Karyotypes
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
1 like•1,512 views
A karyotype is a picture that shows all the chromosomes in a cell. By looking at a karyotype, one can determine a person's gender. Females have two X chromosomes (XX) while males have one X and one Y chromosome (XY). One can also determine if a cell is human by checking if it contains 46 total chromosomes, with 44 autosomal and 2 sex chromosomes.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Karyotyping
A karyotype is the set of chromosomes in an individual analyzed from cells obtained through amniocentesis, a procedure used to obtain fetal cells from pregnant women over 35 or who previously had a child with chromosomal defects. A karyotype can determine the sex of an individual and identify chromosomal mutations like monosomy, trisomy, or deletions that can indicate disorders depending on the chromosome affected.
Karyotyping activitybiology2014
Karyotypes are used to analyze chromosomes and diagnose genetic disorders. A karyotype is created by staining, photographing, and arranging chromosomes from largest to smallest based on length, centromere placement, and banding patterns. It can determine gender by identifying sex chromosomes - two X chromosomes indicates a female and one X and one Y chromosome indicates a male. Abnormal karyotypes may indicate chromosomal disorders caused by having an unusual number of chromosomes or structural abnormalities, and can help diagnose conditions. Genetic counselors use karyotype analysis to learn about a person's genetic makeup and identify any potential health risks.
Karyotyping activitybiology2014
Karyotypes are used to analyze chromosomes and diagnose genetic disorders. A karyotype is created by staining, photographing, and arranging chromosomes from largest to smallest based on length, centromere placement, and banding patterns. It can determine gender by identifying sex chromosomes - two X chromosomes indicates a female and one X and one Y chromosome indicates a male. Abnormal karyotypes may indicate chromosomal disorders caused by having an atypical number of chromosomes or structural abnormalities, and can help diagnose conditions. Genetic counselors use karyotype analysis to study chromosomes and advise patients on inherited risks and medical management of genetic conditions.
karyotyping
Karyotyping is a medical test that examines chromosomes in a cell sample. It is performed to count chromosomes, identify structural changes, determine sex, diagnose genetic disorders, and find chromosomal causes of birth defects or disabilities. The test involves growing cells in culture, treating them with chemicals, taking photos of the chromosomes under a microscope, and creating a karyotype image showing the complete set of chromosomes. Attention is paid to characteristics like length, centromere position, and banding pattern. Karyotyping can reveal chromosomal changes like aneuploidy, where one or more entire chromosomes are added or deleted, or structural changes such as deletions, duplications, inversions, or translocations of chromosome segments.
Ths general biology unit 4 heredity karyotyping notes_v1516
Karyotyping is used to identify chromosomal disorders by staining and organizing chromosomes from longest to shortest based on banding pattern. Abnormalities include an extra chromosome like Trisomy 21 which causes Down Syndrome characteristics such as cognitive impairment and heart defects, or a missing sex chromosome as in Turner's Syndrome where females are sterile with short stature.
introduction, terms, mendelian law, chromosome,karyotyping-Dr.Gourav
Genetics is the study of heredity and variation in living organisms. Some key events in genetics include Mendel discovering the principles of heredity in 1865 and Watson and Crick determining the structure of DNA in 1953. In humans, each cell normally contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, including 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes. Important parts of chromosomes include the centromere and telomeres. Karyotyping involves analyzing an individual's chromosomes to detect abnormalities. Lyon's hypothesis explains X chromosome inactivation in females.
KARYOTYPING
This document discusses karyotyping, which involves pairing and ordering chromosomes to provide a genome-wide snapshot of an individual. Karyotypes can reveal chromosomal abnormalities like changes in number (e.g. Down syndrome) or structure (e.g. deletions, duplications). Clinical cytogeneticists analyze human karyotypes to detect genetic anomalies involving large amounts of DNA. Karyotyping is becoming a diagnostic tool for birth defects, genetic disorders, and cancers.
KARYOTYPING
Karyotyping is a technique used in cytogenetics to examine chromosomes and identify genetic abnormalities that can cause disorders or disease. It involves collecting a cell sample, treating the cells to synchronize them in metaphase, staining the chromosomes, and analyzing the number, size, shape, and banding pattern of chromosomes to create a karyotype. Abnormal karyotypes can provide information about genetic conditions like Down syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, and Turner syndrome. The main purpose is to detect changes in chromosome number or structure that can help diagnose these genetic disorders.
Recommended
Karyotyping
A karyotype is the set of chromosomes in an individual analyzed from cells obtained through amniocentesis, a procedure used to obtain fetal cells from pregnant women over 35 or who previously had a child with chromosomal defects. A karyotype can determine the sex of an individual and identify chromosomal mutations like monosomy, trisomy, or deletions that can indicate disorders depending on the chromosome affected.
Karyotyping activitybiology2014
Karyotypes are used to analyze chromosomes and diagnose genetic disorders. A karyotype is created by staining, photographing, and arranging chromosomes from largest to smallest based on length, centromere placement, and banding patterns. It can determine gender by identifying sex chromosomes - two X chromosomes indicates a female and one X and one Y chromosome indicates a male. Abnormal karyotypes may indicate chromosomal disorders caused by having an unusual number of chromosomes or structural abnormalities, and can help diagnose conditions. Genetic counselors use karyotype analysis to learn about a person's genetic makeup and identify any potential health risks.
Karyotyping activitybiology2014
Karyotypes are used to analyze chromosomes and diagnose genetic disorders. A karyotype is created by staining, photographing, and arranging chromosomes from largest to smallest based on length, centromere placement, and banding patterns. It can determine gender by identifying sex chromosomes - two X chromosomes indicates a female and one X and one Y chromosome indicates a male. Abnormal karyotypes may indicate chromosomal disorders caused by having an atypical number of chromosomes or structural abnormalities, and can help diagnose conditions. Genetic counselors use karyotype analysis to study chromosomes and advise patients on inherited risks and medical management of genetic conditions.
karyotyping
Karyotyping is a medical test that examines chromosomes in a cell sample. It is performed to count chromosomes, identify structural changes, determine sex, diagnose genetic disorders, and find chromosomal causes of birth defects or disabilities. The test involves growing cells in culture, treating them with chemicals, taking photos of the chromosomes under a microscope, and creating a karyotype image showing the complete set of chromosomes. Attention is paid to characteristics like length, centromere position, and banding pattern. Karyotyping can reveal chromosomal changes like aneuploidy, where one or more entire chromosomes are added or deleted, or structural changes such as deletions, duplications, inversions, or translocations of chromosome segments.
Ths general biology unit 4 heredity karyotyping notes_v1516
Karyotyping is used to identify chromosomal disorders by staining and organizing chromosomes from longest to shortest based on banding pattern. Abnormalities include an extra chromosome like Trisomy 21 which causes Down Syndrome characteristics such as cognitive impairment and heart defects, or a missing sex chromosome as in Turner's Syndrome where females are sterile with short stature.
introduction, terms, mendelian law, chromosome,karyotyping-Dr.Gourav
Genetics is the study of heredity and variation in living organisms. Some key events in genetics include Mendel discovering the principles of heredity in 1865 and Watson and Crick determining the structure of DNA in 1953. In humans, each cell normally contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, including 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes. Important parts of chromosomes include the centromere and telomeres. Karyotyping involves analyzing an individual's chromosomes to detect abnormalities. Lyon's hypothesis explains X chromosome inactivation in females.
KARYOTYPING
This document discusses karyotyping, which involves pairing and ordering chromosomes to provide a genome-wide snapshot of an individual. Karyotypes can reveal chromosomal abnormalities like changes in number (e.g. Down syndrome) or structure (e.g. deletions, duplications). Clinical cytogeneticists analyze human karyotypes to detect genetic anomalies involving large amounts of DNA. Karyotyping is becoming a diagnostic tool for birth defects, genetic disorders, and cancers.
KARYOTYPING
Karyotyping is a technique used in cytogenetics to examine chromosomes and identify genetic abnormalities that can cause disorders or disease. It involves collecting a cell sample, treating the cells to synchronize them in metaphase, staining the chromosomes, and analyzing the number, size, shape, and banding pattern of chromosomes to create a karyotype. Abnormal karyotypes can provide information about genetic conditions like Down syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, and Turner syndrome. The main purpose is to detect changes in chromosome number or structure that can help diagnose these genetic disorders.
Karyotype
The document discusses karyotypes and chromosomes. It defines a karyotype as the chromosome complement of an organism and shows the number, size, and shape of chromosomes. It provides examples of chromosome numbers in various species. It also summarizes techniques like karyotyping, amniocentesis, and chorionic villus sampling that are used to analyze chromosomes. Sex linkage and examples of sex-linked conditions like color blindness and hemophilia are also covered.
karyotype by S@M
Karyotyping and idiograms are techniques used to study chromosomes. Karyotyping arranges chromosomes by size and structure, allowing comparison between species. Idiograms diagrammatically represent chromosome sets. Scientists use karyotyping to diagnose genetic disorders by examining chromosomes for abnormalities in number or structure. Chromosomes are classified by centromere position and banding patterns after staining. Karyotyping involves growing cells, arresting mitosis, staining, and arranging chromosomes for analysis. Common chromosomal abnormalities include aneuploidies like Down syndrome and sex chromosome disorders.
Chromosomal abnormalities
Chromosomal abnormalities can be either numerical, involving an abnormal number of chromosomes, or structural, involving changes in a chromosome's structure. Numerical abnormalities include conditions like Down syndrome which is caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21. Structural abnormalities include deletions, duplications, translocations, inversions, and insertions which alter chromosomes by removing, adding, or rearranging genetic material. Chromosomal anomalies can be inherited from a parent or occur de novo, and can affect an individual's cells mosaicly or in all cells.
Human Karyotype ( Chromosomes)
A karyotype is the number and appearance of chromosomes in a cell. It depicts the complete set of chromosomes and can detect abnormalities. The study of whole chromosome sets is called karyology. Chromosomes are arranged in a standard format called a karyogram or idiogram. A karyotype is prepared by culturing cells to induce cell division, arresting mitosis, staining the chromosomes, and analyzing their number, size, shape, and banding pattern under a microscope. This allows detection of chromosomal abnormalities that can indicate genetic disorders.
Chromosomal abnormalities by firoz
Chromosomal abnormalities can be either numerical (involving changes in chromosome number) or structural (involving changes in chromosome structure). Common numerical abnormalities include trisomies like Down syndrome (trisomy 21) and Klinefelter syndrome (47,XXY). Structural abnormalities include deletions, duplications, translocations, inversions, and ring chromosomes. Chromosomal analysis using karyotyping or FISH can detect these abnormalities which are a major cause of genetic disorders and birth defects.
Exp. 4 karyotyping
This document describes the process of karyotyping and identifying human chromosomes through G-banding. Key points include:
- Karyotyping involves preparing, staining, and observing human chromosomes to diagnose genetic disorders and identify chromosomal abnormalities.
- Humans normally have 23 pairs of chromosomes, including 22 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome. G-banding allows identification of chromosomes based on size, banding pattern, and centromere position.
- The karyotyping process involves culturing cells, arresting cell division, staining chromosomes, and analyzing spreads under a microscope to identify numerical or structural abnormalities. G-banding produces dark and light bands that make each chromosome pair unique.
- Common chrom
Determination of sex
Methods are described about identification of sex and difficulties in determining of sex in various factors.
Chromosomal abnormalities
This document discusses chromosomal abnormalities, including both numerical and structural abnormalities. It provides examples of various chromosomal abnormalities such as trisomy 21 (Down syndrome), trisomy 18, trisomy 13 (Patau syndrome), Turner syndrome, and Klinefelter syndrome. It also discusses methods used in cytogenetic analysis such as karyotyping, G-banding, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), and spectral karyotyping. Overall, the document provides an overview of common chromosomal abnormalities and the techniques used to identify them.
Karyotype analysis and evolution by Mannat
A karyotype is the number and appearance of chromosomes in a cell and can provide information about an organism's species. Key features used to characterize karyotypes include chromosome size, centromere position, and banding patterns. Karyotypes can be symmetric or asymmetric and are often represented visually using idiograms or karyograms. Analysis techniques like G-banding stain chromosomes to reveal identifying patterns. Comparing karyotypes across species provides insights into evolutionary mechanisms like centric fusion and fission that alter chromosome counts. In primates, chromosomal changes like the fusion that formed human chromosome 2 are important in lineage evolution.
Karyotype &idiogram
Definition
Centromere Particular chromosome complement of an individual or a related group of individuals, as defined by the chromosome size, morphology, and number –Karyotype.
Karyotype
CLASSIFICATION OF CHROMOSOMES FOR KARYOTYPING
Types of karyotype
Asymmetric Karyotype
• Show larger difference
between smaller and
larger chromosome in a
set.
• Have more acrocentric
chromosomes.
• Have relatively
advanced feature.
Symmetric Karyotype
Show lesser difference
between smaller and
larger chromosome in a
set.
• Have more metacentric
chromosomes.
• Have no relatively
advanced feature
Procedure of karyotyping
SPECIMENS USED
Types of banding
G-banding
R-banding
c-banding
Q-banding
T-banding
Karyotype Detects Various Chromosome Abnormalities
Aneuploidy
Deletions
Duplications
Translocations
Idiogram
Advantages of Karyotyping
Disadvantages:
Classification of chromosome & karyotyping
Chromosomes condense and become visible during cell division. They carry genes and act as units of inheritance. Humans normally have 46 chromosomes in 23 pairs. 22 pairs are autosomes and the 23rd pair are the sex chromosomes, which are XX in females and XY in males. Chromosomes are made of DNA, RNA, proteins and can be classified based on features like centromere position. Karyotyping involves capturing chromosome images during cell division and arranging them into a standardized layout called a karyotype based on length, centromere position, etc. This allows identifying normal or abnormal chromosome numbers and structures.
Karyotype notes
Small changes to chromosomes can cause major phenotypic effects. Chromosomes mutate through deletion, duplication, inversion, or translocation of genes. A karyotype examines chromosomes under a microscope to identify any mutations by analyzing chromosome number, size, shape, centromere position, and banding pattern.
Karyotyping
Cytogenetics is the diagnostic study of the structure and properties of chromosomes and cell division, which employs various methods, one of them being "karyotyping." It has made it possible to visualize undetected chromosomal anomalies such as small portions of chromosomes and translocations of tiny parts of chromosomes to one another. Because such procedures also enabled each pair of chromosomes to be distinguished individually, it has helped to further understanding the chromosomal basis of certain important genetic disorders.This seminar highlights the importance of "karyotyping" and its importance in the diagnosis of chromosomal disorders.
8 Chromosome Disorder
Chromosome disorders can involve numerical abnormalities like aneuploidy (having an extra or missing chromosome) or structural abnormalities such as translocations, deletions, inversions, or ring chromosomes. Karyotype analysis using G-banding and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) are common methods to analyze chromosomes. Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and array CGH provide higher resolution to detect gains and losses of genetic material. Common aneuploidies include trisomy 21 (Down syndrome), trisomy 13 (Patau syndrome), and trisomy 18 (Edwards syndrome). Structural abnormalities involve rearrangements of chromosomal segments.
Explanation slides - Chromosomes
This document contains information about chromosomes and chromosomal anomalies. It includes descriptions of chromosome structure, classification of chromosomal anomalies, examples of specific anomalies like Down syndrome, and analysis of chromosomal findings in early miscarriages. The document contains slides that cover topics such as the anatomical structure of chromosomes, different types of chromosomal anomalies, karyotypes, and chromosomal anomalies that are frequently observed in live births and early miscarriages.
Karyotype analysis and it's evolution
Karyotype analysis involves examining the number and appearance of chromosomes in a cell. It has been important for understanding cell biology, genetics, and evolution. Key developments include the first observation of chromosomes in 1842, the coining of the term "karyotype" in 1888, and defining karyotypes as phenotypic chromosome appearances in 1922. Karyotypes are studied by staining cells during cell division. Variations exist between sexes, germline/soma, populations, geography, and abnormalities. Chromosome number varies widely between species and changes during development, including elimination, diminution, and inactivation. Aneuploidy and polyploidy also contribute to karyotype diversity and evolution. Banding techniques like
HUMAN CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATIONS AND KARYOTYPE ANALYSIS.
Chromosomal aberrations refer to changes in chromosome structure or number. The document discusses various types of structural aberrations like deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations, and numerical aberrations involving changes in ploidy. Karyotype analysis involves staining and arranging chromosomes to identify aberrations. Abnormal karyotypes can lead to diseases like Down syndrome, Patau syndrome, and Cri du chat syndrome. The normal human karyotype contains 22 pairs of autosomes and an XX or XY sex chromosome complement.
Chromosomal Disorders
Chromosomal disorders occur when there are changes in the number or structure of chromosomes. These changes can result in problems with growth, development and body functioning. There are two main types of chromosomal disorders: numerical aberrations which are changes in chromosome number, and structural aberrations which are changes in chromosome structure such as deletions, duplications, translocations, inversions, and ring chromosomes. Common chromosomal disorders include Down syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, and Turner syndrome.
Chromosomal Abnormalities
Chromosomes carry genes and genetic information in the form of DNA. They are structures found in the nucleus of cells composed of protein and DNA. Chromosomal abnormalities refer to changes in the structure or number of chromosomes. Numerical abnormalities involve gaining or losing whole chromosomes, such as trisomy (gaining one chromosome) or monosomy (losing one chromosome). Structural abnormalities involve changes in parts of chromosomes, such as deletions, translocations, inversions, and isochromosomes. Identifying these abnormalities is important for diagnosing genetic conditions and diseases.
Nondisjunction and its implications ppt
This document discusses non-disjunction, which is the failure of chromosome pairs to separate during cell division. It defines non-disjunction and describes its discovery. The two types, meiotic and mitotic non-disjunction, are explained in terms of when they occur and their effects. Several genetic disorders caused by non-disjunction of autosomes and sex chromosomes are provided as examples, such as Down Syndrome, Turner Syndrome, and Klinefelter Syndrome. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of studying non-disjunction to understand heredity and identify new mutations involved in chromosome segregation.
Karyotype and FISH
Define karyotype and FISH
Describe the procedure of karyotyping and FISH
Explain chromosomal abnormalities through karyotyping and FISH
Describe the principles of FISH
Presented by-
Dr. Subarna Das
Resident, MS Anatomy
Phase-A, Year-1, Block-2
Guided by-
Prof. Laila Anjuman Banu
Chairman
Department of Anatomy, BSMMU
Karyotypes and Karyotyping
The karyotype shows a deletion of the long arm of chromosome 5 and an extra copy of chromosome 9. Deletions and extra copies of chromosomes are common abnormalities in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) that help determine prognosis. Deletion of the long arm of chromosome 5 is seen in a subset of CLL patients and is associated with poor prognosis.
More Related Content
What's hot
Karyotype
The document discusses karyotypes and chromosomes. It defines a karyotype as the chromosome complement of an organism and shows the number, size, and shape of chromosomes. It provides examples of chromosome numbers in various species. It also summarizes techniques like karyotyping, amniocentesis, and chorionic villus sampling that are used to analyze chromosomes. Sex linkage and examples of sex-linked conditions like color blindness and hemophilia are also covered.
karyotype by S@M
Karyotyping and idiograms are techniques used to study chromosomes. Karyotyping arranges chromosomes by size and structure, allowing comparison between species. Idiograms diagrammatically represent chromosome sets. Scientists use karyotyping to diagnose genetic disorders by examining chromosomes for abnormalities in number or structure. Chromosomes are classified by centromere position and banding patterns after staining. Karyotyping involves growing cells, arresting mitosis, staining, and arranging chromosomes for analysis. Common chromosomal abnormalities include aneuploidies like Down syndrome and sex chromosome disorders.
Chromosomal abnormalities
Chromosomal abnormalities can be either numerical, involving an abnormal number of chromosomes, or structural, involving changes in a chromosome's structure. Numerical abnormalities include conditions like Down syndrome which is caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21. Structural abnormalities include deletions, duplications, translocations, inversions, and insertions which alter chromosomes by removing, adding, or rearranging genetic material. Chromosomal anomalies can be inherited from a parent or occur de novo, and can affect an individual's cells mosaicly or in all cells.
Human Karyotype ( Chromosomes)
A karyotype is the number and appearance of chromosomes in a cell. It depicts the complete set of chromosomes and can detect abnormalities. The study of whole chromosome sets is called karyology. Chromosomes are arranged in a standard format called a karyogram or idiogram. A karyotype is prepared by culturing cells to induce cell division, arresting mitosis, staining the chromosomes, and analyzing their number, size, shape, and banding pattern under a microscope. This allows detection of chromosomal abnormalities that can indicate genetic disorders.
Chromosomal abnormalities by firoz
Chromosomal abnormalities can be either numerical (involving changes in chromosome number) or structural (involving changes in chromosome structure). Common numerical abnormalities include trisomies like Down syndrome (trisomy 21) and Klinefelter syndrome (47,XXY). Structural abnormalities include deletions, duplications, translocations, inversions, and ring chromosomes. Chromosomal analysis using karyotyping or FISH can detect these abnormalities which are a major cause of genetic disorders and birth defects.
Exp. 4 karyotyping
This document describes the process of karyotyping and identifying human chromosomes through G-banding. Key points include:
- Karyotyping involves preparing, staining, and observing human chromosomes to diagnose genetic disorders and identify chromosomal abnormalities.
- Humans normally have 23 pairs of chromosomes, including 22 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome. G-banding allows identification of chromosomes based on size, banding pattern, and centromere position.
- The karyotyping process involves culturing cells, arresting cell division, staining chromosomes, and analyzing spreads under a microscope to identify numerical or structural abnormalities. G-banding produces dark and light bands that make each chromosome pair unique.
- Common chrom
Determination of sex
Methods are described about identification of sex and difficulties in determining of sex in various factors.
Chromosomal abnormalities
This document discusses chromosomal abnormalities, including both numerical and structural abnormalities. It provides examples of various chromosomal abnormalities such as trisomy 21 (Down syndrome), trisomy 18, trisomy 13 (Patau syndrome), Turner syndrome, and Klinefelter syndrome. It also discusses methods used in cytogenetic analysis such as karyotyping, G-banding, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), and spectral karyotyping. Overall, the document provides an overview of common chromosomal abnormalities and the techniques used to identify them.
Karyotype analysis and evolution by Mannat
A karyotype is the number and appearance of chromosomes in a cell and can provide information about an organism's species. Key features used to characterize karyotypes include chromosome size, centromere position, and banding patterns. Karyotypes can be symmetric or asymmetric and are often represented visually using idiograms or karyograms. Analysis techniques like G-banding stain chromosomes to reveal identifying patterns. Comparing karyotypes across species provides insights into evolutionary mechanisms like centric fusion and fission that alter chromosome counts. In primates, chromosomal changes like the fusion that formed human chromosome 2 are important in lineage evolution.
Karyotype &idiogram
Definition
Centromere Particular chromosome complement of an individual or a related group of individuals, as defined by the chromosome size, morphology, and number –Karyotype.
Karyotype
CLASSIFICATION OF CHROMOSOMES FOR KARYOTYPING
Types of karyotype
Asymmetric Karyotype
• Show larger difference
between smaller and
larger chromosome in a
set.
• Have more acrocentric
chromosomes.
• Have relatively
advanced feature.
Symmetric Karyotype
Show lesser difference
between smaller and
larger chromosome in a
set.
• Have more metacentric
chromosomes.
• Have no relatively
advanced feature
Procedure of karyotyping
SPECIMENS USED
Types of banding
G-banding
R-banding
c-banding
Q-banding
T-banding
Karyotype Detects Various Chromosome Abnormalities
Aneuploidy
Deletions
Duplications
Translocations
Idiogram
Advantages of Karyotyping
Disadvantages:
Classification of chromosome & karyotyping
Chromosomes condense and become visible during cell division. They carry genes and act as units of inheritance. Humans normally have 46 chromosomes in 23 pairs. 22 pairs are autosomes and the 23rd pair are the sex chromosomes, which are XX in females and XY in males. Chromosomes are made of DNA, RNA, proteins and can be classified based on features like centromere position. Karyotyping involves capturing chromosome images during cell division and arranging them into a standardized layout called a karyotype based on length, centromere position, etc. This allows identifying normal or abnormal chromosome numbers and structures.
Karyotype notes
Small changes to chromosomes can cause major phenotypic effects. Chromosomes mutate through deletion, duplication, inversion, or translocation of genes. A karyotype examines chromosomes under a microscope to identify any mutations by analyzing chromosome number, size, shape, centromere position, and banding pattern.
Karyotyping
Cytogenetics is the diagnostic study of the structure and properties of chromosomes and cell division, which employs various methods, one of them being "karyotyping." It has made it possible to visualize undetected chromosomal anomalies such as small portions of chromosomes and translocations of tiny parts of chromosomes to one another. Because such procedures also enabled each pair of chromosomes to be distinguished individually, it has helped to further understanding the chromosomal basis of certain important genetic disorders.This seminar highlights the importance of "karyotyping" and its importance in the diagnosis of chromosomal disorders.
8 Chromosome Disorder
Chromosome disorders can involve numerical abnormalities like aneuploidy (having an extra or missing chromosome) or structural abnormalities such as translocations, deletions, inversions, or ring chromosomes. Karyotype analysis using G-banding and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) are common methods to analyze chromosomes. Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and array CGH provide higher resolution to detect gains and losses of genetic material. Common aneuploidies include trisomy 21 (Down syndrome), trisomy 13 (Patau syndrome), and trisomy 18 (Edwards syndrome). Structural abnormalities involve rearrangements of chromosomal segments.
Explanation slides - Chromosomes
This document contains information about chromosomes and chromosomal anomalies. It includes descriptions of chromosome structure, classification of chromosomal anomalies, examples of specific anomalies like Down syndrome, and analysis of chromosomal findings in early miscarriages. The document contains slides that cover topics such as the anatomical structure of chromosomes, different types of chromosomal anomalies, karyotypes, and chromosomal anomalies that are frequently observed in live births and early miscarriages.
Karyotype analysis and it's evolution
Karyotype analysis involves examining the number and appearance of chromosomes in a cell. It has been important for understanding cell biology, genetics, and evolution. Key developments include the first observation of chromosomes in 1842, the coining of the term "karyotype" in 1888, and defining karyotypes as phenotypic chromosome appearances in 1922. Karyotypes are studied by staining cells during cell division. Variations exist between sexes, germline/soma, populations, geography, and abnormalities. Chromosome number varies widely between species and changes during development, including elimination, diminution, and inactivation. Aneuploidy and polyploidy also contribute to karyotype diversity and evolution. Banding techniques like
HUMAN CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATIONS AND KARYOTYPE ANALYSIS.
Chromosomal aberrations refer to changes in chromosome structure or number. The document discusses various types of structural aberrations like deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations, and numerical aberrations involving changes in ploidy. Karyotype analysis involves staining and arranging chromosomes to identify aberrations. Abnormal karyotypes can lead to diseases like Down syndrome, Patau syndrome, and Cri du chat syndrome. The normal human karyotype contains 22 pairs of autosomes and an XX or XY sex chromosome complement.
Chromosomal Disorders
Chromosomal disorders occur when there are changes in the number or structure of chromosomes. These changes can result in problems with growth, development and body functioning. There are two main types of chromosomal disorders: numerical aberrations which are changes in chromosome number, and structural aberrations which are changes in chromosome structure such as deletions, duplications, translocations, inversions, and ring chromosomes. Common chromosomal disorders include Down syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, and Turner syndrome.
Chromosomal Abnormalities
Chromosomes carry genes and genetic information in the form of DNA. They are structures found in the nucleus of cells composed of protein and DNA. Chromosomal abnormalities refer to changes in the structure or number of chromosomes. Numerical abnormalities involve gaining or losing whole chromosomes, such as trisomy (gaining one chromosome) or monosomy (losing one chromosome). Structural abnormalities involve changes in parts of chromosomes, such as deletions, translocations, inversions, and isochromosomes. Identifying these abnormalities is important for diagnosing genetic conditions and diseases.
Nondisjunction and its implications ppt
This document discusses non-disjunction, which is the failure of chromosome pairs to separate during cell division. It defines non-disjunction and describes its discovery. The two types, meiotic and mitotic non-disjunction, are explained in terms of when they occur and their effects. Several genetic disorders caused by non-disjunction of autosomes and sex chromosomes are provided as examples, such as Down Syndrome, Turner Syndrome, and Klinefelter Syndrome. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of studying non-disjunction to understand heredity and identify new mutations involved in chromosome segregation.
What's hot (20)
HUMAN CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATIONS AND KARYOTYPE ANALYSIS.
HUMAN CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATIONS AND KARYOTYPE ANALYSIS.
Viewers also liked
Karyotype and FISH
Define karyotype and FISH
Describe the procedure of karyotyping and FISH
Explain chromosomal abnormalities through karyotyping and FISH
Describe the principles of FISH
Presented by-
Dr. Subarna Das
Resident, MS Anatomy
Phase-A, Year-1, Block-2
Guided by-
Prof. Laila Anjuman Banu
Chairman
Department of Anatomy, BSMMU
Karyotypes and Karyotyping
The karyotype shows a deletion of the long arm of chromosome 5 and an extra copy of chromosome 9. Deletions and extra copies of chromosomes are common abnormalities in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) that help determine prognosis. Deletion of the long arm of chromosome 5 is seen in a subset of CLL patients and is associated with poor prognosis.
Karyotyping
Karyotyping involves analyzing chromosomes to identify abnormalities. There are various banding techniques that stain chromosomes differently based on DNA composition, allowing identification. G-banding is commonly used, staining regions rich in adenine and thymine dark and regions rich in guanine and cytosine light. This reveals unique banding patterns for each chromosome. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) uses fluorescent probes to target specific DNA sequences, allowing analysis at the gene level.
Ppt on karyotyping, chromosome banding and chromosome painting.
This document provides an overview of karyotyping, chromosome banding, and chromosome painting techniques. It discusses how karyotyping involves arranging chromosomes based on size and centromere position. Different banding techniques like Q, G, N, and C banding stain chromosomes to reveal structural features. Chromosome painting uses fluorescent probes to identify chromosomes and chromosomal abnormalities. These techniques allow studying chromosome structure, identifying defects, and analyzing evolutionary changes.
Advanced Techniques In Molecular Cytogenetics Karyotyping, FISH, CGH, SKY
Molecular cytogenetics involves combining molecular biology techniques with cytogenetics. This document discusses several molecular cytogenetic techniques including karyotyping, FISH, CGH, and SKY. Karyotyping allows visualization of whole chromosome sets but cannot detect small structural abnormalities. FISH uses fluorescent probes to detect specific DNA sequences on chromosomes. CGH analyzes copy number variations by comparing test and reference DNA samples hybridized to probes. SKY simultaneously visualizes all chromosome pairs in different colors, making abnormalities easy to identify. These techniques are useful for detecting chromosomal abnormalities that can cause genetic disorders and economic losses if spread within animal populations. Preventing the dissemination of abnormalities through genetic testing is important.
Karyotypes - Various
This document contains a PowerPoint file with images of karyotypes that can be used for teaching genetics concepts. The file includes images showing various normal and abnormal karyotypes as well as chromosomal banding patterns, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) examples, and chromosomal microarray results. Permission is granted to use the slides non-commercially for educational purposes.
Karyotype
This document discusses karyotyping and non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT). It summarizes two studies on abnormal prenatal testing results. The first found that some women received abnormal NIPT results but later fetal karyotyping was normal, and a few were diagnosed with occult cancers. The second announces the launch of the MaterniT GENOME test, an improved NIPT that identifies chromosomal gains or losses over 7 megabases previously undetectable. Both studies seek less invasive ways to identify fetal anomalies and have great medical potential to improve prenatal care and quality of life.
Karyotype: The Molecules that define You
Karyotype studying allows doctors to identify genetic variations that can help with diagnosis. Shorter telomeres were found in adults who had more infections as children, possibly due to increased immune cell division. Cancer cells often have irregular chromosome numbers (aneuploidy), which may dampen the immune response to tumors by affecting gene expression. Understanding a patient's karyotype provides insight into factors that influence processes like aging, immunity, and disease treatment responses to personalize care.
repro chromosome anomalies
This document discusses various genetic disorders and conditions, including both numerical and structural chromosomal disorders. It provides classifications of genetic disorders, descriptions of specific disorders like Down syndrome, Edward syndrome, and Patau syndrome. Details are given on karyotypes, cytogenetics, causes and characteristics of different chromosomal abnormalities.
Presentation Monica Stoian
1) Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis was performed on 5 patients with Prader-Willi syndrome to determine the genetic cause.
2) FISH uses fluorescent probes that bind specifically to DNA sequences to detect deletions or abnormalities.
3) The results of FISH analysis for all 5 patients were negative for the 15q11-q13 microdeletion, which is unexpected as literature reports this deletion in 70% of PWS cases. Further molecular testing is needed.
Comparitive genomic hybridisation
Comparative genomic hybridization is a molecular cytogenetic method for analysing copy number variations (CNVs) relative to ploidy level in the DNA of a test sample compared to a reference sample, without the need for culturing cells
02 dna
This document provides information about DNA, including its structure and function. It discusses that DNA contains genes which provide instructions passed down from parents and encoded in chromosomes. The key discoveries are outlined, including that DNA was shown to be made of nucleotides through the work of scientists like Hershey and Chase, and the double helix structure of DNA was elucidated by Watson and Crick based on Rosalind Franklin's X-ray images. Applications of DNA knowledge like cloning, creating transgenic organisms, and using recombinant bacteria are also summarized.
Sex influenced Traits
Presentation on Sex influenced traits. Very informative for Biology students. This presentation include the basic terminologies and have the information that how sex influenced traits are different from sex linked traits. This presentation contains information that how these traits are transferred to next generations.
Practical 6 07
The chromosomal finding was triploidy 69,XXY. Triploidy occurs when a fetus has three full sets of chromosomes instead of the normal two and results in lethality during prenatal development. Numerical chromosomal abnormalities include polyploidy, aneuploidy, and nullisomy/disomy in gametes which can cause conditions like Down syndrome (trisomy 21), Patau syndrome (trisomy 13), Edwards syndrome (trisomy 18), Turner syndrome (monosomy X), and Klinefelter syndrome (47,XXY).
Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)
FISH is a technique that uses fluorescent probes that bind to only those regions of DNA or RNA that have nucleotide sequences complementary to the probe's sequence. It allows researchers to visualize chromosomes and specific genetic loci. There are several types of FISH probes including whole chromosome painting probes, repetitive sequence probes, and locus-specific probes. FISH has many diagnostic applications such as detecting chromosomal abnormalities, genetic translocations, and deletions associated with conditions like Prader-Willi syndrome.
Collection of specimen and anticoagulants
Venepuncture is a routine procedure for collecting blood samples that requires an understanding of anatomy, vein selection, equipment, skin preparation, and safety. The circulation is a closed sterile system, so venepuncture introduces a potential route for bacterial infection. Superficial forearm veins are commonly used, but hand veins may be needed if these fail. Proper equipment, technique, and labeling of samples are required to obtain quality samples and avoid errors or hazards.
Different techniques used in cytogenetics
This document discusses various cytogenetic techniques used to analyze chromosomes, including karyotyping, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), and molecular cytogenetics. It provides details on the slide preparation and analysis steps for karyotyping and FISH. It also notes that a skilled cytogeneticist is still needed to accurately classify banded chromosomes, despite advances in automated analysis systems.
Genetic screening
Genetic screening uses techniques like karyotyping, amniocentesis, and preimplantation genetic diagnosis to detect abnormalities or predict diseases. Karyotyping examines chromosomes for changes in number or structure. Amniocentesis analyzes amniotic fluid samples for fetal DNA, while chorionic villus sampling tests placental tissue. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis screens embryos before implantation. Genetic screening can prevent birth defects but also raises issues regarding which conditions to test for and the social impact of results.
Cytogenetics 1
This document provides an overview of cytogenetics and chromosomal abnormalities. It begins with the history of cytogenetics, including the discovery of human chromosomes in 1882 and establishing the normal human karyotype of 46 chromosomes in 1956. It describes laboratory techniques for culturing and staining chromosomes, including various banding techniques. It discusses clinical cytogenetics and genetic counseling. It provides detailed explanations and examples of different types of numerical and structural chromosomal abnormalities, including aneuploidies, polyploidies, translocations, inversions, deletions and more. It explains the associated phenotypes and inheritance patterns of many common chromosomal syndromes.
Cytogenetics
The document discusses cytogenetics, which involves the study of chromosomes through cell culture and karyotyping. Chromosomes can be analyzed for their number and structure to detect abnormalities. Specific staining techniques like Q-, G-, R-, and C-banding produce distinct banding patterns that allow identification of each chromosome type. Karyotyping involves organizing chromosomes based on these patterns to detect any abnormalities associated with diseases.
Viewers also liked (20)
Ppt on karyotyping, chromosome banding and chromosome painting.
Ppt on karyotyping, chromosome banding and chromosome painting.
Advanced Techniques In Molecular Cytogenetics Karyotyping, FISH, CGH, SKY
Advanced Techniques In Molecular Cytogenetics Karyotyping, FISH, CGH, SKY
Similar to Karyotypes
Sex determination
Sex determination is the process by which an individual develops into a male or female based on their sex chromosomes. In humans, females have two X chromosomes (XX) while males have one X and one Y chromosome (XY). The presence of a Y chromosome triggers male development while its absence results in female development, with sex being governed by genes on the sex chromosomes. Human body cells normally contain 23 pairs of chromosomes, including 22 pairs of autosomes that do not determine sex and one pair of sex chromosomes that do signal sex determination.
27:1 The Role of chromosomes
The document discusses chromosomes and their role in determining sex. It notes that body cells contain 23 chromosome pairs while sex cells contain 23 single chromosomes. Amniocentesis allows doctors to check the fetus' chromosome number. Females have two X chromosomes while males have an X and a Y chromosome. The father determines the child's sex by providing either an X or Y chromosome.
Chromosomes
Chromosomes contain DNA and genes that provide instructions for building and maintaining an organism. Humans normally have 46 chromosomes in most cells, consisting of 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes inherited from each parent. These cells are diploid. Gametes like eggs and sperm have only 23 single chromosomes each, making them haploid. Sex is determined by the XX or XY sex chromosome combination in females and males respectively.
Chromosomal sex determination in man
This document discusses chromosomal sex determination in humans. It begins by defining sex determination as the genetic mechanism that establishes distinction between male and female. It then describes the two types of chromosomes - autosomes and sex chromosomes. In humans, sex is determined by an XX-XY system, where females have two X chromosomes and males have one X and one Y chromosome. The Y chromosome contains genes that trigger male development, overriding the default female development directed by the X chromosome. Therefore, chromosomal sex determination in humans is of the heterogametic male type, where males produce two different gamete types (X and Y sperm) while females are homogametic and produce a single type of gamete (X eggs).
BUCCAL SMEAR _LYONIZATION hhhhhhhhh.pptx
A buccal smear involves gently scraping the inside of the cheek to collect cells for genetic testing or to determine sexual identity. It is a non-invasive procedure where a small spatula is used to remove cells, which may be analyzed to identify genetic mutations or disorders, or examine the presence of Barr bodies to determine if the individual is male or female. Barr bodies are inactivated X chromosomes that appear as condensed structures in the cell nucleus; females typically have one Barr body per cell while males have none.
Sex determination in animals
The determination of the sex in an animal is the complex system for deciding the sex of organism. it is depends on the chromosomes present in the animals. some animals determine the sex of an animal by external environmental factors.
Chromosomes and Heredity
Chromosomal Determination of Sex, Sex-linked Traits, Sex-influenced Traits and Sex-limited Traits, Chromosome Theory of Inheritance.
Sex determination
This document discusses sex chromosomes and sex determination in humans. It notes that humans normally have 23 pairs of chromosomes, including one pair of sex chromosomes that are XX in females and XY in males. The Y chromosome determines male sex development, while the absence of a Y chromosome allows for female development. Rare conditions like Down syndrome and hermaphroditism are also discussed briefly in terms of their effects on sex chromosomes or development.
Lesson 4 chromosomal anomalies
Chromosomal abnormalities can occur when there is a change in either the number or structure of chromosomes. Numerical abnormalities involve having an extra or missing chromosome, such as Down syndrome which results from an extra copy of chromosome 21. Structural abnormalities alter the chromosome's structure through deletions, duplications, translocations, or inversions of genetic material. Not all chromosomal changes are compatible with life, and those that are often cause signs and symptoms collectively called a syndrome. Karyotyping and amniocentesis can be used to analyze a fetus's chromosomes and diagnose any abnormalities.
Chrosome and sex determination
Chromosomes determine the characteristics transferred from parents to offspring. They are thread-like structures that can be seen during cell division. Chromosomes contain DNA and are made up of chromatids joined at the centromere. Autosomes determine the body's characteristics while sex chromosomes determine gender, with females having two X chromosomes and males having an X and Y chromosome. Cells are either haploid with half the number of chromosomes during gamete formation or diploid with a full set in somatic cells. The number of chromosomes varies between species from yeast's 2 to human's 46.
Genetics chapter 3 part 2
The document provides information and instructions for an upcoming exam. It advises students to arrive early to review and relax, as arriving even a minute late could result in a zero grade. All personal items must be placed at the front of the room, and only a pencil and eraser are allowed during the exam. Use of any electronic devices will result in a zero. Students must write their name on the exam paper and Scantron, and bring a photo ID and student number to turn in the materials. Answer keys will be posted after the exam without photos allowed. Grades will be posted as soon as possible. Cheating is strictly prohibited.
IB Bio Karyotypes
Karyotypes analyze the number and appearance of chromosomes in a cell's nucleus and can be used to determine genetic abnormalities in a fetus by taking a blood sample from the mother and examining the karyotype. The karyotype is produced by growing and staining a cell sample, usually with Giemsa dye, and comparing the pairs and features of the chromosomes to identify any abnormalities related to conditions like Down syndrome or Turner syndrome. Karl Wilhelm von Nägeli first observed chromosomes in 1842 and later scientists like T.S. Painter, Joe Hin Tijo, and others helped establish human karyotyping techniques and our understanding of normal human chromosome number
Chromosomes
This document summarizes key information about chromosomes. It defines chromosomes as carriers of genetic information visible during cell division. It describes the differences between prokaryote and eukaryote chromosomes. It discusses chromosome number, size, and types (autosomes and sex chromosomes). It explains cell division processes like meiosis and fertilization. It provides examples of human chromosomal abnormalities including both numerical disorders like Down syndrome and structural disorders. It describes chromosome structure and banding patterns used to identify chromosomes. It concludes with references for further reading.
Chromosome ,shape and size ppt
Chromosomes are thread-like structures found within cell nuclei that package DNA. They are only visible during cell division. Species have characteristic chromosome numbers that vary, with humans having 46. Chromosomes exist in rod, J, or V shapes depending on centromere position. Human chromosomes include autosomes and allosomes (X and Y sex chromosomes) and differ in centromere number and position.
Chromosme, its structure and fuction.pptx
Very easy written and very helpful I understanding.
About all information are prasant about chromosomes structures, function, subunits, and it discovery
CVA Biology I - B10vrv4141
The document discusses human chromosomes and genetics. It begins by explaining what a karyotype is - a picture showing a cell's complete set of chromosomes arranged in pairs by size. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes for a total of 46. Two chromosomes, X and Y, determine sex. Females are XX and males are XY. The document then discusses patterns of inheritance for human traits, including dominant/recessive traits, codominant traits, and sex-linked traits. It also covers X-chromosome inactivation and using pedigrees to analyze human inheritance patterns.
Geneticschapter3part2 140207231432-phpapp01
- The document provides information and instructions for an upcoming exam.
- Students should arrive early to review and should not be late, as arriving more than 15 minutes late will result in a zero grade.
- Only a pencil, eraser, photo ID, and student number will be allowed in the exam; all other items like phones and bags must be left at the front.
- Seating will be assigned before the exam starts. Answer keys will be posted after the exam but no photos are allowed. Grades will be posted as soon as possible. Cheating is not allowed.
Human heredity
1. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, including one pair of sex chromosomes that determine gender (XX for females and XY for males).
2. A karyotype is created by photographing chromosomes during cell division and pairing them to identify any abnormalities.
3. Pedigrees are family trees that show genetic traits and can help genetic counselors understand genotypes within a family.
4. There are four main human blood types (A, B, AB, and O) determined by the presence or absence of antigens on red blood cells, and a person's blood type affects their ability to donate and receive blood.
Similar to Karyotypes (20)
More from Rosio DeLeon
Ap bio ch. 43 part 2 immune humoral immunity (2)
The document provides information on innate and adaptive immunity, contrasting their characteristics and components. It also describes processes like phagocytosis, antibody structure and function, antigen recognition, immunological memory, and mechanisms of self-tolerance that prevent autoimmunity. Students are assigned a task to contrast innate and adaptive immunity and label components of the innate immune response.
AP bio ch. 46 & 47 reproduction and development for 4 /2 /18
The document provides instructions for students to complete notes on reproduction using computers, turn in exit tickets and concept maps independently, and lists the longest gestation period as elephants at nearly two years. It also defines different types of asexual reproduction, compares advantages of sexual and asexual reproduction, and outlines the female and male reproductive systems and processes of gamete formation, fertilization, and fetal development.
Ap bio ch. 43 part 2 immune humoral immunity (2)
Here are the answers to your questions:
1) Four polypeptide chains came together to form this antibody.
2) Disulfide bonds are very strong bonds.
3) The variable regions will bind to an antigen.
4) "Variable" means these regions vary between antibodies, while "constant" means these regions are always the same.
5) The structure looks similar to the antigen receptor because antibodies are secreted versions of the B cell's antigen receptor.
Plant adaptation (1)
This document discusses plant adaptations to different environments. It explains that desert plants have developed three main strategies to survive: succulence, drought tolerance, and drought avoidance. Succulent plants store water in their tissues, drought tolerant plants can withstand dry periods without dying by shedding leaves, and drought avoiding plants have a short life cycle to escape dry conditions. The document also discusses carnivorous plants that get nutrients from trapping insects because they grow in nutrient-poor soil, and uses the Venus flytrap as an example of an adapted carnivorous plant.
Plant growth and tropism
This document contains information about an assignment due on Monday to complete a lab report, lists of students assigned to Saturday school sessions, and notes from a biology class on plant growth and tropism. The biology notes discuss key topics like germination, vascular tissue, meristems, phototropism, gravitropism, thigmotropism, and how the plant hormone auxin controls tropism and growth. Processing pieces require students to answer questions applying the concepts and illustrating topics like the types of tropism and how auxin causes phototropism.
Plant reproduction
Flowers produce pollen grains containing male gametes in their anthers. They attract animals to transport pollen between flowers through traits like bright petals and nectar. During pollination, pollen lands on the pistil's stigma and travels to the ovaries where fertilization may occur, forming seeds in fruits that help plants disperse to new locations through various means like wind, water, animals, or being eaten.
Reproductive and endocrine systems
The reproductive system produces gametes and supports embryo development. The female organs are ovaries, fallopian tubes, and uterus, while the male organs are testes, vas deferens, and urethra. Fertilization occurs when an egg and sperm unite to form a zygote. The endocrine system is made up of glands that produce hormones, which travel through the bloodstream to cause changes in distant tissues. Hormones produced include testosterone, estrogen, adrenaline, insulin, glucagon, and growth hormone, which regulate metabolism, stress response, blood sugar levels, growth, and sexual development.
Plant structure
1. Plants have three main parts - roots, stems, and leaves.
2. Roots take in water from the ground, which travels up through tubes called xylem. Xylem carries water to the leaves where it is used for photosynthesis.
3. Leaves make glucose during photosynthesis, which travels down the plant through tubes called phloem. Phloem carries glucose to all cells in the plant.
Feedback loops
Negative feedback loops are cycles that stop the process from continuing once the outcome reaches the desired level. Examples given include checking grades in class and improving performance, becoming hydrated and stopping thirst, and body processes like regulating blood glucose and red blood cell production that maintain homeostasis. Positive feedback loops differ in that the outcome reinforces and strengthens the cycle.
Nervous system
The nervous system has several functions including sending sensory information to the brain, sending commands from the brain to the body, and enabling movement, balance, coordination, reflexes, instincts, thinking, reasoning, memory, emotions, and dreams. It has two main parts - the central nervous system comprising the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system comprising nerves in the rest of the body. Neurons are the basic unit of the nervous system, having a cell body, dendrites that receive signals, and an axon that transmits signals. They transmit impulses through electrical signals and neurotransmitters.
Muscular and skeletal systems
This document contains information about the muscular and skeletal systems from a biology class. It includes definitions of the three types of muscle tissue - skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle. It also discusses the functions of the skeletal system and the two types of bone tissue. Students are assigned to review the muscular and skeletal systems and complete practice questions and drawings. The exit ticket asks students to identify the type of muscle in different body parts, define key terms, list functions of the skeletal system, and identify where new red blood cells are made.
Excretory system
The excretory system removes waste from the body through urine production and release. It involves the kidneys filtering waste from the blood to produce urine, and the bladder temporarily storing urine until it is released through the urethra. The kidneys regulate salt levels in the blood by controlling how much salt passes into the urine.
Respiratory system
1. The passage describes the function and key organs of the respiratory system.
2. It explains that the respiratory system's main function is gas exchange, taking in oxygen and removing carbon dioxide through breathing.
3. The key organs involved are the mouth, nose, trachea, lungs, bronchioles and alveoli, where oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out.
Circulatory system
The circulatory system uses the heart, arteries, veins and capillaries to transport blood throughout the body. The blood carries oxygen from the lungs to tissues and removes carbon dioxide from tissues to the lungs. In the tissues, oxygen diffuses from capillaries into cells and carbon dioxide diffuses into capillaries from cells. The circulatory and respiratory systems work together so that oxygen enters the blood in the lungs while carbon dioxide leaves the blood. The circulatory and digestive systems also work together, with capillaries in the intestines allowing nutrient absorption into the bloodstream.
Digestive system
The digestive system has three main functions: 1) Mechanical digestion through chewing and mixing food, 2) Chemical digestion through breaking down molecules in food, and 3) Absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream. Food travels through the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and rectum, with the small intestine absorbing nutrients through villi, which are tiny finger-like structures containing capillaries that nutrients diffuse into from the intestine.
Enzymes and body organization
1) Enzymes are proteins that catalyze (speed up) chemical reactions in the body. They do this by binding to substrate molecules and facilitating their transformation into product molecules.
2) The body is organized into a hierarchy of levels from smallest to largest: cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems. Cells work together to form tissues, tissues work together to form organs, and organs work together to form organ systems.
3) Enzyme activity can be destroyed by extreme heat, changes in pH, or inhibitor molecules that bind to the active site and prevent substrate binding. Without enzymes, important reactions like digestion could not occur fast enough.
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce oxygen and glucose. It occurs in the chloroplasts within leaf cells. The stomata in leaves allow carbon dioxide to enter and oxygen to exit, while the xylem transports water and the phloem transports glucose. Chemosynthesis is a similar process that some organisms use to produce organic compounds from inorganic ones without sunlight.
Cellular respiration
Cellular respiration is the process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into carbon dioxide, water, and energy in the form of ATP. It occurs in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells and is the reverse of photosynthesis. Glucose and oxygen are broken down to produce ATP, water, and carbon dioxide through a series of redox reactions. ATP is a high-energy molecule that cells use to power their metabolic functions.
Macroevolution
1. The document provides definitions and examples of key concepts in evolution, including convergent evolution, divergent evolution, adaptive radiation, extinction, and mass extinction.
2. Convergent evolution is when two species evolve similar traits independently, while divergent evolution is when species evolve differing traits from a common ancestor.
3. Adaptive radiation is a type of divergent evolution where a single ancestral species evolves into many new species adapted to different environments.
4. Extinction is when a species dies out completely, while mass extinction is the sudden extinction of many species, such as the five mass extinctions in Earth's history.
More from Rosio DeLeon (20)
AP bio ch. 46 & 47 reproduction and development for 4 /2 /18
AP bio ch. 46 & 47 reproduction and development for 4 /2 /18
Recently uploaded
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...
Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted Brγ emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual H−K and K−L colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (≈15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 ± 20◦, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holes– stars: formation– Galaxy: center– galaxies: star formation
Methods of grain storage Structures in India.pdf
•Post-harvestlossesaccountforabout10%oftotalfoodgrainsduetounscientificstorage,insects,rodents,micro-organismsetc.,
•Totalfoodgrainproductioninindiais311milliontonnesandstorageis145mt.InIndia,annualstoragelosseshavebeenestimated14mtworthofRs.7,000croreinwhichinsectsaloneaccountfornearlyRs.1,300crores.
•InIndiaoutofthetotalproduction,about30%ismarketablesurplus
•Remaining70%isretainedandstoredbyfarmersforconsumption,seed,feed.Hence,growerneedstoragefacilitytoholdaportionofproducetosellwhenthemarketingpriceisfavourable
•TradersandCo-operativesatmarketcentresneedstoragestructurestoholdgrainswhenthetransportfacilityisinadequate
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...
Wereport the study of a huge optical intraday flare on 2021 November 12 at 2 a.m. UT in the blazar OJ287. In the binary black hole model, it is associated with an impact of the secondary black hole on the accretion disk of the primary. Our multifrequency observing campaign was set up to search for such a signature of the impact based on a prediction made 8 yr earlier. The first I-band results of the flare have already been reported by Kishore et al. (2024). Here we combine these data with our monitoring in the R-band. There is a big change in the R–I spectral index by 1.0 ±0.1 between the normal background and the flare, suggesting a new component of radiation. The polarization variation during the rise of the flare suggests the same. The limits on the source size place it most reasonably in the jet of the secondary BH. We then ask why we have not seen this phenomenon before. We show that OJ287 was never before observed with sufficient sensitivity on the night when the flare should have happened according to the binary model. We also study the probability that this flare is just an oversized example of intraday variability using the Krakow data set of intense monitoring between 2015 and 2023. We find that the occurrence of a flare of this size and rapidity is unlikely. In machine-readable Tables 1 and 2, we give the full orbit-linked historical light curve of OJ287 as well as the dense monitoring sample of Krakow.
HUMAN EYE By-R.M Class 10 phy best digital notes.pdf
Class 10 human eye notes physics
Handwritten best quality
Sustainable Land Management - Climate Smart Agriculture
Sustainable Land Management - Climate Smart AgricultureInternational Food Policy Research Institute- South Asia Office
PPT on Sustainable Land Management presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
Summary Of transcription and Translation.pdf
Hello Everyone Here We are Sharing You with The process of protien Synthesis in very short points you will be Able to understand It Very well
BIRDS DIVERSITY OF SOOTEA BISWANATH ASSAM.ppt.pptx
Ahota Beel, nestled in Sootea Biswanath Assam , is celebrated for its extraordinary diversity of bird species. This wetland sanctuary supports a myriad of avian residents and migrants alike. Visitors can admire the elegant flights of migratory species such as the Northern Pintail and Eurasian Wigeon, alongside resident birds including the Asian Openbill and Pheasant-tailed Jacana. With its tranquil scenery and varied habitats, Ahota Beel offers a perfect haven for birdwatchers to appreciate and study the vibrant birdlife that thrives in this natural refuge.
SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆
Context. The early-type galaxy SDSS J133519.91+072807.4 (hereafter SDSS1335+0728), which had exhibited no prior optical variations during the preceding two decades, began showing significant nuclear variability in the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) alert stream from December 2019 (as ZTF19acnskyy). This variability behaviour, coupled with the host-galaxy properties, suggests that SDSS1335+0728 hosts a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole (BH) that is currently in the process of ‘turning on’. Aims. We present a multi-wavelength photometric analysis and spectroscopic follow-up performed with the aim of better understanding the origin of the nuclear variations detected in SDSS1335+0728. Methods. We used archival photometry (from WISE, 2MASS, SDSS, GALEX, eROSITA) and spectroscopic data (from SDSS and LAMOST) to study the state of SDSS1335+0728 prior to December 2019, and new observations from Swift, SOAR/Goodman, VLT/X-shooter, and Keck/LRIS taken after its turn-on to characterise its current state. We analysed the variability of SDSS1335+0728 in the X-ray/UV/optical/mid-infrared range, modelled its spectral energy distribution prior to and after December 2019, and studied the evolution of its UV/optical spectra. Results. From our multi-wavelength photometric analysis, we find that: (a) since 2021, the UV flux (from Swift/UVOT observations) is four times brighter than the flux reported by GALEX in 2004; (b) since June 2022, the mid-infrared flux has risen more than two times, and the W1−W2 WISE colour has become redder; and (c) since February 2024, the source has begun showing X-ray emission. From our spectroscopic follow-up, we see that (i) the narrow emission line ratios are now consistent with a more energetic ionising continuum; (ii) broad emission lines are not detected; and (iii) the [OIII] line increased its flux ∼ 3.6 years after the first ZTF alert, which implies a relatively compact narrow-line-emitting region. Conclusions. We conclude that the variations observed in SDSS1335+0728 could be either explained by a ∼ 106M⊙ AGN that is just turning on or by an exotic tidal disruption event (TDE). If the former is true, SDSS1335+0728 is one of the strongest cases of an AGNobserved in the process of activating. If the latter were found to be the case, it would correspond to the longest and faintest TDE ever observed (or another class of still unknown nuclear transient). Future observations of SDSS1335+0728 are crucial to further understand its behaviour. Key words. galaxies: active– accretion, accretion discs– galaxies: individual: SDSS J133519.91+072807.4
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
Quality assurance B.pharm 6th semester BP606T UNIT 5
Warehousing
Good warehousing practices
Material management
Reaching the age of Adolescence- Class 8
This is a presentation on understanding the age of adolescence.
Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart Agriculture
Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart AgricultureInternational Food Policy Research Institute- South Asia Office
PPT on Alternate Wetting and Drying presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024. Injection: Risks and challenges - Injection of CO2 into geological rock forma...
Presentation by Dr. Florian Krob, Workshop "Risks of CO2 storage - How can they be addressed and reduced?", 22.4.2024
快速办理(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Recently uploaded (20)
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...
HUMAN EYE By-R.M Class 10 phy best digital notes.pdf
HUMAN EYE By-R.M Class 10 phy best digital notes.pdf
Juaristi, Jon. - El canon espanol. El legado de la cultura española a la civi...
Juaristi, Jon. - El canon espanol. El legado de la cultura española a la civi...
Sustainable Land Management - Climate Smart Agriculture
Sustainable Land Management - Climate Smart Agriculture
BIRDS DIVERSITY OF SOOTEA BISWANATH ASSAM.ppt.pptx
BIRDS DIVERSITY OF SOOTEA BISWANATH ASSAM.ppt.pptx
Introduction_Ch_01_Biotech Biotechnology course .pptx
Introduction_Ch_01_Biotech Biotechnology course .pptx
SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆
SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆
Immunotherapy presentation from clinical immunology
Immunotherapy presentation from clinical immunology
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
Quality assurance B.pharm 6th semester BP606T UNIT 5
Quality assurance B.pharm 6th semester BP606T UNIT 5
Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart Agriculture
Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart Agriculture
Injection: Risks and challenges - Injection of CO2 into geological rock forma...
Injection: Risks and challenges - Injection of CO2 into geological rock forma...
Karyotypes
- 1. Karyotypes
- 2. True or False: If you took a cheek cell from a random person, you could tell if that person was male or female.
- 3. What is a karyotype? • A picture that shows all the chromosomes inside a cell.
- 4. Processing Piece: • Draw a picture of a karyotype and label it.
- 5. What are autosomal chromosomes? • All chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes. • Chromosomes that are determine a person’s gender. • X chromosomes and Y chromosomes. What are sex chromosomes?
- 6. How can you determine a person’s gender by looking at their karyotype? • Women have two X chromosomes: XX • Men have an X and a Y chromosome: XY
- 7. Processing Piece: Draw the sex chromosomes that you would see in the karyotype of a male person, and label it “male.” Draw the sex chromosomes that you would see in the karyotype of a female person, and label it “female.”
- 8. How can you determine whether or not a person is human by looking at their karyotype? • If the karyotype contains 46 chromosomes (44 autosomal chromosomes, and 2 sex chromosomes), the person must be a human.
- 9. Processing Piece: A karyotype from a diploid cell reveals that the cell contains 20 chromosomes. 1) Is this a human cell? 2) How do you know?
- 10. Exit Ticket A karyotype from a diploid cell reveals that the cell contains 30 chromosomes. 1) Is this a human cell? 2) How do you know? A karyotype from a human cell reveals that there are two X chromosomes present. 3) Is this person a male or female? 4) How do you know?