2. Objectives
Aim of Disaster Response
Evacuation, Migration, administrating first-aid,
transportation of affected people to hospital
Discuss the restoration of essential services.
Rescue work
Ideal Command Centre
Modern and traditional methods of response
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3. Aims of Response
The mission of the response phase is to meet
the basic needs of the people until more
permanent and sustainable solutions are
formulated.
There is growing awareness of costs
associated with improper management of
disasters and hence communities and
government are trying hard to improve the first
responder efforts.
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5. Aims of Response
Mitigation and preparedness are the first two
phases of Disaster Management Cycle.
The third phase of this cycle is the response
phase.
It deals with the immediate reaction of the
individuals, communities and agencies
working for disaster management immediately
following a disaster.
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6. Aims of Response
Disaster response is aimed at providing instant
support to maintain life and health of the
affected population.
There is a wide array of response activities
carried out after disaster like first-aid,
transportation, shelter and food, initial repairs
to damaged infrastructure.
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7. Aims of Response
The level & kind of disaster response depends
on a number of factors – the scale of disaster,
the nature and number of affected people and
site-specific conditions.
Response comprises the decisions and
actions taken to deal with an urgent situation
that has adversely affected life and property.
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8. Aims of Response
It calls for collaboration, coordination and
communication between agencies involved in
administrating rescue and relief operations.
The main aim of response is to save and
protect human life.
The other aims of response are-
1. To guarantee the continued existence of the
maximum possible number of affected population
and ensuring that they are in the best possible
physical and mental health in the circumstances.
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9. Aims of Response
The other aims of response are-
2. To reinstate critical services and provide food,
clothing and water.
3. To restore or replace demolished or damaged
infrastructure. To make alternate housing
arrangements in camps.
4. To help in relieving suffering.
5. To protect the health and safety of responding
personnel.
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10. Steps of disaster response
• 1-Evacuation
The immediate and urgent movement
away from a threat or hazard
1: Immediate Evacuation:
• An evacuation resulting from a hazard
impact, that forces immediate action,
thereby allowing little action or no warning
and limited preparation time.
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11. Examples:
• • Hazardous material accidents, air crash
,wildfires and earthquakes
are examples of events that require
immediate action.
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12. • 2: Pre-warned evacuation:
• An evacuation resulting from an event
that provides adequate
warning and does not unduly limit
preparation time.
• Examples :
• floods, cyclones and storm surge.
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13. Types of disaster Evacuation
1. STAY IN PLACE
• The first type of evacuation that you should know about
is a “stay in place” or “shelter in place.” A stay in place
evacuation is meant for situations when leaving the
premises could put the health and safety of occupants at
risk
• As in Dangerous weather, like flash floods, tornadoes
and winter
storms.
• Chemical attacks or spills outside of the building.
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14. Types of disaster Evacuation
2. BUILDING EVACUATION
• The second type of evacuation is a
building evacuation. A building
evacuation is necessary when staying
inside the building poses a direct threat to
the occupants. This applies to any type of
building,
• As in Fires, Gas leaks, Structural
problems
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15. Types of disaster Evacuation
3-COMMUNITY EVACUATION
• A community evacuation is when the occupants of a
specific area, like a
neighborhood or a university campus, need to evacuate
as soon as possible to ensure their safety.
• As in Fire, Threats of violence. For instance, when a
bomb threat is made against the premises, Oncoming
severe weather. For instance, areas located on local
flood plains
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16. Types of disaster Evacuation
4. CITY EVACUATION
• A city-wide evacuation (also known as a mass
evacuation) is when citizens are encouraged to evacuate
their city and seek shelter in a safer location as soon as
possible.
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17. steps of disaster response
2- Search and Rescue:
• Disaster response activities begin with the detection of
the crisis and end with the normalization of the situation
following impact.
• The response activities entail triggering search and
rescue mechanism to find the injured, providing
emergency medical care and transferring them to safe
places.
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18. 4-steps of disaster response
• 3- Staging Area
• The staging area is the on-site incident command station. Disaster
responders should report to this area to “check in” so that everyone
is accounted for and can be given an assignment. This arrangement
allows for the most effective use of the skills and abilities of those
responding. No one should go to the disaster site unless directed to
do so by the staging area commander. The staging area is also
where the authority rests for decisions as to the need for additional
resources to manage the disaster incident
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19. 4-steps of disaster response
4- Disaster Triage
Triage is identifying and separating individuals quickly
according to injury severity and treatment needed.
Disaster triage focuses on sorting the greatest number of
people as fast as possible.
Triage:
is the process of determining the priority of patients’
treatments by the severity of their condition or likelihood
of recovery with and without treatment
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20. Control Process and Measurement
Controlling is a systematic efforts by which it is
ensured that plans are strictly followed and
actual performance is measured and
compared with that standard performance.
At the planning level, the tasks and roles are
clearly stated and responders are made aware
of their responsibilities.
This helps them to control their behavior and
priorities their tasks.
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21. Control Process and Measurement
The control process is a three step process-
1. Setting performance standards.
2. Measuring actual performance.
3. Comparing actual performance with standards.
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22. Security Issues
It is vital to ensure the security of the most
vulnerable population that is women, children
and the elderly.
Generally, it is seen that security is not always
a priority issue after a disaster because rescue
and relief operations are considered
paramount.
Along with police, military personnel are also
deployed to respond to a disaster.
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23. Security Issues
Given the state of vulnerabilities of the
affected community, physical security and
public order in the disaster-affected areas
should be established.
It helps prevent the public order from turning
into an undesirable state of panic and chaos.
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24. Profile of an Effective crises leader
Disasters are situations where leaders can
work wonders.
They can be really effective in managing the
disasters and controlling situations.
Certain pre-requisites of an effective crisis
leader are as follows:
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25. Profile of an Effective crises leader
1. Understanding
2. Truthful
3. Patient
4. Suave in conduct - be tactful in dealing with
victims.
5. Composed
6. Should be willing to delegate
7. Committed to selfless services
8. Decision maker
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26. Leading at the time of Crisis:
Competencies and Challenges
Crisis management is the process by which a
major disastrous event is brought under
control.
There are two elements of crisis –
1. They are shocking incidents that take individuals
by surprise.
2. There is very little time to make decision.
While dealing with these situations, a leader
should make timely, decisive and correct
decision individually and collectively.
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27. Leading at the time of Crisis:
Competencies and Challenges
The three challenges of crisis situation are:
1. Unpredictability.
2. General mood of affected people.
3. Misinformation.
The competency required for attaining this is
very simple: It is faith.
The leader should instil confidence and faith
in his or her co-workers.
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28. Evacuation and Migration
Evacuation involves the relocation of
individuals and members of the affected
community from risk-zone to a safer location.
Evacuation can help individual and
communities avoid the aftermath of disasters
such as building collapse, outbreak of
diseases, etc.
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29. Evacuation and Migration
People are reluctant to evacuate even in the
most dangerous situations because of
inadequate social or economical resources.
The three pre-requisites of effective
evacuation are:
1. A Plan of action and place to relocate the
evacuees.
2. Clear identification of escape routes.
3. A timely and accurate warning system to inform
about the exact turn of events.
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30. Evacuation and Migration
Evacuation is immediate and urgent
movement of people away from the threat or
actual occurrence of a rapid onset of a
disaster.
This type of migration is temporary in nature
and after the crisis is over the families return to
their homes.
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31. Administering First-Aid
The process of addressing the needs of a
person who is physically injured or is
psychologically distressed is referred to as
first-aid.
Though first-aid is not substitute for
professional medical help, but still it can make
a difference between life and death.
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32. Administering First-Aid
When addressing the first-aid after disasters,
there are certain aspects that need to be taken
care of –
1. Check the surroundings.
2. Seek help whenever necessary.
3. Remain with the victim.
4. Stay Calm.
5. Determine responsiveness.
6. Help to stop bleeding first.
7. Psychological support.
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33. Administering First-Aid
Training in first-aid should be made
compulsory at school level.
The kind of first-aid differs according to the
nature of disaster.
First-aid training must be packaged in a way
that ‘clearly outlines its aims, mechanism,
when it is used, where it can be applied and
who benefits from its use, who can deliver it’.
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34. Handling of Injured at Hospitals:
Challenges and Issues
Colored – coded tagging systems are used to
identify those with minor injuries, moderate
injuries or severe injuries.
The black tag is used for the dead, red tag for
those needing immediate resuscitation, yellow
tag for those suffering from potentially life-
threatening injuries and green tag for minor
injuries or wounded.
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35. Handling of Injured at Hospitals:
Challenges and Issues
It is imperative that after a disaster, the health-
care providers should do what they have
expertise in.
The physician and nurse with special field
training should be in the field.
Specialized medical aid should be provided to
the victims.
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36. Mobilization and Restoration of
Essential Services
To ensure effective command and control of
an emergency situation, it is crucial that
essential services are organized.
1. Telephone Lines
2. Electricity and power supply
3. Drinking water supply & non-perishable food
4. Alternate roads
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37. Search and rescue Work
Disaster response activities begin with the
detection of the crisis and end with the
normalization of the situation following impact.
The response activities entail triggering search
and rescue mechanism to find the injured,
providing emergency medical care and
transferring them to safe places.
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38. Search and rescue Work
The response phase differs from other phases
of disaster management in the sense that
there are two important aspects namely,
uncertainty and urgency.
The emergency response actions should be
well coordinated with disaster recovery as they
form the foundation for carrying out recovery
activities.
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39. Modern and Traditional Methods of
Response
The responses to disasters may utilize a mix
of methods from traditional to modern.
The situation and nature of the affected
population play a decisive role in choosing an
effective response mechanism.
Traditional methods of response have been
used since long and they are the most
common and practical methods of response.
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40. Modern and Traditional Methods of
Response
They entail assistant provided in the form of
food, shelter materials, blankets, etc.
Money is also provided so that affected people
can buy things according to their needs.
Charitable organizations offer help to
communities that have suffered a disaster.
New technologies can be very useful and
powerful in disaster response.
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41. Modern and Traditional Methods of
Response
These basically form the basis of the modern
methods of disaster response.
Mobile phones can act as warning devices.
SMS provided by operators can prove to be
useful medium to send warning signals of
immediate threat.
GPS for tracing location of victims.
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42. Modern and Traditional Methods of
Response
The disaster management team also uses the
potential of mapping technologies, such as
geographic information system (GIS), remote
sensing (satellite imagery) and global
positioning system (GPS), to aid emergency
response operations.
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43. Modern and Traditional Methods of
Response
1. Remote Sensing: the scanning of the earth
by satellite or high-flying aircraft in order to
obtain information about it.
1. Visible and Reflective Infrared remote sensing.
2. Thermal Infrared Remote sensing.
3. Microwave Remote sensing.
2. GIS – GIS is a system that collects, displays,
manages and analyzes geographic
information.
3. Other Methods – Social Media & Social
networking.
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44. A Model of an Ideal Command Centre
Incident command center is a standardized,
on-scene, all-hazard incident management
concept.
The primary role of this center is the
coordination of efforts for effective and efficient
management of incident.
When any disastrous event occurs, they first
identify and assess the situation.
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45. A Model of an Ideal Command Centre
The functions of an Incident Command Centre
are:
1. Development of objectives.
2. Preparation of Incident Action Plan to meet
incident objectives, collection and evaluation
of information.
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46. A Model of an Ideal Command Centre
The functions of an Incident Command Centre
are:
3. Maintenance of resource status and incident
documentation.
4. Providing logistics support to meet
operational objectives.
5. Financial administration to monitor costs,
accounting, procurement and cost analysis.
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47. Role of nurse in disaster
response
Triage & Initial Care
When the demand for medical services is
overwhelming the immediate available
capacity, one of the most important tasks
is performing triage. Triage is the process
of sorting patients into different priority
levels, to do the most good for the most
people with a limited amount of resources.
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48. Records & Documentation
Accurately recording each patient’s
information is essential when people are
receiving first aid at the site of a disaster
before they’re transported elsewhere for
additional care. Maintaining continuity of
care becomes more challenging in disaster
scenarios, so “triage tags” are commonly
used to record important details about
each patient and their condition.
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49. Mental Health First Aid
People who live through traumatic events
like disasters can experience severe
emotional and psychological distress.
Another primary responsibility of nurses in
disaster response efforts is providing
mental health support to people in need.
Nurses are trained to recognize the signs
of distress and offer psychological first aid
to victims of large-scale disasters
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50. Public Health Efforts In disaster situations,
nurses are also called upon to help with a
variety of public health initiatives. This could
mean dispensing vaccines at pop-up clinics
during a pandemic, or educating people on
disease prevention when safe water or
reliable plumbing are in short supply. It could
also mean helping with decontamination
efforts after large numbers of people are
exposed to hazardous materials.
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51. Challenges Faced by Nurses in
Disaster Response
Short-Staffing and Long Hours
In the wake of a major disaster, nurses are
often pushed to their limits. Long hours are
common, whether volunteering with a
disaster relief organization or working in a
healthcare facility that sees a sudden,
massive spike in patient volumes.
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Emotional Fatigue
Responding to disasters as a nurse can also be
very emotionally fatiguing. Disaster nurses often
treat people on the worst day of their lives, and
are sometimes exposed to more traumatic and
gruesome injuries than usual. Seeing so much
human suffering in one place can definitely take
a toll, so it’s important for nurses working in
disaster response to maintain good self-care
habits.
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Limited Resources & Unconventional
Environments
In disaster situations, nurses are frequently
administering care in non-traditional
environments. People usually need
immediate first aid at disaster sites, which
are far from a sterile clinical environment.
Beyond the triage phase, emergency
response organizations sometimes take
over open spaces like gyms or sports
arenas to accommodate large numbers of
people who need ongoing care.
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Ethical Considerations
Working triage can also put
nurses in challenging ethical
situations. They may have to
make the difficult choice to
withhold life-saving care from
severely injured people who
will most likely die, even with
medical help.
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Cultural & Linguistic Barriers
Large-scale disasters transcend
political differences and geographic
borders. Still, when nurses respond
to catastrophes in other parts of the
country—or on the other side of the
world—there can be challenges with
language barriers or cultural
differences.
