1) Urolithiasis, or kidney stone disease, is a common condition caused by obstruction in the urinary tract. The most common types of stones are calcium stones, struvite (infectious) stones, and uric acid stones.
2) Hydronephrosis is dilatation of the renal pelvis and calyces caused by partial or intermittent obstruction of urine flow. It can be caused by incompetence of the pelviureteric junction sphincters or obstruction at the ureteropelvic junction.
3) Prolonged hydronephrosis leads to progressive dilation of the pelvis and calyces, thinning of the renal parenchyma
Symptoms and Signs of different Diseases in UrologyAbdullah Mohammad
How would you approach a Urological Patient? This presentation will tell you how to take a history and examination along with symptoms and common signs of different diseases in urology
Symptoms and Signs of different Diseases in UrologyAbdullah Mohammad
How would you approach a Urological Patient? This presentation will tell you how to take a history and examination along with symptoms and common signs of different diseases in urology
Haematuria is RBC in urine. It can be gross haematuria or microscopic haematuria. According to the site affected haematuria can be devided in to glomerular haematuria and non glomerular haematuria. Urinary tract infections, Glomerulonephritis, Systemic lupus erythematosus, Hemorrhagic uremic syndrome, IgA nephropathy, Alport syndrome, Vasculitis, Renal vein thrombosis, Henoch schonlein purpura, Hypercalciuria, Polycystic kidney disease, Bladder carcinoma, Urethral trauma and Inherited diseases like Bleeding disorders, Renal calculi formation, Sickle cell disease can cause haematuria. Investigations help to make a differential diagnosis.
Please find the power point on Renal and bladder stones. I tried present it on understandable way and all the contents are reviewed by experts and from very reliable references. Thank you
Haematuria is RBC in urine. It can be gross haematuria or microscopic haematuria. According to the site affected haematuria can be devided in to glomerular haematuria and non glomerular haematuria. Urinary tract infections, Glomerulonephritis, Systemic lupus erythematosus, Hemorrhagic uremic syndrome, IgA nephropathy, Alport syndrome, Vasculitis, Renal vein thrombosis, Henoch schonlein purpura, Hypercalciuria, Polycystic kidney disease, Bladder carcinoma, Urethral trauma and Inherited diseases like Bleeding disorders, Renal calculi formation, Sickle cell disease can cause haematuria. Investigations help to make a differential diagnosis.
Please find the power point on Renal and bladder stones. I tried present it on understandable way and all the contents are reviewed by experts and from very reliable references. Thank you
continuation on the urinary tract disorders. congenital and acquired disorders well covered. pyelonephritis also forms part of the text. thanks for reading. remeber to like and follow
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
6. Prevalence of various types of Renal stones
% of all stones
Ca.Oxalate and PhosphateCa.Oxalate and Phosphate 7070
Idiopathic hypercalciuria (50%)
Hypercalciuria & hypercalcemia (10%)
Hyperoxaluria (5%)
Enteric (4.5%)
Primary (0.5%)
Hyperuricosuria (20%)
Hypocitraturia
No known metabolic abnormality (15-20%)
Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate ((STRUVITE)) 15-20
Uric acidUric acid 5-105-10
Associated with hyperuricemia
Associated with hyperuricosuria
Idiopathic (50% of uric acid stones)
Cystine 1-2
Other or unknownOther or unknown +5+5
7. Calcium stones
• Most common 75%
• Pure stones of Ca oxalate 50%
• Pure stones of Ca phosphate 06%
• Mixture of Ca oxalate & Ca phosphate 45%
8. Etiology of calcium stones
• Idiopathic hypercalciuria w/o hypercalcaemia 50%
• Hypercalcaemia and hypercalciuria 10%
– Hyperparathyroidism
– Absorptive hypercalciuria
– Renal hypercalciuria
• Hyperuricosuria with normal blood uric acid level
and without any abnormality of Ca metabolism 15%
• Idiopathic Ca stone disease 25%
– Unknown, No abnormality in urinary excretion of ca, uric acid and oxalate
9. Pathogenesis
• Imbalance b/n the degree of
supersaturation of ions forming the stone
and concentration of inhibition in urine
• Nidus – crystals of Ca oxalate, Ca PO4
precipitate in tubular lining around some
fragment of debris in tubules
• The stone grow, deposition of more
crystals at nidus
10. Factors contributing stone formation
• Urinary alkaline pH
• Decreased urinary volume
• Increased excretion of oxalate and uric acid
17. Etiology of Struvite stones
• Infection of UT with urea splitting bacteria
• Proteus, Klebsiella, Enterobacter
• Infection induced stones
18. Morphology struvitie stones
• Yellow - white or grey
• Soft, friable, irregular in shape
• Stag horn stone: large solitary stone that
takes the shape of renal pelvis
19.
20. Uric acid stones. 6%- etiology
• Hyperuricaemia, hyperuricosuria
• Primary/Secondary gout
(due to myeloproliferative dis)
• Leukemia on chemotherapy
• Administration of uricosuric drugs
(Salicylates, Probenicid)
• Other factors acid pH less than 6
low urinary volume
High nucleic
acid turnover
21. Pathogenesis of uric acid stones
• Solubility of uric acid at pH 7 is 200 mg/dl
• at pH 5 is 15 mg/dl
• Urine becomes acidic, solubility UA
decreases
• Prepecipitation of uric acid crystals
favours uric acid stones.
22. Uric acid stones - 6%
• Radiolucent X-ray
• But visible on US or CT
Radiolucent stones
Uric acid
Xanthine
Triamterene
Dihydroxyadenine
23. Morphology of uric acid stones
• Smooth, yellowish , brown, hard often
multiple
• Cut surface shows laminated structure
24. Cystine stones 2 %
etiology
Cystinuria
Genetically determined
Defect in transport of cystine across
CM/renal tubules, mucosa
25. Pathogenesis of cystine stones
• Cystine is least soluble among all
aminoacids
• Under excess cystineuria- concretion and
stone formation
30. Note also that a yellowish-
brown calculus formed in
the bladder
URIC ACID
31.
32. HydronephrosisHydronephrosis
• Defn: dilatation of renal pelvis and calyces
due to partial or intermittent obstruction to
the outflow of urine.
• Develops due to one or both pelviureteric
sphincters incompetence
• In the absence of the above there will be
dilatation and hypertrophy of urinary
bladder, but not hydronephrosis
36. Unilateral hydronephrosis
Ureteral obstruction at the level of
pelviureteric junction
1. Intraluminal- calculi in ureter/renal pelvis
2. Intramural- cong PUJ obstruction
– Atresia of ureter
– Inflammatory stricture
– Trauma
– Neoplasms of ureter or bladder
3. Extramural
Obstruction of uppr part of ureter by inf renal artery/vein
Pressure on ureter from outside ex ca cx, prostate,rectum,
caecum, retroperitoneal fibrosis
40. Extra renal hydronephrosis
• Dilatation of renal pelvis medially in the
form of sac
• As the obstruction persists
-Progressive dilation of pelvis/ calyces-
pressure atrophy of renal parenchyma
• Dilated – pelvicalyceal cystem extends
deep in to renal cortex- thin rim of renal
cortex streches over calyces- lobulation
41. Microscopy –hydronehrosis.
• Wall of hydronephrotic sac-
fibrous thickening –scarring
inflammatory cell infiltrates
• Progressive atrophy of tubules, glomeruli
• Stasis of urine- infection pyonephrosis.
Sometimes a very large calculus nearly fills the calyceal system, with extensions into calyces that give the appearance of a stag's (deer) horns. Hence, the name "staghorn calculus". Seen here is a horn-like stone extending into a dilated calyx, with nearly unrecognizable overlying renal cortex from severe hydronephrosis and pyelonephritis. Nephrectomy may be performed because the kidney is non-functional and serves only as a source for infection.
Shown below are typical urinalysis findings for this condition, with evidence for "infection stones" of magnesium ammonium phosphate.
Triamterene is a potassium-sparing diuretic.
The passage of a calculus (stone) through the urinary tract is diagrammed here. Calculi form when there is increased excretion of solutes such as calcium and when urine alkalinity, acidity, stasis, and/or concentration are favorable. The most common varieties of calculi are:
The markedly enlarged prostate seen here has not only large lateral lobes, but a very large median lobe as well that obstructs the prostatic urethra and led to chronic urinary tract obstruction. As a result, the bladder became both enlarged and hypertrophied as it had to work against the obstruction with every episode of urination. That is why the surface of the bladder appears trabeculated. Note also that a yellowish-brown calculus formed in the bladder
The arrow points to the culprit in this case of hydronephrosis--a ureteral calculus at the ureteropelvic junction. This kidney demonstrates marked hydronephrosis with nearly complete loss of cortex.
There is scarring of this kidney from chronic obstruction and pyelonephritis. The renal pelvis is markedly dilated, but the ureter is not, indicating that the point of obstruction is the ureteropelvic junction.