The document discusses microorganisms and the human digestive system. It describes that microorganisms are tiny living organisms that are only visible under a microscope. They can be beneficial, like bacteria that help digest food, or harmful, causing diseases. The human digestive system breaks down food through mechanical and chemical digestion in the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine. Proper nutrition requires consuming a balanced diet with proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals and water for growth, energy, repair and health.
In the presentation I have shown the various ways the microbes help us in our day to day life. There are different types of microbes in and around us who help us in ways we even don't know about. Please comment if any improvement needed.
This ppt is based on Chapter 2 of the Grade-8 NCERT Science textbook. I have made it like a revision ppt which you can use to revise the concepts taught in the chapter
Class VIII Science: Chapter 2: Microorganisms; Friend and FoeAngel Alina Varghese
Class 8th NCERT science book's Chapter 2, titled "Microorganisms; Friend and Foe" deals with microorganisms. Major groups of microorganisms, friendly and harmful microorganisms and their uses in our daily life.
In the presentation I have shown the various ways the microbes help us in our day to day life. There are different types of microbes in and around us who help us in ways we even don't know about. Please comment if any improvement needed.
This ppt is based on Chapter 2 of the Grade-8 NCERT Science textbook. I have made it like a revision ppt which you can use to revise the concepts taught in the chapter
Class VIII Science: Chapter 2: Microorganisms; Friend and FoeAngel Alina Varghese
Class 8th NCERT science book's Chapter 2, titled "Microorganisms; Friend and Foe" deals with microorganisms. Major groups of microorganisms, friendly and harmful microorganisms and their uses in our daily life.
Dengue is caused by an virus named as Den of 4 serotypes. Den virus is being spread by a mosquito Aedes aegypti. It is very essential to understand symptoms of dengue, habit, habitat and life cycle of vector Aedes. There by Dengue control measures can be taken to control dengue diseases to prevent morbidity and mortality due to dengue.
Microbial cultures are foundational and basic diagnostic methods used extensively as a research tool in molecular biology.
Microbial cultures are used to determine the type of organism, its abundance in the sample being tested, or both.
It is one of the primary diagnostic methods of microbiology and used as a tool to determine the cause of infectious disease by letting the agent multiply in a predetermined medium.
It is often essential to isolate a pure culture of microorganisms
I never uploaded Part 3! Apologies. Part three is about mind mapping - the advatages to it and how to do it. The grade 9's seemed much more comfortable with this, as opposed to part one and two, which indicates that that is clearly their weakness.
Grade 9 CAPS-aligned. The grade 9's are expected to know the symbology involved in chemsitry. This is the introduction of formulae, symbols and atoms and molecules and elements and compounds. This is also a handy tool for grade 8 chemistry.
An introduction to the Periodic Table and the 30 most often used elements in the CAPS syllabus. This is an easy tool to introduce the grade nines and eights to chemistry. You will have to be prepared to spend approximately 2 hours on this slideshow.
Grade 10 eletrostatics unit, CAPS- aligned. The unit includes calculation of charge on two isolated spheres, and quantisation of charge. Text taken/adapted form Andries Olivier's Textbook and Workbook.
Grade 10 CAPS-aligned unit on magnetism, from magnetic domains to visual representation of magnetic fields. Includes the magnetosphere and aurora phenomenon.
Part 2 of a multi-part lesson. Part 2 covers the narrow techniques required to memorise lists and sequences. This lesson turned out log - we spent two hours on it.
This is part one of a multi-part lesson. I chunked it, because each individual skill is so important. The textbook barely does this section justice, so my principal gave me licence to extend it and do the work as detailed as I can afford, taking time constraints into consideration.
Part 1 focuses on reading to extract knowledge from a text,
Life long learning and planing (lesson 2)Lily Kotze
I have to teach Life Orientation this year, ensuring I cover the syllabus as well as some study methods.
This lesson was focused on what life-long learning is and it's importance. I also included Planning for studies, as the time for all of this is not enough and we have to double-up on lessons sometimes.
The grade 9's do a basic introduction to the systems in the human body. This slide focuses on the respiratory system. The text is derived from the DocScientia series, which is CAPS-aligned.
Focus on the atmosphere of the earth, its layers and composition as well as its functions. Grade 9 CAPS - aligned, text taken from the DocScientia series.
A quick overview regarding redox reactions for grade 10's. There are no ionic equations here, and no oxidation numbers yet. This will be re-uploaded as soon as the chapter is completed.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
3. Andries Olivier p 1
The existence of microorganisms
Living
organisms
which are
too small to be
seen with the
naked eye.
You need a
4. Andries Olivier p 1
The existence of microorganisms
Extremely small in size.
Numverous. Numverous. Numerous.Numverous. Numverous. Numerous.Numverous. Numverous.
Numerous.Numverous. Numverous. Numerous.Numverous. Numverous. Numerous.Numverous. Numverous.
Numerous.Numverous. Numverous. Numerous.Numverous. Numverous. Numerous.Numverous. Numverous.
Numerous.Numverous. Numverous. Numerous.Numverous. Numverous. Numerous.Numverous. Numverous.
Numerous.Numverous. Numverous. Numerous.Numverous. Numverous. Numerous.Numverous. Numverous.
Numerous.Numverous. Numverous. Numerous.Numverous. Numverous. Numerous.Numverous. Numverous.
Numerous.Numverous. Numverous. Numerous.Numverous. Numverous. Numerous.Numverous. Numverous.
Numerous.Numverous. Numverous. Numerous.Numverous. Numverous. Numerous.Numverous. Numverous.
Numerous.Numverous. Numverous. Numerous.Numverous. Numverous. Numerous.Numverous. Numverous.
Numerous.Numverous. Numverous. Numerous.Numverous. Numverous. Numerous.Numverous. Numverous.
Numerous.Numverous. Numverous. Numerous.Numverous. Numverous. Numerous.
Numerous
Extremely
important to ü
5. Andries Olivier p 1
The existence of microorganisms
They play an important role
in the decomposition of
dead plants and animals,
causing dead matter to
decay and spoil.
6. Andries Olivier p 1
The existence of microorganisms
Some are useful, others are
harmful.
Cause diseases in
animals, humans and
plants.
7. Andries Olivier p 1
The existence of microorganisms
There are three main types:
viruses
bacteria
fungi
8. Andries Olivier p 1
Viruses
Smaller than fungi and bacteria.
You need a powerful electron
microscope to see them.
They are not true cells: they cannot
reproduce on their own.
They can only reproduce once they
are inside a hosts' cells.
This causes the host to become ill
because their cells become
damaged.
Influenza
Measles
Common cold
Chicken pox
Fever blisters
AIDS
9. Andries Olivier p 1
Bacteria
Bigger than viruses, but still VERY small.
Found everywhere.
Most are harmless to humans and play
important roles in food webs.
Those that do, cause disease enter human
cells and use the cells to feed while giving
off poisons.
10. Andries Olivier p 1
Fungi
Fungal cells 10 – 100 times bigger than bacteria
cells.
Many different types, shapes and sizes.
Yeast – small, unicellular: used to bake bread.
Mould – very thin threads (furry/woolly): grows
on stale bread and overripe fruit.
Mushrooms and toadstools – larger and grow in
soil or in compost.
11. Andries Olivier p 2
Reproduction
Make replicas of themselves and
multiply in minutes/seconds.
They damage the hosts' cells or give
off toxins.
Only after many cells have been
damaged, or large amounts of toxins
have built up, does the host get sick.
12. Andries Olivier p 2
Role
Maintain soil fertility
Purify water
Digest food in humans and animals
13. Andries Olivier p 2
Useful microorganims
Decomposing bacteria help to break
down animal and plant material.
Nutrients return to the soil.
15. Andries Olivier p 2
Useful microorganisms
Some ruminants have bacteria in their stomachs
that help to digest grass.
Also used to produce dairy products.
Yeast = unicellular fungi. Used in baking bread.
One adds yeast to the dough, which respires and
forms small bubbles of CO2. (Which allows the
bread to rise.)
Yeast also ferments alcoholic drinks such as beer
and wine.
16. Andries Olivier p 3
Antibiotics
...are manufactured by using microorganisms.
...used to destroy other disease-causing bacteria
or prevent them from reproducing.
...containing penicillin are produced using penicillin
fungus.
Certain antibiotics originate from bacteria.
17. Andries Olivier p 3
Antibiotics
...can cause allergic reactions in some people.
Everyone has 'good' bacteria in their digestive
systems – it helps to destroy dangerous/harmful
bacteria.
Dangerous bacteria can affect the digestive
system, causing an upset tummy.
18. Andries Olivier p 3
Harmful organisms
Once inside the body, they multiply quickly.
Can cause disease in two ways:
Destroy cells
Give off poisonous chemicals called toxins
The effect of microorganisms on the body are
called symptoms.
Microorganisms which cause diseases are
called pathogens.
19. Andries Olivier p 3
HIV and AIDS
HIV infects a person when they have unprotected sex
with an infected person of when blood from and infected
person enters the body of another person.
An infected mother can pass HIV to her unborn child, or
through breastfeeding.
If someone is infected with the HI virus we say that they
are HIV positive.
20. Andries Olivier p 3
HIV and AIDS
HIV attacks the body's immune system. (The bodies'
defence system, protecting the body by fighting
diseases.)
HIV enters the cells of the immune system (called T
cells), destroys the cells and weakens the immune
system.
The immune system cannot combat diseases when it is
weakened.
The person will be ill more often.
21. Andries Olivier p 3
HIV and AIDS
Over the years the virus attacks so many cells that the
immune system eventually no longer works and is no
longer able to protect the body against serious illnesses.
At this point we say the person has AIDS.
TB and pneumonia are bacterial infections which often
affect people with AIDS.
It can take a few years for the HI virus to weaken a
person's immune system, so the person can appear
healthy for a long time although they are HIV positive.
22. Andries Olivier p 3
Resistance to medicines
Harmful microorganisms can be destroyed by white blood
cells.
White blood cells can:
Ingest and digest microorganisms.
Produce antibodies that attach microorganisms.
These destroy or collect them which enables them to be
engulfed quicker.
Destroy toxins manufactured by harmful organisms.
23. Andries Olivier p 3
White cells also produce “memory cells”, which stay in
the blood for a very long time, and can recognise
pathogens which enter the body. These cells helps a
person to attack the disease quickly, so that person does
not suffer the same symptoms again. A person is now
immune.
Each type of antibody is specialised. When a mixture of
organisms infects a body, many different antibodies are
required to help with healing.
Medical remedies are used to help combat
microorganisms. However, microorganisms can mutate,
developing resistance to the medicines, so they spread
much quicker.
25. Andries Olivier p 8
Cells and systems
All living things consist of really small particles called
cells.
Cells are the basic unit of
which living organisms
consist.
26. Andries Olivier p 8
Cells and systems
All cells have the same basic structure,
but differ according to their function,
and from which part of the organism
they originate.
Groups of cells with the same structure
and function are known as tissues.
27. Andries Olivier p 8
Cells and systems
So the progression is:
Atoms → Molecules →
Cells → Tissues →
Organs → Systems →
Organism
28. Andries Olivier p 8
Cells and systems
Since cells are very small,
we need to use a
microscope to see cells.
30. Andries Olivier p 9
Microscope
Also ocular: Lens where
you put your eye, enlarges
the object (10x).
Holds objectives with low-
and high-power lenses
rotating disc.
Lenses of the objectives
help to enlarge the image.
Also platform: Supports the
microscope slide opening
which transmits light from
the mirror or electric light
source below.
31. Andries Olivier p 9
Microscope
Controls the amount of light
directed onto and passing
through the object; focuses
light rays from the mirror or
light source onto the object.
Reflects light upwards
through the condenser
towards the opening in the
stage.
Used for final focus to get a
clear image.
33. Andries Olivier p 9
Microscope
Magnification: If the magnifying power of the eyepiece
is 10x and the objective is 40x, the the total
magnification of the object being viewed is 10 x 40; or
400x
Microscope slide: Consists of a glass slide, the object
(specimen and a cover-slip.
34. Andries Olivier p 9
Cell structure
Cell membrane: covers the cell
Cytoplasm: the living
substance, contains all
organelles. Viscous liquid.
Nucleus: controls the
functions of the cells.
Largest organelle in the
cell.
Vacuole: organelle with a
membrane that holds liquid.
37. Andries Olivier p 10
PLANT CELLS
Firm shape because of a
cell wall.
One or two large, permanent
vacuoles.
The green pigment called
chloroplasts.
ANIMAL CELLS
Flexible shape because it has
no cell wall.
Many small vacuoles, in any
at all.
No green pigment called
chloroplasts.
38. Andries Olivier p 10
Both types of
cells
have...
cytoplasmcell
membrane a nucleus
48. Andries Olivier p 19
The process by which
living organisms take
in food and use it for
energy, growth and
repair.
49. Andries Olivier p 19
Required
growth energy
K
health
N Repair and replacement
of worn and damaged
tissue
50. Andries Olivier p 19
Nutrient Function
Proteins Growth and repair building blocks
Carbohydrates Instant energy source
Fats Reserve energy source and insulation
against the cold
Vitamins Ensures normal growth and
development. Health.
Minerals Ensures normal growth and
development.
Water Main ingredient of your body. Supplies
fluid medium for metabolic processes.
Fibre Prevents constipation and certain
cancers.
51. Andries Olivier p 20
Digestion
Breaking down of organic food
compounds to their simplest forms.
Food is made up of really large molecules
which cannot be absorbed into the blood
or cells because of their size.
Cells need protein to be made smaller –
into amino acids, carbohydrates into
glucose and fats into glycerol and fatty
acids.
52. Andries Olivier p 20
Digestion
Mechanical digestion:
Teeth tear, chew, grind
Stomach stir, grinds and mixes
Chemical digestion:
Digestive enzymes break food down
chemically
53. Andries Olivier p 21
Human digestive system
Made up of:
Mouth
Oesophagus
Stomach
Small intestines
Large intestines
54. Andries Olivier p 21
Teeth
Biting, chewing
grinding food
Tongue
• Keep food
between teeth
• Mixed food with
saliva
• Moulds food into
bolus
• Assists with
swallowing
Salivary glands
Secrete saliva
• Keep food moist
• Form a bolus
Oesophagus
Peristalsis: pushes bolus to stomach by
means of peristalsis – no digestive function.
Stomach
• Muscular wall grinds food finely
and mixes it with digestive
juices (mechanical digestion).
• Stomach juices start breaking
down proteins (chemical
digestion).
Liver
• Produces bile
• Bile digests fatty
acids
Gall bladder
Temporarily stores bile
Pancreas
Produce digestive
juice with enzymes
that break down
proteins, fats and
carbohydrates.
Small intestine
• Secretes intestinal juice containing
enzymes
• Enzymes digest food substances
• Contains villi
• Absorbs digested food substances
Large intestine
• Stores undigested
food temporarily.
• Absorbs water,
mineral salts and
some vitamins.
• Bacteria
decompose
digested food to
faeces which leaves
the body through
the anus.
58. Andries Olivier p 22
Tongue functions
Contains taste buds – is a taste
organ.
Helps with chewing – moves food
under teeth, makes a bolus, assists
in swallowing.
61. Andries Olivier p 22
Salivary glands functions
Contains ptyalin (enzyme) digests
cooked starch.
Slimy – smooths the finely chewed
food, makes swallowing easy.
Alkaline and neutralises food and
helps with the prevention of food
decay.
63. Andries Olivier p 23
Stomach
Takes 3 hours
for food to
change into
chyme.
Chyme = grey
coloured liquid mass
of food that has been
changed as a result of
the grinding and
breaking down
digestive processes.
64. Andries Olivier p 23
Stomach - functions
Store food temporarily
Grind food even finer
Stomach walls secrete gastric juices to
break down food to smaller forms
Pyloric valve allows small amounts of
chyme to go to small intestine
Some food that are already small
enough is absorbed
65. Andries Olivier p 23
Small intestine
Elastic, muscular tube, approximately 5 m
long folded up.
Held in place by membranes attached to
the walls of the abdominal cavity.
Divided into three regions:
Duodenum
Jejenum
Ileum
66. Andries Olivier p 23
Small intestine - function
Glands secrete intestinal juices (enzymes).
Not fully digested food are completely
digested.
Absorption of digested food takes place
here.
68. Andries Olivier p 23
Large intestine
1,5 m long and 70 mm wide
Caecum leads into the appendix –
causing appendicitis.
Colon forms the largest part. Stores
food
Rectum ends in the anus from where
faeces is expelled.
69. Andries Olivier p 23
Large intestine - functions
Stores faeces temporarily
Glands in the wall secrete mucous to
assist the movement of the faseces.
Water, mineral salts and certain
vitamins are absorbed from the
contents
71. Andries Olivier p 24
Malnutrition
Incorrect nutrition
Poor people – undernutrition
Rich people – overnutrition
72. Andries Olivier p 24
Undernutrition
When someone does not take up
enough of one or more of the food
groups.
Sometimes caused by traditional eating
habits, excessive strict diets or of pure
ignorance.
73. Andries Olivier p 24
Deficiency
diseases
Symptoms Causes
Rickets Bones soften and break
Shortage of vit. D.
Scurvy Bleeding gums, low
resistance to infectious
diseases.
Shortage of vit. C.
Night
blindness
Inability to see in poor light.
Shortage of vit. A.
Beri-beri Nerve and heart problems.
Weakened muscles;
paralysation.
Shortage of vit. B1
.
Goitre Enlarged thyroid gland.
Shortage of
iodine.
Anaemia Tiredness, weakness,
decreased oxygen supply.
Shortage of iron.
74. Andries Olivier p 24
Deficiency
diseases
Symptoms Causes
Kwahiorkor Bloated stomach and swollen
cheeks. Skin cracks and
peels.
Shortage of
proteins.
Marasmus Loss of muscle and the body
becomes thin and weak.
Drastic loss of mass,
diarrhoea.
Diet low in
kilojoules and
proteins.
Starvation.
Pellagra Cracked, dry skin (especially
cheeks), digestive diseases.
Shortage of B-
group vitamins.
In young children due to malnutrition
75. Andries Olivier p 24
Other illnesses
Anorexia nervosa
Bulimia nervosa
Overnutrition