This document discusses disaster management and mitigation. It defines disaster management as a process involving mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery. The goal of disaster management is to reduce potential losses from hazards and ensure prompt assistance and recovery. Mitigation aims to lessen the impacts of disasters through preventative measures and is the first phase of the disaster management cycle. Structural and non-structural mitigation measures are described, including building codes, shelters, and public awareness campaigns. Sustainable development is linked to disaster management through promoting resilient livelihoods.

1. UNIT NO- III
1
Disaster Management

2. Disaster Management
2
 Disaster management is a process.
Drucker’s (1974) defines management as:
 “Making people capable of joint performance
by giving them common goals, common
values, the right structure, and the ongoing
training and development they need in order
to perform and to respond to change.”

3. Disaster Management
 Disaster management aims to reduce, or
avoid, the potential losses from hazards,
assure prompt and appropriate assistance to
victims of disaster, and achieve rapid and
effective recovery.
 The Disaster management cycle illustrates
the ongoing process by which governments,
businesses, and civil society plan for and
reduce the impact of disasters, react during
and immediately following a disaster, and
take steps to recover after a disaster has
occurred.

4. Disaster Management
 Appropriate actions at all points in the cycle
lead to greater preparedness, better
warnings, reduced vulnerability
prevention of disasters during
or the
the next
iteration of the cycle.
 The complete disaster management cycle
includes the shaping of public policies and
plans that either modify the causes of
disasters or mitigate their effects on people,
property, and infrastructure.

5. Disaster Management
 As a disaster occurs, disaster management
actors, in particular humanitarian
organizations, become involved in the
immediate response and long-term recovery
phases.
 The four disaster management phases
illustrated here do not always, or even
generally, occur in isolation or in this precise
order.

6. Disaster Management
1. Mitigation - Minimizing the effects of disaster.
Ex: building codes and zoning; vulnerability analyses;
public education.
2. Preparedness - Planning how to
Ex: preparedness plans;
respond.
emergency
exercises/training; warning systems.
3. Response - Efforts to minimize the hazards created
by a disaster.
Ex: search and rescue; emergency relief .
4. Recovery - Returning the community to normal.
Ex: temporary housing; grants; medical care.

7. Disaster Management
 Sustainable development:
 Developmental considerations contribute to
all aspects of the disaster management cycle.
 One of the main goals of disaster
management, and one of its strongest links
with development, is the promotion of
sustainable livelihoods and their protection
and recovery during disasters and
emergencies.

8. Disaster Management
 Sustainable development:

9. Disaster Management
 Sustainable development:
 Where this goal is achieved, people have a
greater capacity to deal with disasters and
their recovery is more rapid and long lasting.
 In a development oriented disaster
management approach, the objectives are to
reduce hazards, prevent disasters, and
prepare for emergencies.

10. Disaster Mitigation
 Is the first phase of disaster management
cycle.
 It entails measures that seek to remove or
decrease the impacts and risks of hazards
through proactive and predetermined
measures.
 The main aim of mitigation is to reduce loss of
life and property by attenuating the impact of
disasters.

11. Disaster Mitigation
 Mitigation is proactive step, taken to reduce
human loss and financial costs that may arise
as an aftermath of disaster.
 The mitigation efforts are generally organized
into three primary activities, namely risk
analysis, risk reduction and risk insurance.
 The mission of any mitigation effort is to
proactively avert or moderate its impact.

12. Disaster Mitigation
 The mitigation measures are designed to
reduce the vulnerability of local citizens and
property at risk.
 It can be applied to enhance protection from
natural disasters such as floods, tsunamis,
earthquakes, cyclones, storms and other
natural disasters.
 The mitigation measures help community
avoid several damages to their assets and
help them remain operational in the face of
calamity.

13. Disaster Mitigation
 Mitigation aids further strength infrastructural
facilities such as roads, railways, hospitals,
fire stations and other significant service
facilities so that they can remain active in an
event of disaster.
 Pre-disaster planning helps in achieving
mitigation objectives by creating an
awareness of risks and hazards.
 Structural measures like strengthening
infrastructure, checking dams, contour
planting, improved drainage system, rain
water harvesting, buildings,codes and policies.

14. Disaster Mitigation
 Non structural measures such as public
health campaigns, vaccination programmes,
etc are to be considered in pre-planning.
 All the mitigation measures are aimed at
reduction of the frequency, extent, intensity
and effect of disasters.
 Objective of mitigation is to guarantee that
any human action or natural occurrence does
not lead to disaster.

15. Disaster Mitigation
 The key to mitigation lies in reduction-
aversion-avoidance of the risk from an event
by taking pre-emptive action.
 Mitigation measures can be – Physical,
economical, social.
 Physical/ infrastructural measures can be
categorized into-
1. Reconstruction of destroyed structure.
2. Planning a new infrastructure.
3. Retrofitting (strengthening of existing facilities).

16. Disaster Mitigation
 There are four sets of tools that could be used
to mitigate disasters:
1. Hazard management and vulnerability reduction.
2. Economic diversification.
3. Political intervention and commitment.
4. Public awareness.

17. Disaster Mitigation
 Of these, 1 & 2 apply to natural disasters
while 3 & 4 are used to mitigate any other
hazard.
 Two categories of mitigation activities –
1. Structural Mitigation.
2. Non-structural Mitigation.

18. Disaster Mitigation
Deals
Structural Mitigation:
construction projects that are
with
aimed at
reducing the economical and social impacts.
 After carrying
information can
out risk analysis, the
be used to describe and
executive hazard mitigation activities.
 The available options must be identified, and
cost-and-benefit analysis of each of the option
must be performed.

19. Disaster Mitigation
Structural Mitigation: Selection of Sites for
Industrial and Residential Buildings:
 Selection of site for industrial and residential
buildings the following should be considered:
1. Site planning – Site selection & Site analysis.
2. Land-use Pattern – adverse effect on biodiversity
should be analyzed.
3. Other factors – ecosystem, urban & environmental
considerations.

20. Disaster Mitigation
Structural Mitigation: Minimum distance from
sea: Orientation of Buildings:
 The National Building Code of India 2005
(NBC,2005) is a comprehensive building code
that provides guidelines for regulating the
building construction activities across the
country.
 The costal area are found to be vulnerable to
tsunami and cyclones like natural calamities.
 These issues are to be considered while
building constructions near water bodies.

21. Disaster Mitigation
distance
Structural Mitigation: Minimum
from sea: Orientation of Buildings:
 The NBC-2005 code mainly contains
administrative regulations, control rules and
general building requirements; fire safety
requirements, stipulation regarding materials,
structural design & construction.
 There are five factors to resist cyclonic wind –
roof coverings, windows & doors, roof
sheathing attachment, walls & foundations.

22. Disaster Mitigation
Structural Mitigation: Minimum distance
from sea: Orientation of Buildings:
 The distance from the edge of a costal bank
to a building is called as setback distance.
 Ordinary high water mark (OHWM) or
average high water mark.
 Setback distance – horizontal distance from
OHWM is generally 75ft.

23. Disaster Mitigation
1. Structural Mitigation: Stability of structures:
Issues and Concerns:
 Technological and socio-economic growth
increases in demand for more and more style
and intricacy in building causes increase into
complexities.
 Structural stability, land use regulations,
construction areas, layouts, material used
of renewable energy
should be taken care.
 Optimum utilization
sources.

24. Disaster Mitigation
1. Structural Mitigation:
Building Plan.
 NBC-2005, prescribes
Fire Escape in
the minimum
standards of fire protection and fire safety of
buildings.
 Fire safe-design.
 Having fire plan of the buildings.
 Safe and sufficiency of exits.
 Obstacle free exit.
 Automatic fire detection and alarm system.

25. Disaster Mitigation
1. Structural Mitigation: Fire Escape in
Building Plan.
 Thermo-sensitive devices such as automatic
sprinkler system should be installed.
 Fire fighting arrangements.
 Emergency lighting system.

26. Disaster Mitigation
1. Structural Mitigation: Cyclone shelters:
 The increase number of deaths in cyclone-
affected areas was mostly due to the non-
availability of safe shelters in the coastal
villages.
 Provides safe shelters to vulnerable peoples
during flood and cyclones.
 These are constructed near evacuating
community and away from source of hazard.

27. Disaster Mitigation
1. Structural Mitigation: Cyclone shelters:
 These specialized buildings are designed to
endure wind speed upto 300km/h (category 5)
cyclone and moderate earthquake.
 Its plinth is above high flood line and standing
on a stilted floor, it can remain unaffected in
storm surge up to the first floor level.
 These shelter structures are differ from
normal buildings to endure more sever wind
pressure.

28. Disaster Mitigation
Structural Mitigation: Cyclone shelters:
 The roof, walls, windows, doors and
ventilation grills of the cyclone shelters are
constructed to resist wind-born debris.
 Extra security concerns like protecting glass
window by screen, lamination of windows,
fitting of doors with barrel bolts.
 An emergency generator for lighting, a battery
backup for emergency in case of generator
failure.

29. Disaster Mitigation
Structural Mitigation: Cyclone shelters:
 Minimum desirable lighting for safe movement of
people.
 Appropriate security measures for ventilation.
 Safe Kitchen faculties are required in shelters.
 Water supply to buildings along with safe
drinking water.
 The community members are involved in the
process with first-aid kits and trainings.
 Basic shelter management training to shelter
members.

30. Disaster Mitigation
2. Non-Structural Mitigation: These mitigation
involves measures that seek to reduce the
likelihood of risk through modification in
human behaviour.
 These techniques are often considered
mechanisms where man adopts to nature.
 These measure are less costly than the
structural measures.

31. Disaster Mitigation
2. Non-Structural Mitigation:
 The general non structural mitigation includes
regulatory measures, community awareness and
education programmes, environmental control and
behavioral modifications.

32. Disaster Mitigation
2. Non-Structural Mitigation: Land-Use
Regulations
 These
planed
regulations ensures
development of cities
orderly
and
and
public
services.
 Two aspects of land use in India –
1. Floor Area Ratio (FAR).
2. Urban Land ceiling.

33. Disaster Mitigation
Non-Structural Mitigation: Land-Use
Regulations
1. Floor Area Ratio (FAR): Is capital-land ratio
allowed in each city, regulates haphazard
development & avert congestion around human
settlement.
 In Indian cities, FAR determines the total build-up
space that a plot is allowed to hold, subject to the
land availability and requirements, household
densities and dwelling sizes & availability of
parking.

34. Disaster Mitigation
Non-Structural Mitigation: Land-Use
Regulations
2. The Urban Land (Ceiling & Regulation) Act:
ULCRA enacted in 1976 stipulates that individuals
or firms cannot hold vacant land beyond a certain
size.
 If there is any such land, they have to declare it
and sell the extra land to the government.
 It seeks to build an adequate stock of urban land
for the interest of general public purposes such as
road widening and development of open spaces
for public utilities.

35. Disaster Mitigation
2. Non-Structural Mitigation: Hazard Zoning:
 Is an essential non-structural mitigation measure
and got high acceptance amongst communities
and disaster management authorities.
 A world Bank and United Nations repot estimates
that around 200 million city dwellers in India
will be exposed to storms and earthquakes by
2050.
 According to geographical statistics, in India
almost 54% of the land is susceptible to
earthquakes.

36. Disaster Mitigation
Non-Structural Mitigation: Hazard Zoning:
 The earthquake zoning map of India divides India
into four seismic zones, Zone 2, 3, 4 & 5.
 Zone 5 is highest level of seismicity and zone 2 is
associated with lowest level of seismicity.
 Each zone indicates the effects of an earthquake
at a particular place based on the observations of
the affected area and can be described using
descriptive scale like Modified Mercalli intensity
scale.

37. Disaster Mitigation
Non-Structural Mitigation: Hazard Zoning:
 Zone 5 – highest risk that suffer earthquake
of intensity of MSK IX or greater.
 The zone factor 0.36 is assigned to zone 5
and civil engineers use this factor for building
earthquake-resistant design.

38. Disaster Mitigation
Non-Structural Mitigation: Hazard Zoning:
 Zone 5 –
 The zone factor of 0.36 is indicative of effective
peak-horizontal ground acceleration of 36% of
gravity that may be generated during earthquake
in this zone
 It is referred as Very High Damage Risk Zone.
 Jammu & Kashmir, Westerns & Central
Himalayas, North-eastern states and Rann of
Kutch fall in this zone.

39. Disaster Mitigation
2. Non-Structural Mitigation: Hazard Zoning:
 Zone 4 –
 Is called the High Damage Risk Zone and
covers areas liable to MSK VIII.
 The zone factor is assigned to zone 4 is 0.24.
 Area near Indo-Gangetic basin, Delhi and
parts of Jammu and Kashmir & Maharashtra
fall under zone 4.

40. Disaster Mitigation
2. Non-Structural Mitigation: Hazard Zoning:
 Zone 3 –
 Is a moderate Damage Risk Zone that is
liable to MSK VII.
 The zone factor 0.16 is assigned.
 The Andaman & Nikobar Island, Parts of
Kashmir, Western Himalayas fall under this
zone.

41. Disaster Mitigation
2. Non-Structural Mitigation: Hazard Zoning:
 Zone 2 –
 Is liable to MSK VI or less and is categorised
as Low Damage Risk Zone.
 The Zone factor of 0.10 is assigned to this
zone.

42. Disaster Mitigation
Non-Structural Mitigation: Building code
and construction:
 These are the integral aspects of non-
structural mitigation.
 The various aspects relating to building
codes are ground coverage, basement,
projections, etc. ground coverage is defined
as the total area covered by a building
immediately above the plinth level.

43. Disaster Mitigation
Non-Structural Mitigation: Building code and
construction:
 There are clearly defined codes for each and
every aspect of building.
 Distance between buildings, road width,
internal road width, the maximum floor area
permitted for residential and commercial use.
 Floor area ratio (FAR) & height of the building
is regulated according to the width of public
street road.

44. Disaster Mitigation
2. Non-Structural Mitigation: Building code
and construction:
 Basement is the storey that is partly or wholly
below the average ground level, with a height
not exceeding a projection of 1.2m above the
average ground level.
 National Building Code regulations to be
strictly adhere to while constructing a
building.

45. Disaster Mitigation Strategies
 Disaster Management strategies cannot be
unilaterally mandated and implemented.
 The success of disaster mitigation strategy
likewise requires collaboration among
stakeholders.
 These strategies should be fine tuned to
meet the needs of the local community and
should be capable of adjusting to varying
conditions and seizing opportunities when
they arise.

46. Disaster Mitigation Strategies
 The countries should work together for
disaster management based on needs.
 The strategies objectives should be
prioritized according to the specific needs of
the region.
 The development initiative should also
include changes in human and social
systems in its development agenda.

47. Disaster Mitigation Strategies
 The disaster mitigation policies should steer
disaster prevention as an indispensible
aspect of sustainable development.
 These strategies should be uniformly
implemented at national, regional and local
level.

48. Importance of Information and
Communication in Disaster Management
 Communication is an indispensible aspect of
disaster management.
 To deal with disasters to our satisfaction, efficient
communication at all levels in necessary.
 In the mitigation phase of Disaster Management,
a though study of all possible causes of disasters
and ways of mitigating them is studied and
communicated.

49. Importance of Information and
Communication in Disaster Management
 Efficient communication can prevent the
occurrence of a disaster or reduce its impact
and play decisive role in the success of
Disaster Management.
 The structural and non structural mitigations
should be communicated to the public in
general so that they are able to adopt
necessary measures.

50. Importance of Information and
Communication in Disaster Management
 Communication can play an important role in
highlighting risks and vulnerabilities.
 The importance of timely warning in
mitigation negative impact can never be
underestimated.
 The goal of communication is to ensure that
the hazard does not become a disaster.

51. Importance of Information and
Communication in Disaster Management
 Information and communication technology helps
in spreading early warning and aid in taking vital
decision about preventing actions that save lives,
decrease damage to properties.
 Disaster Mitigation efforts are supported by
communication, by helping in identification, risk
assessment and finally, the timely dissemination
of information about the menace to the
susceptible population so that they can
take actionto prevent negative
consequences.

52. Emerging Trends in Disaster Mitigation
 Disaster Management has traditionally
consists of activities for efficient response
and recovery, and mitigation measures were
not given due emphasis.
 Disaster mitigation involves activities aimed
at minimizing the destructive effects of
disasters.
 Development and implementation of plans for
reducing threats and vulnerabilities.

53. Emerging Trends in Disaster Mitigation
 The activities of disasters mitigation are
closely being linked to cater to the needs of
community.
 Development projects are being fine-tuned to
address the risk and vulnerability of
community.

54. Emerging Trends in Disaster Mitigation
 Considering disasters as extreme events
caused by natural forces has been
challenged lately and it is well understood as
a failure of development mechanisms.
communities and agencies
 This new understanding has led to
being made
accountable for their action.
 Fitting with this trend is the increased sense
of responsibility of its own role in terms of
broader human rights.

55. Strengthening Capacity for Reducing Risk
 Disaster risk reduction is a team work that entails
active participation from all the agencies working
for disaster management.
 Capacity development and risk reduction are
interdependent.
 Capacity development facilitates achievement of
the objectives of disaster management by ensuring
sustainable development.

56. Strengthening Capacity for Reducing Risk
 The various types of capacity development
for reducing risks are as follows:
1. Soliciting active participation from all
stakeholders.
2. An assessment of the current capacity.
of capacity development
of capacity development
3. Formulation
strategies.
4. Implementation
strategy.
5. Evaluation of capacity development.

57. Role of Team and Coordination
 Team and coordination among its members
play a vital role in pre and post management
of disasters.
 Coordination is the essence of management
and it helps in achieving goals effectively and
efficiently.
 Disaster management is basically a team-
based activity and coordination is the
essence of any team activity.

58. Role of Team and Coordination
 Coordination helps in achievement of
objectives by reducing conflicts and rivalries.
 Coordination helps in directing the efforts of
individuals towards achievement of goals
without duplicating the job.
 A team comprises experts from diverse fields
who come together for a common purpose.
 Timely action is a must for proper
management of disaster, coordination helps
by encouraging team members to act.

59. Role of Team and Coordination
 It also facilities the optimum utilization of
limited resources.
 Team work and coordination improve
interpersonal relationship and help in
managing across hierarchical levels.
 Team work leads to higher efficiency since
the work within team are well defined
according to the expertise of individuals and
needs of disaster management.

60. Thank You!