Grade 10 Physical Sciences Based on Andries Oliviers' CAPS aligned textbook Focus area: Reactions in aqueous solutions

1. Reactions in
aqeous solutions

2. Water

3. Water is polar
+ -
δ δ

4. Forms a
dipole

5. Water is an excellent
solvent

6. Compounds that contain polar
molecules
Ionic
solids

7. Polar molecules ionisation:
+ -
HCl(g) → H (aq) + Cl (aq)
δ+ δ-

8. Ionic solids dissociation:
+ -
NaCl(g) → Na (aq) + Cl (aq)

10. Solutions that conduct
electricity are known as
electrolytes

11. Strong Weak Non-
electrolytes

12. Strong Weak
Non-
High Low
No [ions]
[ions] [ions]
Do not
Conduct Conduct
Conduct
well poorly

13. Conductivity depends on:
Type of substance
Solubility of substance
Concentration of the ions in solution

18. Types of chemical reactions

19. Ion exchange reactions

21. Includes:
Precipitation reactions
Gas forming reactions
Acid-base reactions

22. Precipitation
reactions

23. Precipitate forms when there is a
combination of ions that can form a
salt that is insoluble in water.

24. Solubility rules

28. Balanced chemical equations
for precipitate reactions
Formulae Chemical
of equation
Word Balance
reactants for
equation & precipitate
products

29. Testing for certain ions

30. Testing for
halides

31. - - -
Cl , Br , I

32. AgNO3 (aq) and shake
-
Cl White precipitate
Nitric acid
Nothing happens: chloride

33. AgNO3 (aq) and shake
-
Br Cream coloured precipitate
Nitric acid
Nothing happenes bromide

34. AgNO3 (aq) and shake
-
I Yellow precipitate
Nitric acid
Nothing happens iodide

36. Testing for
Sulphates

37. BaNO3 (aq)
White precipitate
Nitric acid
Nothing happens: sulphate

38. Testing for
carbonates

39. BaNO3 (aq)
White precipitate
Nitric acid
Precipitate disappears: carbonate

41. Gas
forming
reaction

42. When ions exchange, and a gas
is part of the product.
Acid and carbonate → CO2
Acid and metal → H2

44. Acid-base
reaction

45. Acid-base
neutralisation

47. Acid and metal oxide

49. Acid and a metal carbonate

51. Acid and a metal

53. Redox reactions

54. Reduction/oxidation
reaction

55. Loss of electrons -
oxidation

56. Gain of electrons -
reduction

59. Metal displacement
Hydrogen displacement
Halogen displacement

60. To
summarise

61. When substances
mix with water,
they can dissolve.

62. When these
solutions conduct
electricity, they are
called electrolytes.

63. Ion exchange
reactions: Cations
and anions in
solutions swop
around.

64. Precipitation reactions:
One of the products are
insoluble.

65. Gas forming reactions:
One of the products is
a gas.

66. Acid-base reactions:
Acids react to metal- or
metal-based substances
to form H2