The 17th century saw major political and military conflicts in Europe. The Thirty Years' War from 1618-1648 began as a religious conflict in the Holy Roman Empire and eventually drew in most European powers. It significantly weakened the Holy Roman Empire and Spain. The subsequent Franco-Spanish War from 1648-1659 resulted in French victories over Spain and the Treaty of the Pyrenees, further reducing Spanish power. Absolute monarchy became the dominant political system in Europe during this time, exemplified by Louis XIV of France, while England established a parliamentary system that limited royal power.
Louis XIV quintessential absolute monarch - absolutismpimentd
Louis XIV is the quintessential absolute monarch. The presentation provides students with an example of how to write a proper 5 paragraph essay, complete with a thesis statement, topic sentences, and strong supporting evidence.
In the 17th century the Habsburgs faced many problems. The kingdom suffered a serious economic crisis and foreign wars continued. In the 17th century Spain lost its dominance and France increased its power.
Louis XIV quintessential absolute monarch - absolutismpimentd
Louis XIV is the quintessential absolute monarch. The presentation provides students with an example of how to write a proper 5 paragraph essay, complete with a thesis statement, topic sentences, and strong supporting evidence.
In the 17th century the Habsburgs faced many problems. The kingdom suffered a serious economic crisis and foreign wars continued. In the 17th century Spain lost its dominance and France increased its power.
POWERPOINT REALIZADO POR EL PROFESOR ALBERTO ARANDA SHAW PARA LA PRESENTACIÓN DE CONTENIDOS DEL SIGLO XIX EN ESPAÑA PARAEL NIVEL 4º ESO EN EL IES NICOLÁS SALMERÓN DE ALMERÍA.
Reinado de Carlos II, "el hechizado".
La endogamia practicada por la casa de Austria a lo largo de toda la Edad Moderna provocó inevitablemente la consanguineidad de la estirpe, desenlazando en el nacimiento en 1661 del príncipe Carlos, hijo de Felipe IV y heredero de los reinos.
Apodado en su época como "el hechizado" debido a sus fuertes ataques epilépticos, su imposibilidad para engendrar descendencia, sus múltiples dolencias y a la mala marcha de sus reinos; hoy en día el monarca es diagnosticado con el síndrome de Klinefeltes, una alteración genética provocada por la consanguineidad del 25% de su genoma.
Sin embargo, algunos historiadores como Ribot han asegurado que Carlos II no era "ni tan hechizado ni tan decadente". En efecto, no fue en absoluto peor rey que su padre y que su abuelo; y así mismo, demostró permanecer firme en cuestiones como la defensa de las colecciones reales ante la rapiña de Mariana de Neoburgo, o la elección sucesoria (anteponiendo los intereses de Estado a los dinásticos).
De la misma forma, a partir de 1677 el gobierno efectivo de los reinos estuvo en manos de personajes muy capacitados como Juan José de Austria, el (VIII) duque de Medinaceli o el conde de Oropesa, quienes realizaron las reformas que supondrían el inicio de la recuperación económica consolidada ya en época de los Borbones
POWERPOINT REALIZADO POR EL PROFESOR ALBERTO ARANDA SHAW PARA LA PRESENTACIÓN DE CONTENIDOS DEL SIGLO XIX EN ESPAÑA PARAEL NIVEL 4º ESO EN EL IES NICOLÁS SALMERÓN DE ALMERÍA.
Reinado de Carlos II, "el hechizado".
La endogamia practicada por la casa de Austria a lo largo de toda la Edad Moderna provocó inevitablemente la consanguineidad de la estirpe, desenlazando en el nacimiento en 1661 del príncipe Carlos, hijo de Felipe IV y heredero de los reinos.
Apodado en su época como "el hechizado" debido a sus fuertes ataques epilépticos, su imposibilidad para engendrar descendencia, sus múltiples dolencias y a la mala marcha de sus reinos; hoy en día el monarca es diagnosticado con el síndrome de Klinefeltes, una alteración genética provocada por la consanguineidad del 25% de su genoma.
Sin embargo, algunos historiadores como Ribot han asegurado que Carlos II no era "ni tan hechizado ni tan decadente". En efecto, no fue en absoluto peor rey que su padre y que su abuelo; y así mismo, demostró permanecer firme en cuestiones como la defensa de las colecciones reales ante la rapiña de Mariana de Neoburgo, o la elección sucesoria (anteponiendo los intereses de Estado a los dinásticos).
De la misma forma, a partir de 1677 el gobierno efectivo de los reinos estuvo en manos de personajes muy capacitados como Juan José de Austria, el (VIII) duque de Medinaceli o el conde de Oropesa, quienes realizaron las reformas que supondrían el inicio de la recuperación económica consolidada ya en época de los Borbones
The Industrial Revolution and the Labour Movementpapefons Fons
Causes, stages and consequences of the Industrial Revolution, the origins of the Labour Movement, political ideologies related to workers and the International Workinmens´ Association.
To understand the appeal fascism had to Catholics before and in the beginning of World War II, you must understand the history of the Spanish Civil War, where the Communists who came to control the Republican faction were guilty of murdering priests and monks and nuns by the thousands. Fascism both the enemy of the Communists and the friend of the Church in Europe before and in the beginning of World War II. The Communists were hated by many Christians for the many thousands of Orthodox and Catholic priests they martyred in the early years of the Russian Communist Revolution.
The Nationalists under the fascist General Franco were also guilty of atrocities. The Nationalists massacred liberal teachers. Sometimes the public executions by Nationalists and Republicans were public events. Also, the German Luftwaffe pilots practicing their new blitzkrieg bombing strategies. In the infamous bombing of Guernica, the German pilots destroyed a church and then circled back for target practice on those who were fleeing from the church. In the years immediately after the war Franco continued his massacres of Republicans.
Although the Luftwaffe blitzkrieg bombing campaigns of the Spanish Civil War definitely served as practice for the dive-bombing in the Nazi invasions of Poland and France, the Spanish Civil War was really more like the Battle of Stalingrad that helped turned the tide of war in Europe. In both conflicts both sides stubbornly fought just viciously for a propaganda victory, never willing to strategically retreat, readily accepting massive military and civilian casualties.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
1. UNIT 3:
The 17th Century in
Europe & Spain
IES CAMILO JOSÉ CELA
Teacher: Rocío Bautista
2. …lets refresh our memories…
The 17th Century is included in which
historical period…
a) Ancient times
b) Middle Ages
c) Modern age
d) Contemporary age
Can you remember the dates & events
that mark the beginning/end of these
periods?
3. HISTORICAL PERIODS
Prehistory
4,2 m.y.a –
3,000 BC
Ancient
History
3,000 BC –
476 AD
Middle
Ages
476 –
1453/92
Modern
Age
1453/92 -
1789
Contemporary
Age
1789 - today
5. …lets refresh our memories…
What do you remember of the
Middle Ages…??
What changes during the 15-16th
centuries led Europe to a new era?
How did the amount of power of the
kings evolved since the Middle
Ages? What will happen at the end
of the Modern Period?
6. MIDDLE AGES
5th – 15th centuries
•Byzantine Empire
•Carolingian Empire
•Origin & spread of Islam
•Feudalism
•Theocentricism
•Monasteries, manuscripts
•East-West schism (Catholic VS
Orthodox)
•Romanesque & Gothic art
•Crusades
•Growth of cities
•Origin of the Middle class
(bourgeoisie)
•Universities
MODERN AGE
15th – 18th centuries
•Geographical discoveries
•Centralised power.
Authoritarian & absolute
monarchies
•Capitalism
•Anthropocentrism
•Recovery of classical culture
(Greek & Roman)
•Reformation (Catholic VS
Protestant)
•Printing press
•Humanism (reason, science...)
•Renaissance, Baroque and
Neoclassic art.
•Increased power of the Middle
class (bourgeoisie).
7.
8. Authoritarian monarchies
MIDDLE AGES
FEUDAL MONARCHIES:
Kings’ power was limited.
Nobility & clergy had
power inside their fiefs.
MODERN PERIOD
AUTHORITARIAN MONARCHIES:
Kings’ power becomes unlimited.
Kings reinforce their authority & power
by weakening the power of others
(nobles, clergy, parliaments, cities).
9. HOW DID
AUTHORITARIAN
MONARCHIES
REINFORCED THEIR
POWER?
Controlling others’ power by…:
- Appointing high public posts (positions of authority).
- Summoning the Parliament (Cortes) as little as possible.
- Limiting the autonomy of the cities by sending “Corregidores” to preside
the meetings of the City Councils.
Establishing the
court in one city
(the capital)
Professional permanent
army paid by the king,
so they obeyed his
decisions. Nobles weren’t
allowed to have private
armies anymore .
Establishing a diplomatic system
representatives (ambassadors)
sent to different courts to defend
the interest of their country in
international politics
Imposing regular
taxes (provided
kings with a regular
income)
Unifying &
extending their
territories by
marriage & wars
10. Authoritarian monarchies were established in France, England and Spain.
Germany and Italy weren’t united under single rulers
Henry VIII
(TUDOR Dynasty,
England)
Francisco I
(VALOIS Dynasty,
France)
Catholic Monarchs (TRASTAMARA Dynasty).
Their grandson, Carlos I, began the HABSBURG
Dynasty in Spain.
11. …lets refresh our memories…
Feudal monarchies Authoritarian monarchies
Absolute monarchies (kings gain more &
more power)
Rise of capitalism & growth in number and in
wealth of the bourgeoisie.
Protestant Reformation: religious division in
Europe (Catholics VS Protestants)
Theocentricism Anthropocentrism
Humanism (new mentality: science, reason…)
Renaissance art
12. …lets refresh our memories…
What dynasty & kings ruled in Spain
in the 16th century?
Was Spain an important country?
How big was it?
Which were the main enemies of the
Spanish Monarchy? What conflicts
did the Spanish kings had to deal
with?
13. KINGS OF SPAIN DURING THE
MODERN AGE (UNTIL 1700)
THE HABSBURGS
(“LOS AUSTRIAS”)
AUSTRIAS MAYORES
(16th Century)
AUSTRIAS MENORES
(17th Century)
14. “the sun never
sets on the
Spanish empire”
Have you ever heard this saying?
What do you think it means?
15. Carlos I of Spain and V of Germany
1516: became king of Spain
when his maternal
grandfather, Fernando el
Católico, died.
1520: became German
Emperor when his paternal
grandfather, Maximiliano I,
died.
He accumulated a huge
inheritance!!!
16.
17. Carlos I of Spain and V of Germany
b) EXTERNAL CONFLICTS:
Carlos I was in constant war against...
EXTERNAL CONFLICTS OF
CARLOS I
The Turks
(Ottoman
Empire)
The
ProtestantsFrance
18. Battle of Pavía
(1525).
The king of France
(Francisco I) was
defeated and
Carlos I annexed
Milan to his
empire.
VS France: Carlos I fought against
France which was surrounded by
Habsburgs’ territories. They fought over
control of north Italy Carlos I
annexed Milan.
20. The Conquest of Tunis (1535), then under
the control of the Ottoman Empire, by the
Spanish Empire.
VS the Turks (Ottoman Empire): who
were a threat in Central Europe & the
Mediterranean. Carlos I annexed Tunis
22. VS the Protestants: some German
princes converted to Lutheranism,
and demanded autonomy from
Charles I. After many years
fighting, Carlos I recognised
religious freedom in
Germany (Peace of Augsburg,
1555)
PEACE OF AUGSBURG (1555)
Representatives of the German estates at
the Augsburg conference discuss the
possibilities of a religious
peace.
The front page of the
treaty: each prince
could chose the religion
in his dominions
23. Felipe II
1556: inherited the Spanish
Empire (Spain, Spanish
territories in America, the Low
Countries, Naples, Sicily…)
from his father.
Since he wasn’t the German
Emperor, he governed in
Spain’s benefit. To do so, he
established a permanent court
in Madrid (1561), which
became the capital of Spain.
24. b) EXTERNAL CONFLICTS:
Felipe II was also in constant war against...
EXTERNAL CONFLICTS
OF FELIPE II
England
Portugal
(external issue,
not conflict)
The protestants
in the Low
Countries
The Turks
(Ottoman
Empire)
France
Felipe II
25. BATTLE OF SAN QUINTÍN (1557)
France VS Spain
France: the French invaded
Naples, so the Spanish army
in the Low Countries
counterattacked invading
France. The French were
decisively defeated in the
Battle of San Quintín.
26. BATTLE OF SAN QUINTÍN
France VS Spain
It ended the 10th of August 1557,
festivity of San Lorenzo (a saint who was
burned to death in a grill).
To conmemorate this victory, Felipe II
built the “Monastery of San Lorenzo de El
Escorial”...
Noticed that it has the shape of a
grill?!?
27. VIDEO: BATTLE OF
LEPANTO (1571)
Catholics (Holy League)
VS
Ottoman Turks
Do you know
who
“El Manco
de Lepanto”
is?
VS the Turks (Ottoman Empire): Felipe II
allied with Venice & the Pope and formed
a fleet (“Holy League”) which defeated the
Turks at the Battle of Lepanto.
28. The protestants in the Low
Countries: Felipe II seen as a
foreigner by the Flemish (born in
Spain, court in Madrid...) +
expansion of Protestantism...
Flemish rebelled demanding
autonomy (1566). It was the
beginning of the 80 Years War.
In 1579 the northern Low
Countries declared themselves
independent forming the United
Provinces, but the war
continued.
29. EIGHTY YEARS WAR
Spain
VS
United Provinces (northern Low Countries)
In 1579 the northern provinces of the Low
Countries, mostly Protestant, declared
themselves independent creating the
“United Provinces” (Union of Utrecht).
The southern provinces, mostly Catholic,
remained loyal to Felipe II (Union of Arras)
in order to receive protection against
Protestants’ attacks.
However, the war between Spain & the
protestants of the United Provinces
continued until 1648. (Eighty Years War: 1566-
1648. Felipe IV recognized their independence in the
Peace of Westfalia).
30. England: due to the English support to the Dutch, English piracy
against Spanish ships that came from America & Anglicanism.
The Spanish Armada wasn’t able to
invade England due to the bad weather,
it wasn’t possible to pick up the soldiers
from the Low Countries (which were
suffering the Protestant rebellion), food
rotted (since the wood was still humid)…
Felipe II planned the invasion
of England by sending the
“Armada Invencible”
Spain’s first major defeat.
31. The Spanish Empire under Felipe II after
the annexation of Portugal (1580)
Another important event was the Annexation of Portugal (1580)
33. TRANSFORMATIONS OF THE
17th CENTURY
TRANSFORMATIONS
OF THE 17TH CENTRUY
Absolute monarchies
&
first Parliamentary
systems
Growth of the
bourgeoisie
Development of
science
Baroque art
Decline of Spain’s
hegemony:
- International
conflicts
- Weak monarchs
(“Austrias
menores”)
35. Thirty Years War (1618-48)
• Origin: an internal revolt in the Holy Roman Empire, of
Protestant Princes against the new Catholic Emperor
(Ferdinand II).
It all began in the Kingdom of Bohemia (modern-day Czech
Republic), when a Catholic, Ferdinand II, was elected king
(1617).
The new king soon began to restrain the religious freedom of
the population in Bohemia: he closed and forbid the
construction of protestant churches. This made him very
unpopular given the great number of Protestants, including
some nobles, in the kingdom.
In 1618, the representatives of the king in Prague were
captured by a group of Protestant nobles and threw them
out of the palace window!!! Although injured, they survived!!
This event, known as the DEFENESTRATION OF PRAGUE,
started the Bohemian Revolt.
Soon afterward, the Bohemian conflict spread through all
Germany… and eventually across the whole continent of
Europe, involving Spain, France, Sweden, and a number of
other countries. It was the beginning of the Thirty Years’ War.
37. • End: Spain & the German Emperor were
defeated. The representatives of the belligerent
estates held negotiations in what is known as the
PEACE OF WESTPHALIA (1648), which put
an end to…
Thirty Years’ War (1618 – 1648)
Eighty Years’ War (1566 – 1648) Spain VS United Provinces
MAIN CONSEQUENCES:
1) Weakened the Holy Roman empire:
Increased autonomy of the states that integrated the empire. German
princes gained independence & limited the power of the emperor.
Religious freedom (each prince had the right to decide the religion of
his own state). End of the Religion Wars in Europe.
2) Weakened Spain formally recognized the independence of the United
Provinces.
3) Strengthened France they annexed some German territories (Metz,
Verdun, Alsace…)
40. Franco-Spanish War (1648-59)
• Origin: continuation of the fights between Spain & France.
Main reason?? the French annexations in the Peace of
Westphalia cut off the Spanish access to the Low Countries
from Milan.
• Spain was defeated (again!)
• TREATY OF THE PYRENEES:
France annexed the Roussillon.
The marriage of Felipe IV’s
daughter (Mª Teresa) was
arranged with the French king
Louis XIV.
Meant the definite decline
of the Hispanic Monarchy
and the hegemony of France
in Europe!!!
41. Activity 1
Thirty Years' War Franco-Spanish War
Chronology
Causes
Who was
defeated?
Treaties &
agreements
43. ABSOLUTE
MONARCHY
Administration was centralized
& the king was helped by a
large court formed by
ministers, councillors & many
other civil servant
King had unlimited
power
King controlled
government alone,
without consulting
the traditional
institutions
(Cortes/Parliaments)
It was supported by the
theory of the Divine Right:
kings’ power came directly
from God:
- King was considered the
representative of God on Earth,
so everyone should obey him.
- Neither laws nor institutions
could be above the king.
Absolutism
• Authoritarian monarchies evolved and became absolute monarchies.
• Religious & territorial conflicts between states created fear & uncertainty,
and thus favoured the rise of Absolutism.
Legislative power
Executive power
Judicial power
Controlled the
army
Intervened in the
economy
44. Some thinkers of the period supported the absolute power of the king.
45. LOUIS XIV OF FRANCE best example of an absolute
monarch.
He took control of the government and ruled
according to his own wish, without a Primer Minister
& without asking advice from the États-Généraux.
He viewed himself as the direct representative of
God, awarded with a divine right to exert the
absolute power of the monarchy.
To illustrate his status, he chose the sun as his
symbol. He cultivated the image of an infallible
“Roi-Soleil” (“Sun King”) around whom the entire
realm orbited.
He centralized power & tighten control of France.
He used art as a propaganda tool, to promote &
glorify himself & his absolute rule. E.g.: Versailles
Palace.
47. Galería de los Espejos
Creaban una escenografía auténticamente
barroca para exaltar la figura del Rey Sol:
• 17 ventanales… a los que corresponde
otros tantos espejos en la pared de
enfrente.
• Abundancia decorativa.
• Bóveda con pinturas sobre las victorias de
Luis XIV.
• Iluminación a base de 3.000 lámparas
duplicada por los espejos.
48.
49. PARLIAMENTARISM
King’s power was
limited by a
parliament, that
represented the
interests of the three
estates.
• At the same time as absolute monarchies developed in most European
countries, parliamentary systems aroused in others. The best example is
England.
Parliamentary systems
50. PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEM IN ENGLAND:
During the 17th Century the attempt to
introduce absolute monarchy in
England led to several civil wars
between absolutists (catholics) &
parliamentarians (protestants).
1649: the Absolutists were defeated, king
Charles I was executed & a Republic led
by Oliver Cromwell was established.
1660: after Cromwell’s death, the
Parliament re-established the monarchy
with Charles II. After him, James II
became king.
51. James II’s reign came to an end with the Glorious
Revolution (1688) :
Parliamentarians conspired against the king due to his
pro-Catholic policies. They invited a Dutch prince,
William of Orange, to come to England with an army &
depose James II. He did so, and James II abdicated to
the throne & exiled to France.
To become king of England, William of Orange had to
sign the Bill of Rights: a document that established a
number of constitutional principles:
Laws can’t be passed or suspended without Parliament’s
consent
No taxes could be imposed without Parliament’s consent
Need for regular parliaments.
Freedom of speech in Parliament.
England had become a a constitutional monarchy in
which parliament had control over the king.
52. JOHN LOCKE: English philosopher and physician, widely
regarded as one of the most influential of
Enlightenment thinkers and commonly known as the
"Father of Liberalism“.
He defended that parliament should exert control over
the monarch.
“It is common practice in well-organised
powers that legislative power is placed in the
hands of a number of people, who in the form
of an assembly, have the power to make laws.
These laws need to be implemented and
respected, and it is necessary that there is a
power to oversee the putting into practice of
these laws as well as their application. This is
why the legislative and executive powers are
usually kept separate”
“Two treatises of Government”, 1690 (simplified)
53. 1) Link each of the following phrases to a political regime,
and explain your choice.
“The people still hold the supreme power to dissolve or alter
the legislature, if they consider that it has acted in any way
contrary to the trust placed in it”
“God established kings as his ministers, and through them he
ruled over the peoples of the world”.
4) In the 1689 Bill of Rights, what limitations of power were
accepted by the king? What institution had to authorise
the king's actions and on what matters?
Define the following concepts:
Divine Right theory / Glorious Revolution / Sun King
Activity 2
54. Spain suffered a progressive decline.
AUSTRIAS MENORES
(17th Century)
The Hispanic Monarchy in
the 17th Century
56. CRISIS IN THE HISPANIC
MONARCHY
DEMOGRAPHIC CRISIS
8 6 million people
- Wars
- Emigration to America
- Expulsion of the Moriscos
- Bubonic plague
ECONOMIC CRISIS
- AGRICULTURE: agrarian production
dropped & irrigation agriculture was
abandoned due to the expulsion of the
Moriscos.
- INDUSTRY: barely developed because
Domestic demand dropped due
to the demographic decline.
The wealth acquired in America
wasn’t invested in promoting
industry (they preferred to import
foreign products).
- TRADE: declined due to pirate attacks
& rivalry of the English, Dutch & French
traders.
POLITICAL CRISIS
- “Validos”
- External conflicts
- Internal conflicts
57. Weaker monarchs, who delegated government tasks to their
“validos”: nobles that governed the country in the king’s name.
Political crisis
Duque de Lerma
(Felipe III)
Conde-duque de
Olivares (Felipe IV)
58. EXTERNAL POLICY
With Felipe III peaceful (“Pax hispanica”). Peace
treaties with…
England
United Provinces (Netherlands) Twelve Years’ Truce
France
With Felipe IV aggressive. Spanish intervention in
several wars…
Thirty Years’ War
Eighty Years War
Franco-Spanish War
Political crisis
Peace of Westphalia & Treaty of the Pyrenees
signalled the monarchy’s decline
59. Peace with England (Treaty of London, 1604)
end Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)
FELIPE III
Assured the peace with France
by arranging a double Franco-
Spanish marriage:
Louis XIII (King of France) & Ana de
Austria (daughter of Felipe III)
Felipe IV (King of Spain) & Isabel de
Borbón (sister of Louis XIII)
Peace with United Provinces: Twelve Years’ Truce
(1609) temporary armistice* between Spain &
the Netherlands (80 Years’ War)
England ended financial
& military support for the
Dutch rebellion &
stopped piracy against
Spanish ships in the
Atlantic.
Spain stopped supporting
Catholic rebels in Ireland.
* Armistice: a temporary suspension of hostilities by agreement of the warring parties
The publication of the Twelve Years' Truce
at Antwerp City Hall
Both sides were under
financial struggles
due to the huge costs
of their military
campaigns.
60. FELIPE IV
End of the Twelve
Years’ Truce with the
Netherlands (1621)
continuation of
the Eighty Year’s
war
War against France
(1648-59)
Supported the German emperor at the
Thirty Years’ War (1618-48)
61. INTERNAL POLICY
With Felipe III EXPULSION OF
THE MORISCOS (1609)
With Felipe IV
CATALAN REVOLT (1640)
PORTUGUESE WAR OF
RESTORATION it gain
independence again.
62. EXPULSION OF THE MORISCOS (1609)
FELIPE III Loss of 300,000 inhabitants (4% of total
population), mostly from Valencia (⅓ of its
population), led to an economic decline:
Decrease in tax collection nobles had to
increase the taxes to the Christian peasants
Loss of hardworking labour force (because
most of the moriscos were active population)
this led to an increase of salaries and, thus, of
prices.
Abandonment of fields. Need to import
agricultural products.
Decline in irrigation agriculture (rice, sugar…) in
favour of dryland agriculture (cereals, vines).
63.
64. CATALAN REVOLT (1640)
FELIPE IV
1640: a revolt broke out in Cataluña against Castilla due to:
The financial support demanded to Cataluña by the central government to
create a Spanish army paid by all the territories (not only Castilla). It was
rejected by the Catalan Cortes, since they hold the right to pass new taxes.
Obligation for Catalan peasants to accommodate Castilian troops & the
damage caused by these in Catalan fields, during the fights against France
in the context of the Thirty Years’ War.
The Vicerroy of Cataluña was killed. Cataluña declared its independence from
Spain & swore allegiance to King Louis XIII of France, who turned out to be
more absolutist than Felipe IV.
1652: Felipe IV attacked Cataluña and annexed it again to the Spanish
Monarchy.
PORTUGUESE WAR OF RESTORATION (1640 – 68):
another revolt broke out in Portugal against
the domination of Castilla. Portugal finally
regained their independence.
65. Activity 4: complete the chart
Felipe III Felipe IV
Internal
policy
External
policy
68. Population, economy &
society
ECONOMY:
AGRARIAN CRISIS
agrarian production
fell due to:
Wars
Climatic anomalies
CRISIS IN THE MANUFACTURE SECTOR causes:
Guilds restrained its development.
Unstable situation caused by wars.
Low demand of manufactured products.
69. Population, economy &
society
TRADE: grew a lot specially in
Netherlands, England & France, who
had created their own colonial
empires and founded chartered
companies:
Commercial companies formed by
several shareholders who provided the
capital needed to found them. Shares
of these commercial companies were
bought & sold in stock exchanges (rise
of capitalism)
They enjoyed certain privileges granted
by the state by means of a charter,
which usually conferred them a
monopoly in a certain area or for a
certain product.
ECONOMY:
71. Dutch East India Company
(1602)
Had the monopoly over the
Dutch trade with Asia.
1st chartered
company.
Considered the first
multinational
corporation in the
world, and it was
the first company to
issue stocks.
72. East India Company (EIC)
Had the monopoly over the British trade with Asia.
The company received a Royal
Charter from Queen Elizabeth I.
Wealthy merchants and aristocrats
owned the Company's shares.
73. Compagnie de la Nouvelle France
Had the monopoly over the fur trade
in the colonies of New France
(modern day east Canada)
75. Establishment of a new economical system: MERCANTILISM
Therefore, this system led to:
State intervention: countries undertook protectionist policies:
• high tariffs on foreign products (imports)
• Promotion of national manufactures inside the country &
abroad
Conquest of new markets: countries tried to colonize
territories, to provide new customers for their manufactures &
raw materials (to avoid having to import them).
Economic system according to which a
country’s wealth & power depends on the
quantity of silver & gold that it owned.
Consequently, countries pursued a positive
balance of trade (low imports & high exports),
that would bring gold & silver into the country.
76.
77. Population, economy &
society
SOCIETY: privileged VS non-privileged estates.
NOBLES
Lost part of its power
with the establishment
of Absolute
Monarchies. To make
up for this loss, they
tried to gain access to
the monarchs court.
CLERGY
Remained
the same.
PEASANTS
Free from feudal conditions (not
tied to the land any more; they
were free), but their situation
worsened due to:
• Wars
• Agrarian crisis
• Increased incomes required from
the nobility (who demanded more
from them due to the economic
crisis).
BOURGEOISIE
Grew in
number &
wealth due
to the trade
expansion.
78. a) Why did European population barely grew during the 17th
Century?
b) Explain the reasons of the agrarian & manufacture sector crisis.
c) Which countries experienced a growth in trade?
d) What were chartered companies? Name 2 of them.
e) Read the following statement about Mercantilism, and say if
they are TRUE/FALSE & correct the mistakes.
Countries pursued a positive balance trade (low exports & high imports) to
increase their amount of gold & silver.
The state rarely intervenes in the economy.
Countries impose liberal policies, like high tariffs on imported goods, to
protect their national manufactures.
It enhanced imperialism in order to achieve new markets to sell European
manufactures.
Activity 5