energy efficient and improves performance by recovering inputs from outputs. Code converters are used for encryption and decryption and allow for portability and tractability. A BCD to excess-3 converter is presented along with its truth table and block diagram. Reversible gates like the Feynman gate and NG gate are also discussed. The advantages of reversible gates include less energy dissipation and heat management. Designing reversible circuits is complex as garbage outputs must be minimized and loops and fan-out are not permitted. Reversible logic can be applied to code converters,
High Speed Time Efficient Reversible ALU Based Logic Gate Structure on Vertex...IJERD Editor
This document summarizes a research paper on designing a high-speed, time-efficient reversible arithmetic logic unit (ALU) using novel reversible logic gates. The paper proposes two new 4x4 reversible logic gates, the MRG and PAOG gates, that can be configured to perform various logical calculations with minimal delay. An 16-bit reversible ALU design is presented that can perform eight operations simultaneously using these gates. The ALU design is verified through simulation in ModelSim 6.5 and synthesis using Xilinx ISE 14.1 software. Analysis shows the proposed ALU design has advantages over existing designs in terms of speed, efficiency and logical functionality.
Researchers like Landauer and Bennett have shown that every bit of information lost will generate kTlog2 joules of
energy, whereas the energy dissipation would not occur, if computation is carried out in a reversible way. k is
Boltzmann’s constant and T is absolute temperature at which computation is performed. Thus reversible circuits will be
the most important one of the solutions of heat dissipation in Future circuit design. Reversible computing is motivated
by the Von Neumann Landauer (VNL) principle, a theorem of modern physics telling us that ordinary irreversible logic
operation which destructively overwrite previous outputs)in cur a fundamental physics) that performance on most
applications within realistic power constraints might still continue increasing indefinitely. Reversible logic is also a
core part of the quantum circuit model
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
1) The document presents designs for reversible logic gates and their applications in low power circuits. It proposes an improved design for a reversible programmable logic array (RPLA) using multiplexer and Feynman gates that is more efficient than existing designs.
2) It also proposes a method for structuring a reversible arithmetic logic unit (ALU) using reversible logic gates instead of traditional gates, achieving the same functionality with reduced information loss.
3) The RPLA design is demonstrated by implementing reversible 1-bit full adders and subtractors. Simulation results show the proposed design optimizes the number of reversible gates used.
Design of 4:16 decoder using reversible logic gatesIJERA Editor
Reversible logic has received great importance in the recent years because of its feature of reduction in power
dissipation. It finds application in low power digital designs, quantum computing, nanotechnology, DNA
computing etc. Large number of researches are currently ongoing on sequential and combinational circuits using
reversible logic. Decoders are one of the most important circuits used in combinational logic. Different
approaches have been proposed for their design. In this article, we have proposed a novel design of 4:16.
Implementation of Reversable Logic Based Design using Submicron TechnologySai Viswanath
Reversible logic has emerged as a computing paradigm having application in low power CMOS, quantum and optical computing. Design of reversible logic gate is reversible operation, when we say reversible it performing computation in such a way that any previous state can be reconstructed at given a description of the current state. The classical set of gates such as AND, OR, and XOR are not reversible.
This presentation is a design of reversible logic gate used for reversible operation. When we say reversible computing, we mean performing computation in such a way that any previous state of the computation can always be reconstructed given a description of the current state. The classical set of gates such as AND, OR, and EXOR are not reversible. This paper also includes simulation results of forward & backward computation of reversible FREDKIN gate and TSG gate.
Low Power Area Efficient Arithmetic and Logical Control Unit Using Reversible...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design of an 8-bit arithmetic logic unit (ALU) using reversible logic gates to reduce power consumption. Reversible logic gates allow computations to be done without loss of information, avoiding the energy dissipation associated with conventional logic gates. The proposed ALU uses a single reversible RC-1 gate to perform 10 operations - 4 logical and 6 arithmetic. It is implemented on an FPGA using Verilog and simulation results demonstrate it correctly performing operations on 8-bit inputs under different conditions as selected by a multiplexer. The design has advantages over existing approaches in requiring fewer gates and having zero garbage outputs.
Power and Delay Analysis of Logic Circuits Using Reversible GatesRSIS International
This paper determines the propagation delay and on
chip power consumed by each basic and universal gates and
basic arithmetic functions designed using existing reversible
gates through VHDL. Hence a designer can choose the best
reversible gates to use for any logic circuit design. The paper
does a look up table analysis of truth tables of the reversible
gates to find the occurrence of the AND OR, NAND, NOR and
basic arithmetic functions, useful to build complex combinational
digital logic circuits.
This document describes the design of optimized reversible Vedic multipliers for high-speed low-power operations. It presents 2x2, 4x4, and 8x8 bit reversible Vedic multipliers based on the Urdhva Tiryakbhyam multiplication algorithm. The multipliers were designed using reversible logic gates like Feynman, Peres, and HNG gates. Simulation results showed the reversible Vedic multipliers have lower time delay, area, and number of logic units compared to normal Vedic multipliers. Potential applications of these high-speed low-power multipliers include fast Fourier transforms, public key cryptography, and embedded systems.
Implemenation of Vedic Multiplier Using Reversible Gates csandit
With DSP applications evolving continuously, there is continuous need for improved multipliers which are faster and power efficient. Reversible logic is a new and promising field which addresses the problem of power dissipation. It has been shown to consume zero power theoretically. Vedic mathematics techniques have always proven to be fast and efficient for solving various problems. Therefore, in this paper we implement Urdhva Tiryagbhyam algorithm using reversible logic thereby addressing two important issues – speed and power consumption of implementation of multipliers. In this work, the design of 4x4 Vedic multiplier is optimized by reducing the number of logic gates, constant inputs, and garbage outputs. This multiplier can find its application in various fields like convolution, filter applications, cryptography, and communication.
OPTIMIZED MULTIPLIER USING REVERSIBLE MULTICONTROL INPUT TOFFOLI GATESVLSICS Design
Reversible logic is an important area to carry the computation into the world of quantum computing. In this paper a 4-bit multiplier using a new reversible logic gate called BVPPG gate is presented. BVPPG gate is a 5 x 5 reversible gate which is designed to generate partial products required to perform multiplication and also duplication of operand bits is obtained. This reduces the total cost of the circuit. Toffoli gate is the universal and also most flexible reversible logic gate. So we have used the Toffoli gates to construct the designed multiplier.
Reversible logic gates can be used to reduce heat generation in computing. Traditional irreversible logic gates necessarily generate heat from information loss, but reversible gates avoid this by not resulting in information loss. The document describes several types of reversible gates: the NOT gate, Feynman gate, Toffoli gate, and Fredkin gate. It provides details on the functionality of each gate through logic equations and VHDL code examples.
Design of High speed Low Power Reversible Vedic multiplier and Reversible Div...IJERA Editor
This paper bring out a 32X32 bit reversible Vedic multiplier using "Urdhva Tiryakabhayam" sutra meaning vertical and crosswise, is designed using reversible logic gates, which is the first of its kind. Also in this paper we propose a new reversible unsigned division circuit. This circuit is designed using reversible components like reversible parallel adder, reversible left-shift register, reversible multiplexer, reversible n-bit register with parallel load line. The reversible vedic multiplier and reversible divider modules have been written in Verilog HDL and then synthesized and simulated using Xilinx ISE 9.2i. This reversible vedic multiplier results shows less delay and less power consumption by comparing with array multiplier.
SCOPE OF REVERSIBLE ENGINEERING AT GATE-LEVEL: FAULT-TOLERANT COMBINATIONAL A...VLSICS Design
Reversible engineering has been one of the thrust areas ensuring that continual process of the innovation trends that explore and sustain the resources of the nature. This reversible engineering is used in many fields like quantum computing, low power CMOS design, nanotechnology, optical information processing, digital signal processing, cryptography, etc. These are the digital domain implementations of Reversible and Fault-Tolerant logic gates. Any arbitrary Boolean function can be synthesized by using the proposed parity preserving reversible gates. Not only the possibility of detecting errors is induced inherently in the proposed high speed adders at their output side but also it allows any fault that affects no more than a single signal that is detectable. The fault tolerant reversible full adder circuits are realized by using two IG gates only. The derived fault tolerant full adder is used for designing other arithmetic- logic circuit by using it as fundamental building block. The proposed reversible gate is designed to have less hardware complexity and efficiecyt in terms of gate count, garbage outputs and constant input. In this paper, we design BCD adder using carry select logic, Carry-select and Bypass adders using FG gates, and newly designed TG gates.
DESIGN OF PARITY PRESERVING LOGIC BASED FAULT TOLERANT REVERSIBLE ARITHMETIC ...VLSICS Design
Reversible Logic is gaining significant consideration as the potential logic design style for implementation
in modern nanotechnology and quantum computing with minimal impact on physical entropy .Fault
Tolerant reversible logic is one class of reversible logic that maintain the parity of the input and the
outputs. Significant contributions have been made in the literature towards the design of fault tolerant
reversible logic gate structures and arithmetic units, however, there are not many efforts directed towards
the design of fault tolerant reversible ALUs. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) is the prime performing unit in
any computing device and it has to be made fault tolerant. In this paper we aim to design one such fault
tolerant reversible ALU that is constructed using parity preserving reversible logic gates. The designed
ALU can generate up to seven Arithmetic operations and four logical operations.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document proposes a multiply-accumulate (MAC) unit architecture using a multiplier based on the Vedic mathematics sutra of Urdhva Tiryagbhyam. It describes how the sutra can be used to simplify binary multiplications by breaking them into smaller 2x2 multiplications that can be performed in parallel. The proposed Vedic mathematics based MAC unit is shown to be highly efficient in terms of speed due to its regular and parallel structure.
Low Power Reversible Parallel Binary Adder/SubtractorVLSICS Design
The document describes three designs for a reversible 8-bit parallel binary adder/subtractor circuit. Design I uses F and FG reversible gates, with a quantum cost of 12 for the half adder/subtractor and 21 for the full adder/subtractor. Design II uses FG and TR gates for the half adder/subtractor with a cost of 8, and TR and FG gates for the full adder/subtractor. Design III is proposed to be more efficient but is not described. The performance of the different designs is analyzed based on the number of gates, garbage inputs/outputs, and quantum cost.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
This document compares the design and implementation of 32-bit unsigned integer multipliers using carry look-ahead adders (CLAA) and carry select adders (CSLA). It finds that a CSLA-based multiplier has 31% less area than a CLAA-based multiplier, while both achieve nearly the same delay time of 99ns. VHDL models are developed and simulated for both multipliers. Analysis shows the CSLA design has better area efficiency with comparable speed performance.
Efficient Design of Reversible Multiplexers with Low Quantum CostIJERA Editor
Multiplexing is the generic term used to designate the operation of sending one or more analogue or digital
signals over a common transmission line at dissimilar times or speeds and as such, the scheme we use to do just
that is called a Multiplexer. In digital electronics, multiplexers are similarly known as data selectors as they can
“select” each input line, are made from individual Analogue Switches encased in a single IC package as
conflicting to the “mechanical” type selectors such as standard conservative switches and relays. In today era,
reversibility has become essential part of digital world to make digital circuits more efficient. In this paper, we
have proposed a new method to reduce quantum cost and power for various multiplexers. The results are
simulated in Xilinx by using VHDL language.
A Novel Design of a 4 Bit Reversible ALU using Kogge-Stone Adderijtsrd
Reversible circuits are one promising direction withapplications in the field of low-power design or quantumcomputation. However, no real design flow for this new kind ofcircuits exists so far. Significant contributions have been madein the literature towards the design of reversible logic gatestructures and arithmetic units, however, there are not manyefforts directed towards the design of reversible ALUs. In thispaper, a novel programmable reversible Kogge-Stone adder ispresented and verified, and its implementation in the design ofa reversible Arithmetic Logic Unit is demonstrated. Then,reversible implementations of ripple-carry, Kogge-Stone carrylook-ahead adders are analyzed and compared in terms ofdelay. The proposed design consists of the reversible Fredkin,Feynman, MG, HNG, PG and RKSC gates. The performancecharacteristics analysis is carried out in Xilinx environment. Swetha Potharla | Rajkumar R"A Novel Design of a 4 Bit Reversible ALU using Kogge-Stone Adder" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-6 , October 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd5758.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/5758/a-novel-design-of-a-4-bit-reversible-alu-using--kogge-stone-adder/swetha-potharla
The document presents a new reversible logic gate called BBCDC (Binary to BCD conversion) and a more effective realization of a BCD adder circuit using the proposed BBCDC gate. The BBCDC is a 5x5 reversible gate that converts binary numbers to BCD format. The proposed BCD adder uses DKFG reversible gates for addition and the BBCDC gate for binary to BCD conversion. A comparison shows the proposed design uses fewer gates and garbage outputs than existing BCD adder designs. The efficient design of the BCD adder depends on the reversible ripple carry adder and the reversible binary to BCD converter used.
High functionality reversible arithmetic logic unitIJECEIAES
Energy loss is a big challenge in digital logic design primarily due to impending end of Moore‟s Law. Increase in power dissipation not only affects portability but also overall life span of a device. Many applications cannot afford this loss. Therefore, future computing will rely on reversible logic for implementation of power efficient and compact circuits. Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) is a fundamental component of all processors and designing it with reversible logic is tedious. The various ALU designs using reversible logic gates exist in literature but operations performed by them are limited. The main aim of this paper is to propose a new design of reversible ALU and enhance number of operations in it. This paper critically analyzes proposed ALU with existing designs and demonstrates increase in functionality with 56% reduction in gates, 17% reduction in garbage lines, 92% reduction in ancillary lines and 53% reduction in quantum cost. The proposed ALU design is coded in Verilog HDL, synthesized and simulated using EDA (Electronic Design Automation) tool-Xilinx ISE design suit 14.2. RCViewer+ tool has been used to validate quantum cost of proposed design.
Iaetsd low power high speed vedic multiplier using reversibleIaetsd Iaetsd
This document summarizes the design of low power, high speed Vedic multipliers using reversible logic gates. It describes the Urdhva Tiryagbhyam multiplication algorithm, which performs multiplication vertically and crosswise. Reversible logic gates are introduced, which allow the design of circuits with zero power dissipation. 2x2 and 4x4 multiplier designs using reversible logic like Feynman, Peres, and NFT gates are presented. The 4x4 design uses four 2x2 multiplier blocks and ripple carry adders. Simulation results show the proposed designs have lower total reversible logic implementation cost than previous designs in terms of quantum cost, garbage outputs, and constant inputs.
Performance Analysis of Reversible 16 Bit ALU based on Novel Programmable Rev...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design of a reversible 16-bit Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) using novel reversible logic gate structures to reduce power consumption. It presents the design of 1-bit arithmetic and logic units that are then extended to 16-bits. The arithmetic unit uses a Hagparast Navi gate as a reversible full adder along with Feynman and Fredkin gates. The logic unit uses Toffoli gates to perform logic operations. A reversible multiplexer combines the units. Simulation results show the reversible ALU reduces total power consumption by 5.12% compared to an irreversible design due to lower dynamic power, particularly in logic power which is reduced by 53.3%.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
A Review of Low Power Novel Gate DesignIRJET Journal
This document reviews reversible logic gate design for low power VLSI circuits. It discusses how reversible logic gates can dissipate near-zero power by recovering the output from the input. Common reversible logic gates like Feynman, Fredkin, and Peres gates are described along with their functions. As an example, a full adder circuit is designed using Peres gates to demonstrate how reversible logic can reduce power consumption compared to traditional logic. Simulation results show the reversible adder has lower quantum cost and delay than other reversible adders. In conclusion, reversible logic gates are a promising technique for low-power VLSI design.
IRJET- Design and Implementation of Combinational Circuits using Reversible G...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and implementation of combinational circuits using reversible gates to reduce power consumption. It begins with an introduction to reversible logic and discusses how reversible gates can be used to design logic circuits without information loss and zero energy dissipation. Several reversible gates are described including NOT, Feynman, Toffoli and Fredkin gates. The document then presents the design of a 2x4 decoder and 4x16 decoder using reversible gates like Peres, TR and CNOT gates. Simulation results demonstrating the outputs of the decoders are shown. Finally, a comparative study of reversible decoders in terms of quantum cost and garbage outputs is discussed. The conclusion states that reversible logic allows minimizing fan-out limitations and quantum cost in combinational
Power and Delay Analysis of Logic Circuits Using Reversible GatesRSIS International
This paper determines the propagation delay and on
chip power consumed by each basic and universal gates and
basic arithmetic functions designed using existing reversible
gates through VHDL. Hence a designer can choose the best
reversible gates to use for any logic circuit design. The paper
does a look up table analysis of truth tables of the reversible
gates to find the occurrence of the AND OR, NAND, NOR and
basic arithmetic functions, useful to build complex combinational
digital logic circuits.
This document describes the design of optimized reversible Vedic multipliers for high-speed low-power operations. It presents 2x2, 4x4, and 8x8 bit reversible Vedic multipliers based on the Urdhva Tiryakbhyam multiplication algorithm. The multipliers were designed using reversible logic gates like Feynman, Peres, and HNG gates. Simulation results showed the reversible Vedic multipliers have lower time delay, area, and number of logic units compared to normal Vedic multipliers. Potential applications of these high-speed low-power multipliers include fast Fourier transforms, public key cryptography, and embedded systems.
Implemenation of Vedic Multiplier Using Reversible Gates csandit
With DSP applications evolving continuously, there is continuous need for improved multipliers which are faster and power efficient. Reversible logic is a new and promising field which addresses the problem of power dissipation. It has been shown to consume zero power theoretically. Vedic mathematics techniques have always proven to be fast and efficient for solving various problems. Therefore, in this paper we implement Urdhva Tiryagbhyam algorithm using reversible logic thereby addressing two important issues – speed and power consumption of implementation of multipliers. In this work, the design of 4x4 Vedic multiplier is optimized by reducing the number of logic gates, constant inputs, and garbage outputs. This multiplier can find its application in various fields like convolution, filter applications, cryptography, and communication.
OPTIMIZED MULTIPLIER USING REVERSIBLE MULTICONTROL INPUT TOFFOLI GATESVLSICS Design
Reversible logic is an important area to carry the computation into the world of quantum computing. In this paper a 4-bit multiplier using a new reversible logic gate called BVPPG gate is presented. BVPPG gate is a 5 x 5 reversible gate which is designed to generate partial products required to perform multiplication and also duplication of operand bits is obtained. This reduces the total cost of the circuit. Toffoli gate is the universal and also most flexible reversible logic gate. So we have used the Toffoli gates to construct the designed multiplier.
Reversible logic gates can be used to reduce heat generation in computing. Traditional irreversible logic gates necessarily generate heat from information loss, but reversible gates avoid this by not resulting in information loss. The document describes several types of reversible gates: the NOT gate, Feynman gate, Toffoli gate, and Fredkin gate. It provides details on the functionality of each gate through logic equations and VHDL code examples.
Design of High speed Low Power Reversible Vedic multiplier and Reversible Div...IJERA Editor
This paper bring out a 32X32 bit reversible Vedic multiplier using "Urdhva Tiryakabhayam" sutra meaning vertical and crosswise, is designed using reversible logic gates, which is the first of its kind. Also in this paper we propose a new reversible unsigned division circuit. This circuit is designed using reversible components like reversible parallel adder, reversible left-shift register, reversible multiplexer, reversible n-bit register with parallel load line. The reversible vedic multiplier and reversible divider modules have been written in Verilog HDL and then synthesized and simulated using Xilinx ISE 9.2i. This reversible vedic multiplier results shows less delay and less power consumption by comparing with array multiplier.
SCOPE OF REVERSIBLE ENGINEERING AT GATE-LEVEL: FAULT-TOLERANT COMBINATIONAL A...VLSICS Design
Reversible engineering has been one of the thrust areas ensuring that continual process of the innovation trends that explore and sustain the resources of the nature. This reversible engineering is used in many fields like quantum computing, low power CMOS design, nanotechnology, optical information processing, digital signal processing, cryptography, etc. These are the digital domain implementations of Reversible and Fault-Tolerant logic gates. Any arbitrary Boolean function can be synthesized by using the proposed parity preserving reversible gates. Not only the possibility of detecting errors is induced inherently in the proposed high speed adders at their output side but also it allows any fault that affects no more than a single signal that is detectable. The fault tolerant reversible full adder circuits are realized by using two IG gates only. The derived fault tolerant full adder is used for designing other arithmetic- logic circuit by using it as fundamental building block. The proposed reversible gate is designed to have less hardware complexity and efficiecyt in terms of gate count, garbage outputs and constant input. In this paper, we design BCD adder using carry select logic, Carry-select and Bypass adders using FG gates, and newly designed TG gates.
DESIGN OF PARITY PRESERVING LOGIC BASED FAULT TOLERANT REVERSIBLE ARITHMETIC ...VLSICS Design
Reversible Logic is gaining significant consideration as the potential logic design style for implementation
in modern nanotechnology and quantum computing with minimal impact on physical entropy .Fault
Tolerant reversible logic is one class of reversible logic that maintain the parity of the input and the
outputs. Significant contributions have been made in the literature towards the design of fault tolerant
reversible logic gate structures and arithmetic units, however, there are not many efforts directed towards
the design of fault tolerant reversible ALUs. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) is the prime performing unit in
any computing device and it has to be made fault tolerant. In this paper we aim to design one such fault
tolerant reversible ALU that is constructed using parity preserving reversible logic gates. The designed
ALU can generate up to seven Arithmetic operations and four logical operations.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document proposes a multiply-accumulate (MAC) unit architecture using a multiplier based on the Vedic mathematics sutra of Urdhva Tiryagbhyam. It describes how the sutra can be used to simplify binary multiplications by breaking them into smaller 2x2 multiplications that can be performed in parallel. The proposed Vedic mathematics based MAC unit is shown to be highly efficient in terms of speed due to its regular and parallel structure.
Low Power Reversible Parallel Binary Adder/SubtractorVLSICS Design
The document describes three designs for a reversible 8-bit parallel binary adder/subtractor circuit. Design I uses F and FG reversible gates, with a quantum cost of 12 for the half adder/subtractor and 21 for the full adder/subtractor. Design II uses FG and TR gates for the half adder/subtractor with a cost of 8, and TR and FG gates for the full adder/subtractor. Design III is proposed to be more efficient but is not described. The performance of the different designs is analyzed based on the number of gates, garbage inputs/outputs, and quantum cost.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
This document compares the design and implementation of 32-bit unsigned integer multipliers using carry look-ahead adders (CLAA) and carry select adders (CSLA). It finds that a CSLA-based multiplier has 31% less area than a CLAA-based multiplier, while both achieve nearly the same delay time of 99ns. VHDL models are developed and simulated for both multipliers. Analysis shows the CSLA design has better area efficiency with comparable speed performance.
Efficient Design of Reversible Multiplexers with Low Quantum CostIJERA Editor
Multiplexing is the generic term used to designate the operation of sending one or more analogue or digital
signals over a common transmission line at dissimilar times or speeds and as such, the scheme we use to do just
that is called a Multiplexer. In digital electronics, multiplexers are similarly known as data selectors as they can
“select” each input line, are made from individual Analogue Switches encased in a single IC package as
conflicting to the “mechanical” type selectors such as standard conservative switches and relays. In today era,
reversibility has become essential part of digital world to make digital circuits more efficient. In this paper, we
have proposed a new method to reduce quantum cost and power for various multiplexers. The results are
simulated in Xilinx by using VHDL language.
A Novel Design of a 4 Bit Reversible ALU using Kogge-Stone Adderijtsrd
Reversible circuits are one promising direction withapplications in the field of low-power design or quantumcomputation. However, no real design flow for this new kind ofcircuits exists so far. Significant contributions have been madein the literature towards the design of reversible logic gatestructures and arithmetic units, however, there are not manyefforts directed towards the design of reversible ALUs. In thispaper, a novel programmable reversible Kogge-Stone adder ispresented and verified, and its implementation in the design ofa reversible Arithmetic Logic Unit is demonstrated. Then,reversible implementations of ripple-carry, Kogge-Stone carrylook-ahead adders are analyzed and compared in terms ofdelay. The proposed design consists of the reversible Fredkin,Feynman, MG, HNG, PG and RKSC gates. The performancecharacteristics analysis is carried out in Xilinx environment. Swetha Potharla | Rajkumar R"A Novel Design of a 4 Bit Reversible ALU using Kogge-Stone Adder" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-6 , October 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd5758.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/5758/a-novel-design-of-a-4-bit-reversible-alu-using--kogge-stone-adder/swetha-potharla
The document presents a new reversible logic gate called BBCDC (Binary to BCD conversion) and a more effective realization of a BCD adder circuit using the proposed BBCDC gate. The BBCDC is a 5x5 reversible gate that converts binary numbers to BCD format. The proposed BCD adder uses DKFG reversible gates for addition and the BBCDC gate for binary to BCD conversion. A comparison shows the proposed design uses fewer gates and garbage outputs than existing BCD adder designs. The efficient design of the BCD adder depends on the reversible ripple carry adder and the reversible binary to BCD converter used.
High functionality reversible arithmetic logic unitIJECEIAES
Energy loss is a big challenge in digital logic design primarily due to impending end of Moore‟s Law. Increase in power dissipation not only affects portability but also overall life span of a device. Many applications cannot afford this loss. Therefore, future computing will rely on reversible logic for implementation of power efficient and compact circuits. Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) is a fundamental component of all processors and designing it with reversible logic is tedious. The various ALU designs using reversible logic gates exist in literature but operations performed by them are limited. The main aim of this paper is to propose a new design of reversible ALU and enhance number of operations in it. This paper critically analyzes proposed ALU with existing designs and demonstrates increase in functionality with 56% reduction in gates, 17% reduction in garbage lines, 92% reduction in ancillary lines and 53% reduction in quantum cost. The proposed ALU design is coded in Verilog HDL, synthesized and simulated using EDA (Electronic Design Automation) tool-Xilinx ISE design suit 14.2. RCViewer+ tool has been used to validate quantum cost of proposed design.
Iaetsd low power high speed vedic multiplier using reversibleIaetsd Iaetsd
This document summarizes the design of low power, high speed Vedic multipliers using reversible logic gates. It describes the Urdhva Tiryagbhyam multiplication algorithm, which performs multiplication vertically and crosswise. Reversible logic gates are introduced, which allow the design of circuits with zero power dissipation. 2x2 and 4x4 multiplier designs using reversible logic like Feynman, Peres, and NFT gates are presented. The 4x4 design uses four 2x2 multiplier blocks and ripple carry adders. Simulation results show the proposed designs have lower total reversible logic implementation cost than previous designs in terms of quantum cost, garbage outputs, and constant inputs.
Performance Analysis of Reversible 16 Bit ALU based on Novel Programmable Rev...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design of a reversible 16-bit Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) using novel reversible logic gate structures to reduce power consumption. It presents the design of 1-bit arithmetic and logic units that are then extended to 16-bits. The arithmetic unit uses a Hagparast Navi gate as a reversible full adder along with Feynman and Fredkin gates. The logic unit uses Toffoli gates to perform logic operations. A reversible multiplexer combines the units. Simulation results show the reversible ALU reduces total power consumption by 5.12% compared to an irreversible design due to lower dynamic power, particularly in logic power which is reduced by 53.3%.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
A Review of Low Power Novel Gate DesignIRJET Journal
This document reviews reversible logic gate design for low power VLSI circuits. It discusses how reversible logic gates can dissipate near-zero power by recovering the output from the input. Common reversible logic gates like Feynman, Fredkin, and Peres gates are described along with their functions. As an example, a full adder circuit is designed using Peres gates to demonstrate how reversible logic can reduce power consumption compared to traditional logic. Simulation results show the reversible adder has lower quantum cost and delay than other reversible adders. In conclusion, reversible logic gates are a promising technique for low-power VLSI design.
IRJET- Design and Implementation of Combinational Circuits using Reversible G...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and implementation of combinational circuits using reversible gates to reduce power consumption. It begins with an introduction to reversible logic and discusses how reversible gates can be used to design logic circuits without information loss and zero energy dissipation. Several reversible gates are described including NOT, Feynman, Toffoli and Fredkin gates. The document then presents the design of a 2x4 decoder and 4x16 decoder using reversible gates like Peres, TR and CNOT gates. Simulation results demonstrating the outputs of the decoders are shown. Finally, a comparative study of reversible decoders in terms of quantum cost and garbage outputs is discussed. The conclusion states that reversible logic allows minimizing fan-out limitations and quantum cost in combinational
IRJET- Design and Implementation of Combinational Circuits using Reversib...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and implementation of combinational circuits using reversible gates to reduce power consumption. It describes various reversible gates like NOT, Feynman, Toffoli, and Fredkin gates. Reversible decoders are designed using these gates to implement 2x4, 3x8, and 4x16 decoders with lower quantum costs and garbage outputs compared to traditional designs. The reversible decoder approach allows designing combinational circuits like adders and comparators with better performance. Simulation results demonstrate the working of the designed reversible decoders.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IRJET - Realization of Power Optimised Carry Skip Adder using AOI LogicIRJET Journal
1) The document proposes a carry skip adder (CSKA) based on AND-OR inverter (AOI) logic to reduce area and power consumption compared to a conventional CSKA based on multiplexer logic.
2) A 4-bit CSKA design using AOI logic is presented and simulated using Xilinx. Simulation results show it has lower area and power consumption than a traditional CSKA using multiplexers.
3) The CSKA based on AOI logic can be used in digital circuit designs where area and power consumption are critical constraints.
Review On 2:4 Decoder By Reversible Logic Gates For Low Power ConsumptionIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes designing a 2:4 decoder using reversible logic gates to reduce power consumption. Reversible logic gates use minimal power by only employing buffers instead of traditional CMOS gates. The document provides background on reversible gates and decoders, reviews previous work on low-power decoder designs, and proposes a reversible gate-based 2:4 decoder design to reduce overall system power consumption compared to a standard CMOS implementation. Simulation results from other studies show reversible gate designs can achieve up to 26% power reduction for instruction decoding. The proposed design aims to lower delay and gate count while minimizing power.
Design of Digital Adder Using Reversible LogicIJERA Editor
Reversible logic circuits have promising applications in Quantum computing, Low power VLSI design,
Nanotechnology, optical computing, DNA computing and Quantum dot cellular automata. In spite of them
another main prominent application of reversible logic is Quantum computers where the quantum devices are
essential which are ideally operated at ultra high speed with less power dissipation must be built from reversible
logic components. This makes the reversible logic as a one of the most promising research areas in the past few
decades. In VLSI design the delay is the one of the major issue along with area and power. This paper presents
the implementation of Ripple Carry Adder (RCA) circuits using reversible logic gates are discussed.
Design of Digital Adder Using Reversible LogicIJERA Editor
This document describes the design of a reversible ripple carry adder using reversible logic gates. It discusses reversible logic gates like the Feynman, Fredkin, Toffoli and Peres gates. It then explains how to implement a reversible full adder using the Peres gate and HNG gate. A ripple carry adder is formed by cascading multiple full adders. 16-bit reversible ripple carry adders were designed using the Peres gate and HNG gate. The adder using HNG gate has fewer gates, less quantum cost but similar garbage outputs compared to the adder using Peres gate.
IRJET - High Speed Inexact Speculative Adder using Carry Look Ahead Adder...IRJET Journal
This document presents a novel architecture for a high-speed inexact speculative adder using carry lookahead adder and Brent Kung adder. The proposed adder splits the critical path into shorter paths using fine-grain pipelining to improve speed. It uses a carry lookahead adder and Brent Kung adder in 4-bit blocks to speculate the carry and calculate sums, with error compensation. The design is implemented using a 5-stage pipeline to further reduce delay. Implementation in MAGIC shows the proposed adder achieves higher speed through optimized pipelining of key components in the speculative and compensation blocks.
Optimized study of one bit comparator using reversible logic gateseSAT Journals
Abstract In digital electronics, the power dissipation is the major problem. So that the reversible gate can be implemented in microelectronics and electronics which have low power dissipation in the digital designing because, in the reversible state in reversible logic it will use no energy. Hence reversible logic has ability to reduce the power dissipation in digital designing. In the Reversible logic, reversibility have a special condition which is reversible computing and reversible computing is based on the principle of BIJECTION DEVICE with a same no. of input and output which means one to one mapping. Reversible logic has numerous applications in the field of electronics and microelectronics which are ultra low power in nanoscale computing, quantum computing, emerging nanotechnology cellular automata and the other approach of reversible logic is ballistic computation, mechanical computation which are the basic technology. This paper presents an optimization of reversible comparator using the existing reversible gates and proposed new Reversible one bit comparator using BVF gate. A comparative result is presented in terms of number of gates, number of garbage outputs, number of constant inputs and Quantum cost. Keywords— advanced computing, Reversible logic circuits, reversible logic gates and comparator
Low Power Reversible Parallel Binary Adder/SubtractorVLSICS Design
In recent years, Reversible Logic is becoming more and more prominent technology having its applications in Low Power CMOS, Quantum Computing, Nanotechnology, and Optical Computing. Reversibility plays an important role when energy efficient computations are considered. In this paper, Reversible eight-bit Parallel Binary Adder/Subtractor with Design I, Design II and Design III are proposed. In all the three design approaches, the full Adder and Subtractors are realized in a single unit as compared to only full Subtractor in the existing design. The performance analysis is verified using number reversible gates, Garbage input/outputs and Quantum Cost. It is observed that Reversible eight-bit Parallel Binary Adder/Subtractor with Design III is efficient compared to Design I, Design II and existing design.
This document summarizes research on basic reversible logic gates and their implementation in Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA). It begins with an introduction to reversible logic and its advantages in reducing power dissipation compared to traditional irreversible logic. It then defines key concepts in reversible logic like garbage outputs and quantum cost. The document describes several important reversible logic gates - the Feynman gate, Fredkin gate, DKG gate, and MRG gate - and provides their truth tables and quantum implementations in QCA. It presents simulation results for these gates in QCA and compares their complexity, area, delay, and simulation time. The document concludes that reversible logic gates can help in designing circuits for quantum computing and other low power applications
1) The document presents designs for reversible logic gates and their applications in low power circuits. It proposes an improved design for a reversible programmable logic array (RPLA) using multiplexer and Feynman gates that is more efficient than existing designs.
2) It also proposes a method for structuring a reversible arithmetic logic unit (ALU) using reversible logic gates instead of traditional gates, achieving the same functionality with reduced information loss.
3) The RPLA design is demonstrated by implementing reversible 1-bit full adders and subtractors. Simulation results show the proposed design optimizes the number of reversible gates used.
EVOLUTION OF STRUCTURE OF SOME BINARY GROUP-BASED N-BIT COMPARATOR, N-TO-2N D...VLSICS Design
The document describes the design of reversible n-bit comparators and n-to-2n decoders using a novel 4x4 reversible gate called the inventive gate. Key points:
- A novel 4x4 inventive gate is introduced that can implement all boolean logic functions and is used to design 1-bit comparators and n-to-2n decoders.
- Reversible 1-bit, 2-bit, 8-bit, 32-bit, and n-bit group-based comparators are constructed using the inventive gate that have low values for reversible logic parameters like number of gates, garbage outputs, and constant inputs.
- Approaches for designing 2-to-22 and
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Now a day’s reversible logic is an attractive research area due to its low power consumption in the area of
VLSI circuit design. The reversible logic gate is utilized to optimize power consumption by a feature of
retrieving input logic from an output logic because of bijective mapping between input and output. In this
manuscript, we design 4:2 and 5:2 reversible compressor circuits using a new type of reversible gate. In
addition, we propose new gate, named as inventive0 gate for optimizing a compressor circuit. The utility of
the inventive0 gate is that it can be used as full adder and full subtraction with low value of garbage
outputs and quantum cost. An algorithm is shown for designing a compressor structure. The comparative
study shows that the proposed compressor structure outperforms the existing ones in terms of garbage
outputs, number of gates and quantum cost. The compressor can reduce the effect of carry (Produce from
full adder) of the arithmetic frame design. In addition, we implement a basic reversible gate of MOS
transistor with less number of MOS transistor count.
Design and Implementation of Optimized 32-Bit Reversible Arithmetic Logic Unitrahulmonikasharma
With the growing advent of VLSI technology, the device size is shrinking and the complexity of the circuit is increasing exponentially. Power dissipation is considered as one of the most important design parameter. Reversible logic is an emerging and promising technology that provides almost zero power dissipation. Power consumption is also considered as an important parameter in digital circuits. In this paper, an efficient fault tolerant 32-bit reversible arithmetic and logic unit is designed and implemented using some parity preserving gates. The proposed design is better in terms of quantum cost and power dissipation. The number of garbage outputs are reduced by using them as an arithmetic or logical operation. The design can perform three arithmetic operations: Adder, Subtractor, Multiplier and four logical operations: Transfer A, Transfer B, Bitwise AND, XOR operation. The results of the proposed design are then compared with the existing design.
QUANTUM COMPUTING FOR VLSI : VERILOG IMPLEMENTATION OF REVERSIBLE LOGIC GATESDrKavitaKhare
This document discusses reversible logic gates and presents Verilog code implementations. It begins with an introduction to reversible logic and its applications in low power design. Reversible logic gates allow computations to occur with zero energy dissipation by ensuring a one-to-one mapping between inputs and outputs. The document then defines basic reversible logic concepts like reversible functions, gates, ancilla inputs, garbage outputs, and quantum cost. It proceeds to describe several important reversible logic gates - NOT, Feynman, Double Feynman, Toffoli - and provides their Verilog implementations and combinational circuit diagrams. The document focuses on presenting the theoretical foundations and hardware implementations of reversible logic gates using Verilog.
Similar to An Extensive Literature Review on Reversible Arithmetic and Logical Unit (20)
TUNNELING IN HIMALAYAS WITH NATM METHOD: A SPECIAL REFERENCES TO SUNGAL TUNNE...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses the Sungal Tunnel project in Jammu and Kashmir, India, which is being constructed using the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM).
2) NATM involves continuous monitoring during construction to adapt to changing ground conditions, and makes extensive use of shotcrete for temporary tunnel support.
3) The methodology section outlines the systematic geotechnical design process for tunnels according to Austrian guidelines, and describes the various steps of NATM tunnel construction including initial and secondary tunnel support.
STUDY THE EFFECT OF RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR ON RC FRAMED STRUCTUREIRJET Journal
This study examines the effect of response reduction factors (R factors) on reinforced concrete (RC) framed structures through nonlinear dynamic analysis. Three RC frame models with varying heights (4, 8, and 12 stories) were analyzed in ETABS software under different R factors ranging from 1 to 5. The results showed that displacement increased as the R factor decreased, indicating less linear behavior for lower R factors. Drift also decreased proportionally with increasing R factors from 1 to 5. Shear forces in the frames decreased with higher R factors. In general, R factors of 3 to 5 produced more satisfactory performance with less displacement and drift. The displacement variations between different building heights were consistent at different R factors. This study evaluated how R factors influence
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RCC ELEMENT OF SLAB WITH STARK STEEL (HYSD STEEL) A...IRJET Journal
This study compares the use of Stark Steel and TMT Steel as reinforcement materials in a two-way reinforced concrete slab. Mechanical testing is conducted to determine the tensile strength, yield strength, and other properties of each material. A two-way slab design adhering to codes and standards is executed with both materials. The performance is analyzed in terms of deflection, stability under loads, and displacement. Cost analyses accounting for material, durability, maintenance, and life cycle costs are also conducted. The findings provide insights into the economic and structural implications of each material for reinforcement selection and recommendations on the most suitable material based on the analysis.
Effect of Camber and Angles of Attack on Airfoil CharacteristicsIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study analyzing the effect of camber, position of camber, and angle of attack on the aerodynamic characteristics of airfoils. Sixteen modified asymmetric NACA airfoils were analyzed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) by varying the camber, camber position, and angle of attack. The results showed the relationship between these parameters and the lift coefficient, drag coefficient, and lift to drag ratio. This provides insight into how changes in airfoil geometry impact aerodynamic performance.
A Review on the Progress and Challenges of Aluminum-Based Metal Matrix Compos...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the progress and challenges of aluminum-based metal matrix composites (MMCs), focusing on their fabrication processes and applications. It discusses how various aluminum MMCs have been developed using reinforcements like borides, carbides, oxides, and nitrides to improve mechanical and wear properties. These composites have gained prominence for their lightweight, high-strength and corrosion resistance properties. The document also examines recent advancements in fabrication techniques for aluminum MMCs and their growing applications in industries such as aerospace and automotive. However, it notes that challenges remain around issues like improper mixing of reinforcements and reducing reinforcement agglomeration.
Dynamic Urban Transit Optimization: A Graph Neural Network Approach for Real-...IRJET Journal
This document discusses research on using graph neural networks (GNNs) for dynamic optimization of public transportation networks in real-time. GNNs represent transit networks as graphs with nodes as stops and edges as connections. The GNN model aims to optimize networks using real-time data on vehicle locations, arrival times, and passenger loads. This helps increase mobility, decrease traffic, and improve efficiency. The system continuously trains and infers to adapt to changing transit conditions, providing decision support tools. While research has focused on performance, more work is needed on security, socio-economic impacts, contextual generalization of models, continuous learning approaches, and effective real-time visualization.
Structural Analysis and Design of Multi-Storey Symmetric and Asymmetric Shape...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research project that aims to compare the structural performance of conventional slab and grid slab systems in multi-story buildings using ETABS software. The study will analyze both symmetric and asymmetric building models under various loading conditions. Parameters like deflections, moments, shears, and stresses will be examined to evaluate the structural effectiveness of each slab type. The results will provide insights into the comparative behavior of conventional and grid slabs to help engineers and architects select appropriate slab systems based on building layouts and design requirements.
A Review of “Seismic Response of RC Structures Having Plan and Vertical Irreg...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes and reviews a research paper on the seismic response of reinforced concrete (RC) structures with plan and vertical irregularities, with and without infill walls. It discusses how infill walls can improve or reduce the seismic performance of RC buildings, depending on factors like wall layout, height distribution, connection to the frame, and relative stiffness of walls and frames. The reviewed research paper analyzes the behavior of infill walls, effects of vertical irregularities, and seismic performance of high-rise structures under linear static and dynamic analysis. It studies response characteristics like story drift, deflection and shear. The document also provides literature on similar research investigating the effects of infill walls, soft stories, plan irregularities, and different
This document provides a review of machine learning techniques used in Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS). It begins with an abstract that summarizes key applications of machine learning in ADAS, including object detection, recognition, and decision-making. The introduction discusses the integration of machine learning in ADAS and how it is transforming vehicle safety. The literature review then examines several research papers on topics like lightweight deep learning models for object detection and lane detection models using image processing. It concludes by discussing challenges and opportunities in the field, such as improving algorithm robustness and adaptability.
Long Term Trend Analysis of Precipitation and Temperature for Asosa district,...IRJET Journal
The document analyzes temperature and precipitation trends in Asosa District, Benishangul Gumuz Region, Ethiopia from 1993 to 2022 based on data from the local meteorological station. The results show:
1) The average maximum and minimum annual temperatures have generally decreased over time, with maximum temperatures decreasing by a factor of -0.0341 and minimum by -0.0152.
2) Mann-Kendall tests found the decreasing temperature trends to be statistically significant for annual maximum temperatures but not for annual minimum temperatures.
3) Annual precipitation in Asosa District showed a statistically significant increasing trend.
The conclusions recommend development planners account for rising summer precipitation and declining temperatures in
P.E.B. Framed Structure Design and Analysis Using STAAD ProIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and analysis of pre-engineered building (PEB) framed structures using STAAD Pro software. It provides an overview of PEBs, including that they are designed off-site with building trusses and beams produced in a factory. STAAD Pro is identified as a key tool for modeling, analyzing, and designing PEBs to ensure their performance and safety under various load scenarios. The document outlines modeling structural parts in STAAD Pro, evaluating structural reactions, assigning loads, and following international design codes and standards. In summary, STAAD Pro is used to design and analyze PEB framed structures to ensure safety and code compliance.
A Review on Innovative Fiber Integration for Enhanced Reinforcement of Concre...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on innovative fiber integration methods for reinforcing concrete structures. It discusses studies that have explored using carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites with recycled plastic aggregates to develop more sustainable strengthening techniques. It also examines using ultra-high performance fiber reinforced concrete to improve shear strength in beams. Additional topics covered include the dynamic responses of FRP-strengthened beams under static and impact loads, and the performance of preloaded CFRP-strengthened fiber reinforced concrete beams. The review highlights the potential of fiber composites to enable more sustainable and resilient construction practices.
Survey Paper on Cloud-Based Secured Healthcare SystemIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a survey on securing patient healthcare data in cloud-based systems. It discusses using technologies like facial recognition, smart cards, and cloud computing combined with strong encryption to securely store patient data. The survey found that healthcare professionals believe digitizing patient records and storing them in a centralized cloud system would improve access during emergencies and enable more efficient care compared to paper-based systems. However, ensuring privacy and security of patient data is paramount as healthcare incorporates these digital technologies.
Review on studies and research on widening of existing concrete bridgesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes several studies that have been conducted on widening existing concrete bridges. It describes a study from China that examined load distribution factors for a bridge widened with composite steel-concrete girders. It also outlines challenges and solutions for widening a bridge in the UAE, including replacing bearings and stitching the new and existing structures. Additionally, it discusses two bridge widening projects in New Zealand that involved adding precast beams and stitching to connect structures. Finally, safety measures and challenges for strengthening a historic bridge in Switzerland under live traffic are presented.
React based fullstack edtech web applicationIRJET Journal
The document describes the architecture of an educational technology web application built using the MERN stack. It discusses the frontend developed with ReactJS, backend with NodeJS and ExpressJS, and MongoDB database. The frontend provides dynamic user interfaces, while the backend offers APIs for authentication, course management, and other functions. MongoDB enables flexible data storage. The architecture aims to provide a scalable, responsive platform for online learning.
A Comprehensive Review of Integrating IoT and Blockchain Technologies in the ...IRJET Journal
This paper proposes integrating Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain technologies to help implement objectives of India's National Education Policy (NEP) in the education sector. The paper discusses how blockchain could be used for secure student data management, credential verification, and decentralized learning platforms. IoT devices could create smart classrooms, automate attendance tracking, and enable real-time monitoring. Blockchain would ensure integrity of exam processes and resource allocation, while smart contracts automate agreements. The paper argues this integration has potential to revolutionize education by making it more secure, transparent and efficient, in alignment with NEP goals. However, challenges like infrastructure needs, data privacy, and collaborative efforts are also discussed.
A REVIEW ON THE PERFORMANCE OF COCONUT FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE.IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on the performance of coconut fibre reinforced concrete. It summarizes several studies that tested different volume fractions and lengths of coconut fibres in concrete mixtures with varying compressive strengths. The studies found that coconut fibre improved properties like tensile strength, toughness, crack resistance, and spalling resistance compared to plain concrete. Volume fractions of 2-5% and fibre lengths of 20-50mm produced the best results. The document concludes that using a 4-5% volume fraction of coconut fibres 30-40mm in length with M30-M60 grade concrete would provide benefits based on previous research.
Optimizing Business Management Process Workflows: The Dynamic Influence of Mi...IRJET Journal
The document discusses optimizing business management processes through automation using Microsoft Power Automate and artificial intelligence. It provides an overview of Power Automate's key components and features for automating workflows across various apps and services. The document then presents several scenarios applying automation solutions to common business processes like data entry, monitoring, HR, finance, customer support, and more. It estimates the potential time and cost savings from implementing automation for each scenario. Finally, the conclusion emphasizes the transformative impact of AI and automation tools on business processes and the need for ongoing optimization.
Multistoried and Multi Bay Steel Building Frame by using Seismic DesignIRJET Journal
The document describes the seismic design of a G+5 steel building frame located in Roorkee, India according to Indian codes IS 1893-2002 and IS 800. The frame was analyzed using the equivalent static load method and response spectrum method, and its response in terms of displacements and shear forces were compared. Based on the analysis, the frame was designed as a seismic-resistant steel structure according to IS 800:2007. The software STAAD Pro was used for the analysis and design.
Cost Optimization of Construction Using Plastic Waste as a Sustainable Constr...IRJET Journal
This research paper explores using plastic waste as a sustainable and cost-effective construction material. The study focuses on manufacturing pavers and bricks using recycled plastic and partially replacing concrete with plastic alternatives. Initial results found that pavers and bricks made from recycled plastic demonstrate comparable strength and durability to traditional materials while providing environmental and cost benefits. Additionally, preliminary research indicates incorporating plastic waste as a partial concrete replacement significantly reduces construction costs without compromising structural integrity. The outcomes suggest adopting plastic waste in construction can address plastic pollution while optimizing costs, promoting more sustainable building practices.
Discover the latest insights on Data Driven Maintenance with our comprehensive webinar presentation. Learn about traditional maintenance challenges, the right approach to utilizing data, and the benefits of adopting a Data Driven Maintenance strategy. Explore real-world examples, industry best practices, and innovative solutions like FMECA and the D3M model. This presentation, led by expert Jules Oudmans, is essential for asset owners looking to optimize their maintenance processes and leverage digital technologies for improved efficiency and performance. Download now to stay ahead in the evolving maintenance landscape.
Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptxaryanpankaj78
A Digital Twin in computer networking is a virtual representation of a physical network, used to simulate, analyze, and optimize network performance and reliability. It leverages real-time data to enhance network management, predict issues, and improve decision-making processes.
Home security is of paramount importance in today's world, where we rely more on technology, home
security is crucial. Using technology to make homes safer and easier to control from anywhere is
important. Home security is important for the occupant’s safety. In this paper, we came up with a low cost,
AI based model home security system. The system has a user-friendly interface, allowing users to start
model training and face detection with simple keyboard commands. Our goal is to introduce an innovative
home security system using facial recognition technology. Unlike traditional systems, this system trains
and saves images of friends and family members. The system scans this folder to recognize familiar faces
and provides real-time monitoring. If an unfamiliar face is detected, it promptly sends an email alert,
ensuring a proactive response to potential security threats.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...PriyankaKilaniya
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELijaia
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.