This document discusses disaster mitigation and management. It begins by outlining the objectives of disaster mitigation and management. It then defines disaster management as a process aimed at reducing losses from hazards and assisting victims. The four phases of disaster management are described as mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery. Structural and non-structural mitigation strategies are discussed in detail, including selecting safe building sites, orientation of buildings, fire escapes, and stability of structures. The importance of mitigation in reducing risks and impacts of disasters is emphasized.

1. UNIT NO- II
Disaster Management – Disaster Mitigation
By Dr. Dhobale J V
Assistant Professor
IBS, IFHE, Hyderabad.
IBS Hyderabad 1

2. Objectives
 Disaster Management.
 Structural & Non Structural Mitigation.
 Disaster Mitigation Strategies.
 Importance of Information and Communication
in Disaster Mitigation.
 Emerging Trends in Disaster Mitigation.
 Strengthening Capacity for Reducing Risk.
 Role of Team and Coordination.
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3. Disaster Management
 Disaster management is a process.
Drucker’s (1974) defines management as:
 “Making people capable of joint performance
by giving them common goals, common
values, the right structure, and the ongoing
training and development they need in order
to perform and to respond to change.”
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4. Disaster Management
 Disaster management aims to reduce, or
avoid, the potential losses from hazards,
assure prompt and appropriate assistance to
victims of disaster, and achieve rapid and
effective recovery.
 The Disaster management cycle illustrates
the ongoing process by which governments,
businesses, and civil society plan for and
reduce the impact of disasters, react during
and immediately following a disaster, and
take steps to recover after a disaster has
occurred. 4IBS Hyderabad

5. Disaster Management
 Appropriate actions at all points in the cycle
lead to greater preparedness, better
warnings, reduced vulnerability or the
prevention of disasters during the next
iteration of the cycle.
 The complete disaster management cycle
includes the shaping of public policies and
plans that either modify the causes of
disasters or mitigate their effects on people,
property, and infrastructure.
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6. Disaster Management
 As a disaster occurs, disaster management
actors, in particular humanitarian
organizations, become involved in the
immediate response and long-term recovery
phases.
 The four disaster management phases
illustrated here do not always, or even
generally, occur in isolation or in this precise
order.
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7. Disaster Management
1. Mitigation - Minimizing the effects of disaster.
Ex: building codes and zoning; vulnerability analyses;
public education.
2. Preparedness - Planning how to respond.
Ex: preparedness plans; emergency
exercises/training; warning systems.
3. Response - Efforts to minimize the hazards created
by a disaster.
Ex: search and rescue; emergency relief .
4. Recovery - Returning the community to normal.
Ex: temporary housing; grants; medical care.
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8. Disaster Management
 Sustainable development:
 Developmental considerations contribute to
all aspects of the disaster management cycle.
 One of the main goals of disaster
management, and one of its strongest links
with development, is the promotion of
sustainable livelihoods and their protection
and recovery during disasters and
emergencies.
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9. Disaster Management
 Sustainable development:
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10. Disaster Management
 Sustainable development:
 Where this goal is achieved, people have a
greater capacity to deal with disasters and
their recovery is more rapid and long lasting.
 In a development oriented disaster
management approach, the objectives are to
reduce hazards, prevent disasters, and
prepare for emergencies.
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11. Disaster Mitigation
 Is the first phase of disaster management
cycle.
 It entails measures that seek to remove or
decrease the impacts and risks of hazards
through proactive and predetermined
measures.
 The main aim of mitigation is to reduce loss of
life and property by attenuating the impact of
disasters.
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12. Disaster Mitigation
 Mitigation is proactive step, taken to reduce
human loss and financial costs that may arise
as an aftermath of disaster.
 The mitigation efforts are generally organized
into three primary activities, namely risk
analysis, risk reduction and risk insurance.
 The mission of any mitigation effort is to
proactively avert or moderate its impact.
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13. Disaster Mitigation
 The mitigation measures are designed to
reduce the vulnerability of local citizens and
property at risk.
 It can be applied to enhance protection from
natural disasters such as floods, tsunamis,
earthquakes, cyclones, storms and other
natural disasters.
 The mitigation measures help community
avoid several damages to their assets and
help them remain operational in the face of
calamity.
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14. Disaster Mitigation
 Mitigation aids further strength infrastructural
facilities such as roads, railways, hospitals,
fire stations and other significant service
facilities so that they can remain active in an
event of disaster.
 Pre-disaster planning helps in achieving
mitigation objectives by creating an
awareness of risks and hazards.
 Structural measures like strengthening
infrastructure, checking dams, contour
planting, improved drainage system, rain
water harvesting, building codes and policies. 14IBS Hyderabad

15. Disaster Mitigation
 Non structural measures such as public
health campaigns, vaccination programmes,
etc are to be considered in pre-planning.
 All the mitigation measures are aimed at
reduction of the frequency, extent, intensity
and effect of disasters.
 Objective of mitigation is to guarantee that
any human action or natural occurrence does
not lead to disaster.
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16. Disaster Mitigation
 The key to mitigation lies in reduction-
aversion-avoidance of the risk from an event
by taking pre-emptive action.
 Mitigation measures can be – Physical,
economical, social.
 Physical/ infrastructural measures can be
categorized into-
1. Reconstruction of destroyed structure.
2. Planning a new infrastructure.
3. Retrofitting (strengthening of existing facilities).
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17. Disaster Mitigation
 In all these cases, it should be ensured that
stronger individual structures, that are hazard
resistant, are constructed.
 Mitigation can be carried out in a systematic
manner.
 Strategies can be build to amend, avert,
adjust or circumvent the potential hazard.
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18. Disaster Mitigation
 Amending the hazard involves modifying the
nature of the hazard by eliminating or
reducing the incidence of its occurrence.
 Averting the hazard involves transmission of
the impact of hazard away from a susceptible
location to protect people and property from
harm. Ex- Dam constructions.
 Adjusting the hazard means changing
structural designs and standards.
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19. Disaster Mitigation
 Circumventing the hazard involves keeping
people away from the hazard zones by
limiting development in a risk area.
 There are four sets of tools that could be used
to mitigate disasters:
1. Hazard management and vulnerability reduction.
2. Economic diversification.
3. Political intervention and commitment.
4. Public awareness.
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20. Disaster Mitigation
 Of these, 1 & 2 apply to natural disasters
while 3 & 4 are used to mitigate any other
hazard.
 Two categories of mitigation activities –
1. Structural Mitigation.
2. Non-structural Mitigation.
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21. Disaster Mitigation
1. Structural Mitigation: Deals with
construction projects that are aimed at
reducing the economical and social impacts.
 After carrying out risk analysis, the
information can be used to describe and
executive hazard mitigation activities.
 The available options must be identified, and
cost-and-benefit analysis of each of the option
must be performed.
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22. Disaster Mitigation
1. Structural Mitigation: These measures are
aimed at minimizing the destructive and
disruptive effects of disasters on the built
environment.
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23. Disaster Mitigation
1. Structural Mitigation: Selection of Sites for
Industrial and Residential Buildings:
 Selection of site for industrial and residential
buildings the following should be considered:
1. Site planning – Site selection & Site analysis.
2. Land-use Pattern – adverse effect on biodiversity
should be analyzed.
3. Other factors – ecosystem, urban & environmental
considerations.
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24. Disaster Mitigation
1. Structural Mitigation: Minimum distance
from sea: Orientation of Buildings:
 The National Building Code of India 2005
(NBC,2005) is a comprehensive building code
that provides guidelines for regulating the
building construction activities across the
country.
 The costal area are found to be vulnerable to
tsunami and cyclones like natural calamities.
 These issues are to be considered while
building constructions near water bodies.
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25. Disaster Mitigation
1. Structural Mitigation: Minimum distance
from sea: Orientation of Buildings:
 The NBC-2005 code mainly contains
administrative regulations, control rules and
general building requirements; fire safety
requirements, stipulation regarding materials,
structural design & construction.
 There are five factors to resist cyclonic wind –
roof coverings, windows & doors, roof
sheathing attachment, walls & foundations.
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26. Disaster Mitigation
1. Structural Mitigation: Minimum distance
from sea: Orientation of Buildings:
 The distance from the edge of a costal bank
to a building is called as setback distance.
 Ordinary high water mark (OHWM) or
average high water mark.
 Setback distance – horizontal distance from
OHWM is generally 75ft.
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27. Disaster Mitigation
1. Structural Mitigation: Stability of structures:
Issues and Concerns:
 Technological and socio-economic growth
increases in demand for more and more style
and intricacy in building causes increase into
complexities.
 Structural stability, land use regulations,
construction areas, layouts, material used
should be taken care.
 Optimum utilization of renewable energy
sources.
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28. Disaster Mitigation
1. Structural Mitigation: Fire Escape in
Building Plan.
 NBC-2005, prescribes the minimum
standards of fire protection and fire safety of
buildings.
 Fire safe-design.
 Having fire plan of the buildings.
 Safe and sufficiency of exits.
 Obstacle free exit.
 Automatic fire detection and alarm system.
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29. Disaster Mitigation
1. Structural Mitigation: Fire Escape in
Building Plan.
 Thermo-sensitive devices such as automatic
sprinkler system should be installed.
 Fire fighting arrangements.
 Emergency lighting system.
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30. Disaster Mitigation
1. Structural Mitigation: Cyclone shelters:
 The increase number of deaths in cyclone-
affected areas was mostly due to the non-
availability of safe shelters in the coastal
villages.
 Provides safe shelters to vulnerable peoples
during flood and cyclones.
 These are constructed near evacuating
community and away from source of hazard. 30IBS Hyderabad

31. Disaster Mitigation
1. Structural Mitigation: Cyclone shelters:
 These specialized buildings are designed to
endure wind speed upto 300km/h (category 5)
cyclone and moderate earthquake.
 Its plinth is above high flood line and standing
on a stilted floor, it can remain unaffected in
storm surge up to the first floor level.
 These shelter structures are differ from
normal buildings to endure more sever wind31IBS Hyderabad

32. Disaster Mitigation
1. Structural Mitigation: Cyclone shelters:
 The roof, walls, windows, doors and
ventilation grills of the cyclone shelters are
constructed to resist wind-born debris.
 Extra security concerns like protecting glass
window by screen, lamination of windows,
fitting of doors with barrel bolts.
 An emergency generator for lighting, a battery
backup for emergency in case of generator32IBS Hyderabad

33. Disaster Mitigation
1. Structural Mitigation: Cyclone shelters:
 Minimum desirable lighting for safe movement
of people.
 Appropriate security measures for ventilation.
 Safe Kitchen faculties are required in shelters.
 Water supply to buildings along with safe
drinking water.
 The community members are involved in the
process with first-aid kits and trainings.
 Basic shelter management training to shelter
members. 33IBS Hyderabad

34. Disaster Mitigation
2. Non-Structural Mitigation: These mitigation
involves measures that seek to reduce the
likelihood of risk through modification in
human behaviour.
 These techniques are often considered
mechanisms where man adopts to nature.
 These measure are less costly than the
structural measures.
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35. Disaster Mitigation
2. Non-Structural Mitigation:
 The general non structural mitigation includes
regulatory measures, community awareness
and education programmes, environmental
control and behavioral modifications.
 Regulatory measures that are applied to
facets of societal and individual life limit
hazard risk by legally dictating human
actions.
 These actions are aimed at the common
good of society; compliance to these reduces
communal vulnerability. 35IBS Hyderabad

36. Disaster Mitigation
2. Non-Structural Mitigation: Land-Use
Regulations
 These regulations ensures orderly and
planed development of cities and public
services.
 Two aspects of land use in India –
1. Floor Area Ratio (FAR).
2. Urban Land ceiling.
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37. Disaster Mitigation
2. Non-Structural Mitigation: Land-Use
Regulations
1. Floor Area Ratio (FAR): Is capital-land ratio
allowed in each city, regulates haphazard
development & avert congestion around human
settlement.
 In Indian cities, FAR determines the total build-up
space that a plot is allowed to hold, subject to the
land availability and requirements, household
densities and dwelling sizes & availability of
parking.
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38. Disaster Mitigation
2. Non-Structural Mitigation: Land-Use
Regulations
2. The Urban Land (Ceiling & Regulation) Act:
ULCRA enacted in 1976 stipulates that individuals
or firms cannot hold vacant land beyond a certain
size.
 If there is any such land, they have to declare it
and sell the extra land to the government.
 It seeks to build an adequate stock of urban land
for the interest of general public purposes such as
road widening and development of open spaces
for public utilities.
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39. Disaster Mitigation
2. Non-Structural Mitigation: Hazard Zoning:
 Is an essential non-structural mitigation
measure and got high acceptance amongst
communities and disaster management
authorities.
 A world Bank and United Nations repot
estimates that around 200 million city
dwellers in India will be exposed to storms
and earthquakes by 2050.
 According to geographical statistics, in India
almost 54% of the land is susceptible to
earthquakes. 39IBS Hyderabad

40. Disaster Mitigation
2. Non-Structural Mitigation: Hazard Zoning:
 The earthquake zoning map of India divides
India into four seismic zones, Zone 2, 3, 4 &
5.
 Zone 5 is highest level of seismicity and zone
2 is associated with lowest level of seismicity.
 Each zone indicates the effects of an
earthquake at a particular place based on the
observations of the affected area and can be
described using descriptive scale like
Modified Mercalli intensity scale or the
Medvedev-Sponheuer-Karnik Scale (MSK). 40IBS Hyderabad

41. Disaster Mitigation
2. Non-Structural Mitigation: Hazard Zoning:
 Zone 5 – highest risk that suffer earthquake
of intensity of MSK IX or greater.
 The zone factor 0.36 is assigned to zone 5
and civil engineers use this factor for building
earthquake-resistant design.
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42. Disaster Mitigation
2. Non-Structural Mitigation: Hazard Zoning:
 Zone 5 –
 The zone factor of 0.36 is indicative of
effective peak-horizontal ground acceleration
of 36% of gravity that may be generated
during earthquake in this zone
 It is referred as Very High Damage Risk
Zone.
 Jammu & Kashmir, Westerns & Central
Himalayas, North-eastern states and Rann of
Kutch fall in this zone.
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43. Disaster Mitigation
2. Non-Structural Mitigation: Hazard Zoning:
 Zone 4 –
 Is called the High Damage Risk Zone and
covers areas liable to MSK VIII.
 The zone factor is assigned to zone 4 is 0.24.
 Area near Indo-Gangetic basin, Delhi and
parts of Jammu and Kashmir & Maharashtra
fall under zone 4.
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44. Disaster Mitigation
2. Non-Structural Mitigation: Hazard Zoning:
 Zone 3 –
 Is a moderate Damage Risk Zone that is
liable to MSK VII.
 The zone factor 0.16 is assigned.
 The Andaman & Nikobar Island, Parts of
Kashmir, Western Himalayas fall under this
zone.
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45. Disaster Mitigation
2. Non-Structural Mitigation: Hazard Zoning:
 Zone 2 –
 Is liable to MSK VI or less and is categorised
as Low Damage Risk Zone.
 The Zone factor of 0.10 is assigned to this
zone.
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46. Disaster Mitigation
2. Non-Structural Mitigation: Building code
and construction:
 These are the integral aspects of non-
structural mitigation.
 The various aspects relating to building
codes are ground coverage, basement,
projections, etc. ground coverage is defined
as the total area covered by a building
immediately above the plinth level.
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47. Disaster Mitigation
2. Non-Structural Mitigation: Building code
and construction:
 There are clearly defined codes for each and
every aspect of building.
 Distance between buildings, road width,
internal road width, the maximum floor area
permitted for residential and commercial use.
 Floor area ratio (FAR) & height of the building
is regulated according to the width of public
street o road.
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48. Disaster Mitigation
2. Non-Structural Mitigation: Building code
and construction:
 Basement is the storey that is partly or wholly
below the average ground level, with a height
not exceeding a projection of 1.2m above the
average ground level.
 National Building Code regulations to be
strictly adhere to while constructing a
building.
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49. Disaster Mitigation Strategies
 Disaster Management strategies cannot be
unilaterally mandated and implemented.
 The success of disaster mitigation strategy
likewise requires collaboration among
stakeholders.
 These strategies should be fine tuned to
meet the needs of the local community and
should be capable of adjusting to varying
conditions and seizing opportunities when
they arise.
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50. Disaster Mitigation Strategies
 The countries should work together for
disaster management based on needs.
 The strategies objectives should be
prioritized according to the specific needs of
the region.
 The development initiative should also
include changes in human and social
systems in its development agenda.
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51. Disaster Mitigation Strategies
 The disaster mitigation policies should steer
disaster prevention as an indispensible
aspect of sustainable development.
 These strategies should be uniformly
implemented at national, regional and local
level.
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52. Importance of Information and
Communication in Disaster Management
 Communication is an indispensible aspect of
disaster management
 To deal with disasters to our satisfaction,
efficient communication at all levels in
necessary.
 In the mitigation phase of Disaster
Management, a though study of all possible
causes of disasters and ways of mitigating
them is studied and communicated.
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53. Importance of Information and
Communication in Disaster Management
 Efficient communication can prevent the
occurrence of a disaster or reduce its impact
and play decisive role in the success of
Disaster Management.
 The structural and non structural mitigations
should be communicated to the public in
general so that they are able to adopt
necessary measures.
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54. Importance of Information and
Communication in Disaster Management
 Communication can play an important role in
highlighting risks and vulnerabilities.
 The importance of timely warning in
mitigation negative impact can never be
underestimated.
 The goal of communication is to ensure that
the hazard does not become a disaster.
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55. Importance of Information and
Communication in Disaster Management
 Information and communication technology
helps in spreading early warning and aid in
taking vital decision about preventing actions
that save lives, decrease damage to
properties.
 Disaster Mitigation efforts are supported by
communication, by helping in identification,
risk assessment and finally, the timely
dissemination of information about the
menace to the susceptible population so that
they can take action to prevent negative
consequences. 55IBS Hyderabad

56. Emerging Trends in Disaster Mitigation
 Disaster Management has traditionally
consists of activities for efficient response
and recovery, and mitigation measures were
not given due emphasis.
 Disaster mitigation involves activities aimed
at minimizing the destructive effects of
disasters.
 Development and implementation of plans for
reducing threats and vulnerabilities.
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57. Emerging Trends in Disaster Mitigation
 The activities of disasters mitigation are
closely being linked to cater to the needs of
community.
 Development projects are being fine-tuned to
address the risk and vulnerability of
community.
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58. Emerging Trends in Disaster Mitigation
 Considering disasters as extreme events
caused by natural forces has been
challenged lately and it is well understood as
a failure of development mechanisms.
 This new understanding has led to
communities and agencies being made
accountable for their action.
 Fitting with this trend is the increased sense
of responsibility of its own role in terms of
broader human rights.
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59. Strengthening Capacity for Reducing Risk
 Disaster risk reduction is a team work that
entails active participation from all the
agencies working for disaster management.
 Capacity development and risk reduction are
interdependent.
 Capacity development facilitates
achievement of the objectives of disaster
management by ensuring sustainable
development.
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60. Strengthening Capacity for Reducing Risk
 The various types of capacity development
for reducing risks are as follows:
1. Soliciting active participation from all
stakeholders.
2. An assessment of the current capacity.
3. Formulation of capacity development
strategies.
4. Implementation of capacity development
strategy.
5. Evaluation of capacity development.
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61. Role of Team and Coordination
 Team and coordination among its members
play a vital role in pre and post management
of disasters.
 Coordination is the essence of management
and it helps in achieving goals effectively and
efficiently.
 Disaster management is basically a team-
based activity and coordination is the
essence of any team activity.
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62. Role of Team and Coordination
 Coordination helps in achievement of
objectives by reducing conflicts and rivalries.
 Coordination helps in directing the efforts of
individuals towards achievement of goals
without duplicating the job.
 A team comprises experts from diverse fields
who come together for a common purpose.
 Timely action is a must for proper
management of disaster, coordination helps
by encouraging team members to act.
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63. Role of Team and Coordination
 It also facilities the optimum utilization of
limited resources.
 Team work and coordination improve
interpersonal relationship and help in
managing across hierarchical levels.
 Team work leads to higher efficiency since
the work within team are well defined
according to the expertise of individuals and
needs of disaster management.
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64. Reviews
 Disaster Management.
 Structural & Non Structural Mitigation.
 Disaster Mitigation Strategies.
 Importance of Information and Communication
in Disaster Mitigation.
 Emerging Trends in Disaster Mitigation.
 Strengthening Capacity for Reducing Risk.
 Role of Team and Coordination.
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65. Thank You!
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