Immune System

1. Assign Yourself: Results due March 30th by 11:51 PM + 10 pics!
Do Now:
1) Contrast innate and adaptive immunity. (You can use a T-chart to do this.)
2) Label the phagocyte, TLR’s, pathogen, lysosome, digestive enzymes, and exocytosis.

2. 4 Corners: What you are most excited about
as a senior
• Graduation
• College Signing Day
• Prom
• Summer

3. Innate vs. Adaptive Immunity
Innate Immunity
• Nonspecific immune response
• Found in invertebrates, vertebrates, and
plants
• Targets molecules that are common to
viruses, bacteria, and other pathogens, but
not found in animals.
• Includes:
• First line of defense (skin / other barrier)
• Phagocytosis
• Inflammatory response
• Antimicrobial peptides
• Toll receptors and Toll-like receptors
Adaptive (aka Acquired) Immunity
• Specific immune response
• Found only in vertebrates (and very rarely in
invertebrates)
• 2 categories:
1. Cell-mediated (T-cells)
2. Humoral (antibodies produced by B cells)

4. Innate Immunity: TLR’s and Phagocytosis
1. TLR’s (toll-like receptors) on phagocyte bind to pathogen
2. Phagocyte engulfs bacteria / other pathogen
3. The vesicle containing bacteria (“phagosome”) fuses with a lysosome
4. Bacteria is digested.
5. Waste is expelled via exocytosis

5. To understand out notes we will do matching
words with diagrams so we can understand
important concepts…
• There are 3 major diagrams today!
• You will get tested (as in a grade) on ALL 3 of them
• ***FRQs are notorious for making students draw/label/explain
diagrams (plus today’s LO today is: 2.29 The student can create
representations and models to describe immune responses)

6. What do multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes (Type 1),
and lupus all have in common?

7. What do multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes (Type 1), and lupus have in common?
They are all autoimmune diseases (or believed to be autoimmune diseases)
• Multiple Sclerosis (MS): Immune cells target the myelin sheath that surround neurons in the central
nervous system, causing muscle spasms, paralysis, and eventually death.
• Rheumatoid Arthritis: Immune cells target the cartilage in joints between bones, leading to inflammation,
pain, and possibly deformation.
• Type 1 Diabetes: Immune cells target beta cells in the pancreas that produce insulin, causing severe insulin
shortages, which can lead to hyperglycemia, ketoacidosis, and death if not treated.
• Lupus: Immune cells target histones (normal proteins found all over the body), causing fever, rashes,
arthritis, and kidney dysfunction.

8. Adaptive Immunity: Overview
• Found only in vertebrates (and very rarely in invertebrates)
• 2 main categories:
1. __________________ (T-cells)
2. ______________ (B-cells)
• Gives the body “immunological memory.” This means your immune system can
“remember” a pathogen, and respond _________if it infects you a second time.

9. Adaptive Immunity: Overview
• Found only in vertebrates (and very rarely in invertebrates)
• 2 main categories:
1. Cell-mediated (T-cells)
2. Humoral (B-cells)
• Gives the body “immunological memory.” This means your immune system can
“remember” a pathogen, and respond __________if it infects you a second time.

10. Adaptive Immunity: Overview
• Found only in vertebrates (and very rarely in invertebrates)
• 2 main categories:
1. Cell-mediated (T-cells)
2. Humoral (B-cells)
• Gives the body “immunological memory.” This means your immune system can
“remember” a pathogen, and respond very quickly if it infects you a second time.

11. Adaptive Immunity: Immunological Memory
(This is why adaptive immunity is awesome.)

12. Adaptive Immunity: Immunological Memory
1. Primary Immune Response: happens the first time a pathogen infects you.
• _________ to get started.
• B and T cells proliferate (multiply) and fight the infection
• Some B and T cells become __________ cells
2. Secondary Immune Response: happens the second time a pathogen infects you
• Happens very ___________
• Memory T and B cells recognize the pathogen and immediately start to produce activated immune
cells to fight the infection

13. Adaptive Immunity: Immunological Memory
1. Primary Immune Response: happens the first time a pathogen infects you.
• Slow to get started.
• B and T cells proliferate (multiply) and fight the infection
• Some B and T cells become __________ cells
2. Secondary Immune Response: happens the second time a pathogen infects you
• Happens very ___________
• Memory T and B cells recognize the pathogen and immediately start to produce activated immune
cells to fight the infection

14. Adaptive Immunity: Immunological Memory
1. Primary Immune Response: happens the first time a pathogen infects you.
• Slow to get started.
• B and T cells proliferate (multiply) and fight the infection
• Some B and T cells become memory cells
2. Secondary Immune Response: happens the second time a pathogen infects you
• Happens very ___________
• Memory T and B cells recognize the pathogen and immediately start to produce activated immune
cells to fight the infection

15. Adaptive Immunity: Immunological Memory
1. Primary Immune Response: happens the first time a pathogen infects you.
• Slow to get started.
• B and T cells proliferate (multiply) and fight the infection
• Some B and T cells become memory cells
2. Secondary Immune Response: happens the second time a pathogen infects you
• Happens very quickly
• Memory T and B cells recognize the pathogen and immediately start to produce activated immune
cells to fight the infection
Processing:
What type of
immune response
does a vaccine
cause?

16. CFU: Place the correct labels onto the graph
104
103
102
101
Antibodies
to A
Antibodies
to B
0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56
Primary immune response
to antigen A produces
antibodies to A.
Secondary immune response to
antigen A produces antibodies to A;
primary immune response to antigen
B produces antibodies to B.
Time (days)
Antibody concentration

17. Primary immune response
to antigen A produces
antibodies to A.
Secondary immune response to
antigen A produces antibodies to A;
primary immune response to antigen
B produces antibodies to B.
Exposure
to antigen A
Exposure to
antigens A and B
Time (days)
Antibodyconcentration
(arbitraryunits)
104
103
102
101
100
0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56
Antibodies
to A
Antibodies
to B
Figure 43.15

18. Adaptive Immunity: T-cells vs. B-cells
T-cells
• Produced in bone marrow
• Mature in the ___________
• Cell-mediated immunity (kill infected cells)
• Includes:
• Helper T cells (activate other cells)
• Cytotoxic T cells (kill infected cells)
• Memory T cells
B-cells
• Produced in bone marrow.
• Mature in _________________.
• Humoral immune response (antibodies)
• Includes:
• Naïve B cells (hasn’t found its antigen yet)
• _________ cells (secrete antibodies)
• Memory B cells

19. Adaptive Immunity: T-cells vs. B-cells
T-cells
• Produced in bone marrow
• Mature in the thymus
• Cell-mediated immunity (kill infected cells)
• Includes:
• Helper T cells (activate other cells)
• Cytotoxic T cells (kill infected cells)
• Memory T cells
B-cells
• Produced in bone marrow.
• Mature in bone marrow.
• Humoral immune response (antibodies)
• Includes:
• Naïve B cells (hasn’t found its antigen yet)
• Plasma cells (secrete antibodies)
• Memory B cells
Processing:
Plasma cells are named for their
high amounts of endoplasmic
reticulum (the cell organelle that
synthesizes proteins). Why do
they have so much of this? What
proteins are they producing?

20. Adaptive Immunity: Antigens Recognition
• ____________: any molecule that the immune system can recognize and target
• ____________: the part of the antigen that binds to the antigen receptor or antibody

21. Adaptive Immunity: Antigens Recognition
• Antigen: any molecule that the immune system can recognize and target
• Epitope: the part of the antigen that binds to the antigen receptor or antibody

22. CFU: Place the correct term on the diagram!
AntibodyAntigen
receptor
B cell
Antigen
Epitope
Pathogen

24. Adaptive Immunity: Antigens and Antibodies
• Antigen receptor: molecule in the cell membrane of a T or B cell that ________________
• Antibody: Y-shaped molecule secreted by _________ that targets a specific antigen; basically a
secreted (released) version of the B cell’s ____________________

25. Adaptive Immunity: Antigens and Antibodies
• Antigen receptor: molecule in the cell membrane of a T or B cell that binds to an antigen
• Antibody: Y-shaped molecule secreted by _________ that targets a specific antigen; basically a
secreted (released) version of the B cell’s ____________________

26. Adaptive Immunity: Antigens and Antibodies
• Antigen receptor: molecule in the cell membrane of a T or B cell that binds to an antigen
• Antibody: Y-shaped molecule secreted by B cells that targets a specific antigen; basically a
secreted (released) version of the B cell’s ____________________

27. Adaptive Immunity: Antigens and Antibodies
• Antigen receptor: molecule in the cell membrane of a T or B cell that binds to an antigen
• Antibody: Y-shaped molecule secreted by B cells that targets a specific antigen; basically a
secreted (released) version of the B cell’s antigen receptor

28. Processing: Draw a picture of a B cell and label its
antigen receptors. Draw an antigen that would
bind to these receptors, and label the epitope.
Finally, draw an antibody that this B cell would
release once it’s activated.

29. Adaptive Immunity: Structure of Antibodies
Processing:
1) How many polypeptide chains
came together to form this
antibody?
2) These polypeptides are held
together by disulphide bonds. Do
you predict these are strong bonds
or weak bonds?
3) Which part will bind to an antigen?
4) What do you think “variable
portion” and “constant portion”
mean?
5) Why does this look so similar to
the antigen receptor of a B cell?

30. Adaptive Immunity: Structure of Antibodies
Antibody Structure:
• Secreted version of the antigen receptor
molecules in the B cell membrane
• Y-shaped
• 4 polypeptide chains:
• 2 heavy chains and 2 light chains
• Held together by disulfide bonds
(very strong bonds)
• Constant regions provide structure and
are always the same
• __________ regions:
• __________________
• Are _________for every antibody

31. Adaptive Immunity: Structure of Antibodies
Antibody Structure:
• Secreted version of the antigen receptor
molecules in the B cell membrane
• Y-shaped
• 4 polypeptide chains:
• 2 heavy chains and 2 light chains
• Held together by disulfide bonds
(very strong bonds)
• Constant regions provide structure and
are always the same
• Variable regions:
• __________________
• Are _________for every antibody

32. Adaptive Immunity: Structure of Antibodies
Antibody Structure:
• Secreted version of the antigen receptor
molecules in the B cell membrane
• Y-shaped
• 4 polypeptide chains:
• 2 heavy chains and 2 light chains
• Held together by disulfide bonds
(very strong bonds)
• Constant regions provide structure and
are always the same
• Variable regions:
• Bind to the antigen
• Are different for every antibody

33. 33
Adaptive Immunity: Function of Antibodies

34. Adaptive Immunity: Function of Antibodies
Antibodies can fight pathogens by:
1. Neutralization: Antibodies bind
to pathogen and prevent them
from entering cells
2. Opsonization: Antibodies bind to
pathogen and attract _________
to come ingest it
3. Agglutination: Antibodies bind to
more than one pathogen,
causing them to ____________
4. Precipitation: Antibodies bind to
free antigens loose in the body,
causing them to clump together
5. Activation of complement
proteins: Antibodies bound to a
pathogen cause complement
proteins to ____________ (hole)
in its membrane

35. Adaptive Immunity: Function of Antibodies
Antibodies can fight pathogens by:
1. Neutralization: Antibodies bind
to pathogen and prevent them
from entering cells
2. Opsonization: Antibodies bind to
pathogen and attract phagocytes
to come ingest it
3. Agglutination: Antibodies bind to
more than one pathogen,
causing them to ____________
4. Precipitation: Antibodies bind to
free antigens loose in the body,
causing them to clump together
5. Activation of complement
proteins: Antibodies bound to a
pathogen cause complement
proteins to ____________ (hole)
in its membrane

36. Adaptive Immunity: Function of Antibodies
Antibodies can fight pathogens by:
1. Neutralization: Antibodies bind
to pathogen and prevent them
from entering cells
2. Opsonization: Antibodies bind to
pathogen and attract phagocytes
to come ingest it
3. Agglutination: Antibodies bind to
more than one pathogen,
causing them to clump together
4. Precipitation: Antibodies bind to
free antigens loose in the body,
causing them to clump together
5. Activation of complement
proteins: Antibodies bound to a
pathogen cause complement
proteins to ____________ (hole)
in its membrane

37. Adaptive Immunity: Function of Antibodies
Antibodies can fight pathogens by:
1. Neutralization: Antibodies bind
to pathogen and prevent them
from entering cells
2. Opsonization: Antibodies bind to
pathogen and attract phagocytes
to come ingest it
3. Agglutination: Antibodies bind to
more than one pathogen,
causing them to clump together
4. Precipitation: Antibodies bind to
free antigens loose in the body,
causing them to clump together
5. Activation of complement
proteins: Antibodies bound to a
pathogen cause complement
proteins to form a pore (hole) in
its membrane

38. Adaptive Immunity: Function of Antibodies
Processing: Which two parts of the
innate immune system that we
learned about yesterday are working
together with the humoral immune
response in the examples described
here?

39. Adaptive Immunity: B and T Cell Diversity
• Your B cells have more than 1 million UNIQUE antigen receptors
• Your T cells have more than 10 million UNIQUE antigen receptors
• How is this possible?
• When B and T cell antigen develop, the DNA that codes for antigen
receptors is randomly _________________ (mixed up).
• Thousands of new combinations are possible

40. Adaptive Immunity: B and T Cell Diversity
• Your B cells have more than 1 million UNIQUE antigen receptors
• Your T cells have more than 10 million UNIQUE antigen receptors
• How is this possible?
• When B and T cell antigen develop, the DNA that codes for antigen
receptors is randomly recombined (mixed up).
• Thousands of new combinations are possible

41. Adaptive Immunity: Self-Tolerance
Processing:
1. If your body makes MILLIONS of different antigen receptors, could some of them
target molecules on your OWN cells?
2. If this happened, what would be the results?

42. Adaptive Immunity: Self-Tolerance
Self-Tolerance:
• Some of the thousands of possible
antigen receptors target molecules on
your OWN cells.
• Immature B cells and T cells go through
a test run in the thymus or bone
marrow.
• If they are “self-reactive,” they are
___________.
• If they are NOT self-reactive, they
mature and are released into the body.

43. Adaptive Immunity: Self-Tolerance
Self-Tolerance:
• Some of the thousands of possible
antigen receptors target molecules on
your OWN cells.
• Immature B cells and T cells go through
a test run in the thymus or bone
marrow.
• If they are “self-reactive,” they are
eliminated.
• If they are NOT self-reactive, they
mature and are released into the body.

44. Adaptive Immunity:
Clonal Selection
Processing:
Which of these B cells will
become activated and start to
multiply? Why?

45. Adaptive Immunity:
Clonal Selection
Processing:
The activated B cell multiplies
and produces clones.
The clones differentiate into
plasma cells and memory cells.
What do the plasma cells do?
What do the memory cells do?

46. Adaptive Immunity:
Clonal Selection
1. Naïve B cell is activated in one of 2 ways:
• An _______ binds to its antigen receptor
• A ___________ cell activates it
2. Activated B cell ___________ (multiplies)
to create __________ of itself.
3. Some clones become ________ cells which
secrete Y-shaped antigen receptors as
______________
4. Some clones become ________________

47. Adaptive Immunity:
Clonal Selection
1. Naïve B cell is activated in one of 2 ways:
• An antigen binds to its antigen receptor
• A helper T cell activates it
2. Activated B cell __________(multiplies) to
create __________ of itself.
3. Some clones become ________ cells which
secrete Y-shaped antigen receptors as
______________
4. Some clones become ________________

48. Adaptive Immunity:
Clonal Selection
1. Naïve B cell is activated in one of 2 ways:
• An antigen binds to its antigen receptor
• A helper T cell activates it
2. Activated B cell proliferates (multiplies) to
create clones of itself.
3. Some clones become ________ cells which
secrete Y-shaped antigen receptors as
______________
4. Some clones become ________________

49. Adaptive Immunity:
Clonal Selection
1. Naïve B cell is activated in one of 2 ways:
• An antigen binds to its antigen receptor
• A helper T cell activates it
2. Activated B cell proliferates (multiplies) to
create clones of itself.
3. Some clones become plasma cells which
secrete Y-shaped antigen receptors as
______________
4. Some clones become ________________

50. Adaptive Immunity:
Clonal Selection
1. Naïve B cell is activated in one of 2 ways:
• An antigen binds to its antigen receptor
• A helper T cell activates it
2. Activated B cell proliferates (multiplies) to
create clones of itself.
3. Some clones become plasma cells which
secrete Y-shaped antigen receptors as
antibodies
4. Some clones become ________________

51. Adaptive Immunity:
Clonal Selection
1. Naïve B cell is activated in one of 2 ways:
• An antigen binds to its antigen receptor
• A helper T cell activates it
2. Activated B cell proliferates (multiplies) to
create clones of itself.
3. Some clones become plasma cells which
secrete Y-shaped antigen receptors as
antibodies
4. Some clones become memory B cells

52. Adaptive Immunity:
Clonal Selection
Processing:
1. Label the following –
• Naïve B cells
• Activated B cells
• Proliferation
2. Which cells are responsible for
the primary immune response?
3. Which cells are responsible for
the secondary immune
response?

53. CFU 3: Place the
correct labels on the
diagram
Antigen
Antigen
receptor
AntibodyPlasma cells
Memory cells
Clones
Proliferation

54. Antigen
Antigen
receptor
Antibody
Plasma cells (clone)Memory cells (clone)
B cells that
differ in
antigen
specificity
Figure 43.14
Proliferation

55. Adaptive Immunity: 5 Antibody Types
• B cells produce 5 types of antibodies (also called immunoglobulins, or Ig’s)
• From most to least common, they are:
1. ___ – part of ____________ immune response
2. ___ – found in ___________ (tears, saliva, breast milk, etc.)
3. ___ – part of _________ immune response
• Huge molecule made of ____ Y-shaped
antibodies bound together
• Cannot be transferred from mother to child;
__________ to cross the placenta
4. IgE – part of __________ response
5. IgD – unclear function
(Acronym: GAMED)

56. Adaptive Immunity: 5 Antibody Types
• B cells produce 5 types of antibodies (also called immunoglobulins, or Ig’s)
• From most to least common, they are:
1. IgG – part of secondary immune response
2. IgA – found in secretions (tears, saliva, breast milk, etc.)
3. IgM – part of primary immune response
• Huge molecule made of ____ Y-shaped
antibodies bound together
• Cannot be transferred from mother to child;
__________ to cross the placenta
4. IgE – part of __________ response
5. IgD – unclear function
(Acronym: GAMED)

57. Adaptive Immunity: 5 Antibody Types
• B cells produce 5 types of antibodies (also called immunoglobulins, or Ig’s)
• From most to least common, they are:
1. IgG – part of secondary immune response
2. IgA – found in secretions (tears, saliva, breast milk, etc.)
3. IgM – part of primary immune response
• Huge molecule made of 5 Y-shaped
antibodies bound together
• Cannot be transferred from mother to child;
__________ to cross the placenta
4. IgE – part of __________ response
5. IgD – unclear function
(Acronym: GAMED)

58. Adaptive Immunity: 5 Antibody Types
• B cells produce 5 types of antibodies (also called immunoglobulins, or Ig’s)
• From most to least common, they are:
1. IgG – part of secondary immune response
2. IgA – found in secretions (tears, saliva, breast milk, etc.)
3. IgM – part of primary immune response
• Huge molecule made of 5 Y-shaped
antibodies bound together
• Cannot be transferred from mother to child;
too big to cross the placenta
4. IgE – part of allergic response
5. IgD – unclear function
(Acronym: GAMED)

59. How does mother (temporarily) give immunity to her child?
________________ comes only from antibodies that travel
from mother to child:
• A pregnant mother and her fetus do NOT share blood cells;
they are too big to cross the placenta.
• However, antibodies (mainly _____) cross the placenta from
mother to fetus. These antibodies are also transferred from
mother to child through ________________.
• IgG antibodies give the child immunity for a few weeks,
until they break down.

60. How does mother (temporarily) give immunity to her child?
Passive immunity comes only from antibodies that travel
from mother to child:
• A pregnant mother and her fetus do NOT share blood cells;
they are too big to cross the placenta.
• However, antibodies (mainly _____) cross the placenta from
mother to fetus. These antibodies are also transferred from
mother to child through ________________.
• IgG antibodies give the child immunity for a few weeks,
until they break down.

61. How does mother (temporarily) give immunity to her child?
Passive immunity comes only from antibodies that travel
from mother to child:
• A pregnant mother and her fetus do NOT share blood cells;
they are too big to cross the placenta.
• However, antibodies (mainly IgG) cross the placenta from
mother to fetus. These antibodies are also transferred from
mother to child through ________________.
• IgG antibodies give the child immunity for a few weeks,
until they break down.

62. How does mother (temporarily) give immunity to her child?
Passive immunity comes only from antibodies that travel
from mother to child:
• A pregnant mother and her fetus do NOT share blood cells;
they are too big to cross the placenta.
• However, antibodies (mainly IgG) cross the placenta from
mother to fetus. These antibodies are also transferred from
mother to child through breast milk.
• IgG antibodies give the child immunity for a few weeks,
until they break down.
Processing:
Which babies will retain passive immunity longer: babies that
drink formula milk, or babies that are breastfed?
Why can’t IgM be shared from mother to child?

63. Exit Ticket
1. Draw a diagram to show how a B cells binds to an antigen. Label the
antigen receptor, antigen, and epitope.
2. Draw a graph showing how the concentration antibodies in the blood
would change over time when a person is infected twice with the same
pathogen. Label the primary immune response and secondary immune
response.
3. Draw a picture to illustrate clonal selection, using B cells as an example.
Label the antigen, antigen receptor, proliferation, clones, plasma cells,
memory B cells, and antibodies.

64. Exit Ticket –
Trade and Grade

65. Dear Homeroom,
• Houses are cancelled BUT we will be working on scholarships during catalyst.
• If you finished Give Me Five, work on one of these: