Unit 6 The Catholic Monarchs and the Discovery of America
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The document summarizes key events and developments during the reign of the Catholic Monarchs in Spain, including their domestic and foreign policies. It also discusses the discovery and conquest of America in the late 15th century. Some of the main points covered include: - The Catholic Monarchs subjected the nobility and clergy to royal authority and created a permanent army and common laws across their territories. - They conquered the Kingdom of Granada in 1492 and expelled the Jews, extending the Spanish Inquisition. - Through strategic marriages, they formed alliances with other European powers and expanded Spanish territory in North Africa and the Mediterranean. - They supported expeditions that led to Christopher Columbus' discovery of America in 1492
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This document provides an overview of humanism, the Protestant Reformation, the Counter-Reformation, and Renaissance art. It discusses key figures like Martin Luther who initiated the Protestant Reformation by rejecting the Pope's authority. It also describes the Counter-Reformation led by the Catholic Church in response to Protestantism through the Council of Trent. Additionally, it characterizes humanism as an intellectual movement that placed human beings at the center. Finally, it outlines the characteristics and major artists of the Renaissance in Italy, including figures like Brunelleschi, Ghiberti, Botticelli, Michelangelo, Raphael, and Leonardo da Vinci.
Projections
Maps represent areas of land on a flat surface, but the Earth is spherical. Projections allow maps to display the globe on a flat surface, though they distort the surface to some degree. There are several types of projections, including planar, cylindrical and conic projections. Scale relates the size shown on a map to actual distances, which can be expressed numerically as a ratio or linearly with a divided line. A linear scale directly measures distances on a map.
Spain landscape and territorial organisation.
Spain has a diverse landscape and climate due to its location between Europe and Africa and between the Atlantic and Mediterranean seas. The central plateau covers much of the country at an average altitude of 660 meters. Mountain ranges surround the plateau and Spain has coastal regions along the Cantabrian Sea, Mediterranean, and Atlantic coasts. Rivers are grouped into three watersheds. Vegetation varies by climate, altitude, and distance from the sea in four main regions: the Mediterranean coast, central plateau, Atlantic coast, and Canary Islands. Spain is a parliamentary monarchy with political power divided between national and regional institutions.
An overview of geography
Geography is the oldest of the sciences, studying the Earth and its features, as well as human cultures and settlements. The word geography comes from the Greek words "geo," meaning Earth, and "graphy," meaning writing. Today geography is commonly divided into physical geography, which examines the natural world, and cultural geography, also called human geography, which studies human cultures and activities. Geographers study topics like languages, religions, populations, politics, agriculture, and urban areas to understand their impact on the planet. They provide important analysis for governments and other organizations on issues relating to the environment, development, and more.
Tertiary sector
The tertiary sector includes economic activities that provide services rather than produce material goods, such as commerce, transportation, and leisure activities like tourism. Until the 20th century, tourism was limited to the wealthy, but it is now a major industry in developed countries. The tertiary sector accounts for a large share of GDP and employment in developed nations, where access to services is widespread, while in developing countries services are less developed and important.
Unit 0 the elements of a civilization
This document defines and discusses the key elements that characterize human civilizations, including chronology, geography, politics, economy, society, and culture. It notes that a civilization has a complex organization and is unique due to the specific nature and arrangement of these defining elements. The document provides examples and explanations of each element, such as how chronology establishes the order of important events through timelines, the different types of government like monarchy and republic, and how culture encompasses a society's beliefs, customs, and achievements.
The world of industry
The document discusses industry and industrial activity. It defines the secondary sector as including economic activities that transform raw materials into other products to meet human needs, such as industry, mining, energy production, and construction. It describes the evolution of industry from manual industry before the 18th century to modern industry driven by machines and new energy sources during the Industrial Revolutions. It also discusses the types of industries created, industrial spaces, industrial regions around the world, and the industrial areas of Europe.
Unit 1 from prehistory to the middle ages
This document provides an overview of world history from prehistory through the Middle Ages. It covers the Stone Age and development of tools/art. The Metal Ages brought new technologies. Ancient civilizations like Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece and Rome are examined. The Middle Ages saw three major civilizations: the Byzantine Empire, the Islamic Caliphate, and Christian Europe. Key developments include the rise of cities, trade routes, and artistic styles like Romanesque and Gothic architecture.
The political organisation of the world
Geopolitics examines how societies are organized in relation to geographic space. The basic unit of organization is the state, which has sovereignty over its economy, politics, and culture. Currently, states cede some sovereignty to supranational organizations like the EU and UN for reasons of unity, free market access, and cooperation. The world contains over 200 states with complex political and economic relationships. Powerful countries like the US dominate politically, while wealthy nations like those in the EU and North America form the economic center. Developing and least developed countries have different economic roles within the global system.
The palace of El Escorial
The Palace of El Escorial is located near Madrid in central Spain. Construction began in 1563 at the request of King Philip II, who wanted to honor his father Emperor Charles V and serve as a royal burial site. The palace was completed in 1584 and designed by architects Juan Bautista de Toledo and Juan de Herrera in a unified Renaissance style. Important artists like El Greco contributed decorations and paintings that complemented the architecture.
Primary sector
This document provides information about primary sector activities and traditional and modern agricultural landscapes. It discusses traditional farming methods like slash and burn agriculture, dry sedentary agriculture, and monsoon irrigation agriculture. It also describes developed agricultural landscapes in new world countries and Europe. Livestock farming systems like nomadic, transhumant, extensive, and intensive are explained. The document concludes with a section about fishing and fishing grounds.
Selection of features maps
Este documento lista las principales características geográficas de España como cabos, montañas, sistemas montañosos, islas, golfos, depresiones y ríos. Incluye los nombres de las principales cadenas montañosas como los Picos de Europa, los Pirineos y los Sistemas Béticos, así como los principales ríos como el Miño, Ebro, Guadalquivir y Tajo junto con algunos de sus afluentes. También proporciona dos enlaces web para practicar la geografía española.
Lesson plan resources vocabulary and images_the3economic sectors
Eko Stahl Ag is a steel company located in Germany. The document discusses three images that represent different economic sectors: cultural tourism in the tertiary sector shown through a tour guide explaining an old church to visitors; the construction industry's impact on the environment seen through the transformation of an undeveloped landscape into buildings and infrastructure; and agriculture in the primary sector depicted by farmers collecting rice in Southeast Asia using manual techniques.
Types of maps
The document discusses different types of maps. It begins by defining maps as pictures of Earth's surface that can depict both physical features and specific topics through the use of themes. The document then describes several common map types including political, physical, topographic, climate, economic, road, and thematic maps. It notes thematic maps began to develop in the 17th century once base maps became accurate enough, and provides some early examples of thematic maps created for navigation, meteorology, and analyzing cholera outbreaks.
Geographic features of the earth!
This document discusses various types of geographic features on Earth. It describes continental relief forms like plains, plateaus, mountains and depressions. It also explains coastal relief features such as capes, gulfs, peninsulas, estuaries, fjords and deltas. Additionally, it outlines submarine relief including mid-ocean ridges, abyssal plains, and marine trenches located on the ocean floor.
Renaissance art
The document provides an overview of Renaissance art, which originated in 15th century Italy in Florence and saw a rebirth of classical Greco-Roman artistic styles and techniques. Key characteristics included a focus on classicism, realism, perspective, and the human figure. Major artists from this period included Brunelleschi, Donatello, Michelangelo, Leonardo Da Vinci, and Raphael. The Renaissance then spread to other parts of Europe, including the development of oil painting techniques in Flanders by artists such as the Van Eyck brothers and Hieronymus Bosch.
An overview of geography year2
Geography is the oldest of the sciences, studying the Earth and its features as well as human cultures. The word geography comes from the Greek words "geo" meaning Earth and "graphy" meaning writing. Today geography is divided into physical geography, which examines the natural world, and cultural geography, which studies human impacts and culture. Geographers study these areas and provide information to governments on topics like geology, urban planning, ecosystems, economics and more, making their work important.
Types of maps year2
The document discusses different types of maps. It defines maps as pictures of Earth's surface that can be general reference maps showing landmarks and boundaries or thematic maps focusing on specific topics. Thematic maps grew in importance with GIS. The document describes political maps as showing only state and national boundaries and city locations, and physical maps as depicting landscape features like mountains, rivers, and elevation changes using colors. Thematic maps focus on a particular theme rather than just showing natural features, and were not widely used until the 17th century when base maps became accurate enough.
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Lesson plan resources vocabulary and images_the3economic sectors
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Similar to Unit 6 The Catholic Monarchs and the Discovery of America
The Modern Age in Spain (I)
During the 15th and 16th centuries in Spain:
- Ferdinand and Isabella unified the country and imposed Catholicism, establishing the Spanish Inquisition.
- Their support of Columbus led to the discovery of America in 1492, bringing gold and silver back to Spain.
- Under King Charles I and King Philip II, Spain built a vast overseas empire through further exploration and conquest, most notably defeating the Moors in Granada. However, the costs of maintaining this empire began to economically drain Spain.
Authoritarian monarchy
The document provides a timeline and overview of the reign of Queen Isabel I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon from 1469-1516. It discusses their dynastic union through marriage in 1469, which united Castile and Aragon. It then covers their territorial expansion through conquests and marriages, building of an authoritarian monarchy through centralizing power and imposing religious uniformity, and changes to the economic and social organization of their kingdoms. Key events included the conquest of Granada in 1492, the expulsion of Jews, discovery of America that same year, and establishment of the Spanish Inquisition.
SPANISH CATHOLIC MONARCHS: ISABELLA AND FERDINAND
The Catholic Monarchs, Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon, united their kingdoms through marriage in 1469. Together they conquered the remaining Muslim kingdom of Granada in 1492, expelled Jews and Muslims from Spain, and established the Spanish Inquisition. They also sponsored Christopher Columbus' expedition in 1492, establishing Spain's empire in the Americas. Their cooperation established the foundations of modern Spain and a unified Spanish kingdom.
The catholic kings
The Catholic Kings Isabel of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon united the kingdoms of Castile and Aragon through marriage, creating a single Spanish state. They centralized power in the monarchy, established the Spanish Inquisition, and completed the Reconquista with the fall of Granada in 1492. That same year, Christopher Columbus' voyage to the Americas under Castilian sponsorship began the Spanish colonization of the New World. The Catholic Kings consolidated their rule through domestic and foreign policies that strengthened royal authority over nobles and achieved religious and territorial unity in Spain.
The catholic kings
1) Isabel of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon united their kingdoms through marriage in 1469, forming the basis for a unified Spanish state.
2) They pursued religious and political unity, expelling Jews in 1492, conquering Granada from the Moors, and incorporating Navarre and other territories.
3) Their expansion led to the colonization of the Americas beginning in 1492 with Columbus' voyage, while maintaining control in the Mediterranean through alliances and military campaigns.
The Indies: conquest, colonization and administration
The document summarizes the voyages of Christopher Columbus and other early explorers to the Americas, as well as the Spanish conquest and colonization of the region over the 15th and 16th centuries. It describes Columbus' four voyages between 1492-1504, during which he explored the Caribbean islands but did not discover the mainland. It then discusses other explorers like Vasco Nunez de Balboa who crossed the Isthmus of Panama in 1513, and Ferdinand Magellan's global circumnavigation from 1519-1522. The summary then outlines the quick Spanish conquests of the Aztec and Inca Empires between 1518-1542, and the institutions and systems established by the Spanish to
2º Bil - Unit 6
1) The document discusses the emergence of modern states in 15th-16th century Europe through the rise of strong monarchies like France, England, Spain, and Russia.
2) It focuses on Spain, describing the union between Castile and Aragon under the Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella, and their efforts to centralize power and expand territories through conquest and marriage alliances.
3) The Age of Discovery led Portugal to find a sea route to India by exploring along the west coast of Africa, with later Spanish expeditions reaching the Americas while seeking a route to Asia under Columbus.
The Catholic Monarchs and the Habsbourg in Spain
1. The Catholic Monarchs, King Carlos I and King Felipe II, ruled Spain during the 16th century following the dynastic union of Castile and Aragon.
2. Their domestic policies focused on centralizing royal power over the kingdoms of Spain. Their foreign policies included expanding Spanish territories through military conquests in Europe and the Americas and pursuing strategic marriages to form alliances.
3. Some key events during their rule included the conquest of Granada in 1492, annexing Navarre and territories in North Africa and the Mediterranean, the dynastic succession of Carlos I after Isabel's death, and the global Spanish Empire reaching its peak extent under Philip II by the late 1500s.
U7. early modern period
The document provides an overview of the Early Modern period from the 15th to 18th centuries. It discusses key developments including geographical discoveries that expanded Europeans' knowledge of the world, the rise of authoritarian monarchies and capitalism in Europe, and the religious crisis of the Catholic Church with the Protestant Reformation and Catholic Counter-Reformation. The period saw significant social, political, economic, and cultural changes that marked the transition to modernity.
The Catholic Monarchs: domestic and foreing policy.
The Catholic Monarchs, Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon, united their kingdoms through marriage in 1469. They completed the Reconquista of the Iberian Peninsula with the conquest of Granada in 1492 and established the Spanish Inquisition to enforce religious unity. They also sponsored Christopher Columbus' expedition in 1492, establishing Spain's empire in the Americas.
The Catholic King and Queen
The document provides biographical information about Queen Isabel I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon, who married and united the kingdoms of Castile and Aragon in 1469. It discusses their conquest of Granada in 1492 and breaking of promises to Muslims, leading to their forced conversion or exile. It also mentions the establishment of the Spanish Inquisition to enforce Catholic orthodoxy and expulsion of Jews from Spain.
Unit 5 - The Iberian peninsula between the 13th and 15th centuries
The document summarizes the evolution of the Iberian Peninsula between the 13th-15th centuries, focusing on the kingdoms of Castile and Aragon. It describes how Castile expanded southward and became the most powerful Christian kingdom through conquests under kings like Alfonso VI and Fernando III. It established the Crown of Castile and continued the Reconquista. Meanwhile, Aragon grew through dynastic unions and conquests under kings like Jaime I, gaining territory in the Mediterranean. In 1479, the Catholic Monarchs Isabel of Castile and Fernando of Aragon married, uniting the kingdoms and completing the Reconquista by 1492.
The golden Age of Spain and Portugal
Portugal and Spain first rose to economic prominence through worldwide trading activity starting in the 15th century. They were motivated by spreading Christianity ("God"), gaining fame and wealth ("glory and gold"). Portugal's Prince Henry the Navigator established a navigation school and sponsored voyages down the west African coast. Bartolomeu Dias was the first to sail around the Cape of Good Hope in 1487. Vasco da Gama reached India in 1498, establishing Portugal as a colonial power. Spain sponsored Columbus' voyages westward beginning in 1492, leading to Spanish conquests of the Aztec and Inca empires and colonization of the Americas. This established Spain and Portugal as the first global colonial empires, controlling
The Catholic Monarchs
Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon united their kingdoms through marriage in 1469, establishing 150 years of joint rule. They faced civil war in Castile over succession, which Isabella won with Aragonese support. As the Catholic Monarchs, they pursued religious unity, expelling Jews in 1492 and forcing Muslims to convert. They conquered Granada in 1492, ending Muslim rule in Iberia. Their empire expanded through Columbus' voyages and the Treaty of Tordesillas. Reforms centralized power under their dynastic rule, laying the foundations for a global Spanish empire.
The Catholic Monarchs' authoritarian monarchy
Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon united their kingdoms through marriage in 1469, establishing 150 years of joint rule. They faced civil war in Castile over succession, which Isabella won with Aragonese support. As the Catholic Monarchs, they pursued religious unity, expelling Jews in 1492 and forcing Muslims to convert. They conquered Granada in 1492, ending Muslim rule in Iberia. Their empire expanded through Columbus' voyages and the Treaty of Tordesillas. Reforms centralized power under their dynastic rule, laying the foundations for a global Spanish empire.
W7L3European Age of ExplorationA World Map from Alberto Cantin.docx
W7L3
European Age of Exploration
A World Map from Alberto Cantino, 1502
When we last left Europe, the Islamic trading influences had sparked a revolution of ideas in Italy that began to spread across the cultural centers of European kingdoms. The Italian Renaissance slowly spread across Europe, bringing new innovations in technology, art, music, scientific understanding, mathematics, and medicine. In turn these ideas had sparked the Reformation. However, by the sixteenth century, as the Reformation picked up steam and began spreading radical religious ideas throughout Christendom, already some European kingdoms had begun applying Renaissance inventions to new economic opportunities: Exploration.
The presence of patronage throughout royal courts had encouraged a stability of economies. This stability was called mercantilism – the economic doctrine that assumes government control of foreign trade is the most important element of ensuring prosperity for a given state. The idea is that trading partners need each other to prosper, so trading states are less likely to war with each other over minor details, lest that diminishes trade. The downside to mercantilism is that it can foster an atmosphere of such extreme competition between two or more states that other states end up falling prey to that intense rivalry. This is exactly what happened with cultures in Africa, North America, the Caribbean, and Mesoamerica. But the immediacy of stability caused by mercantilism contributed to the standing atmosphere of intellectual curiosity and increasing centralized governments to lead expeditions outside of European domains.
Portugal
The Portuguese had regained control over the Kingdom of Portugal in 1415, when conquering Christian forces had expelled the occupying Moors. Spain still had some years of fighting left to regain control over the remaining Iberian Peninsula, but Portugal began to set its affairs in order and set its sights on increased trade. Playing a key role in this development was Prince Henry the Navigator.
Prince Henry the Navigator extended Portuguese trade ports throughout the coasts of Africa and into India
Prince Henry was very religious and thought that exploring the African coastline might benefit Portugal in economic glory while benefitting African through conversion from mostly Islamic beliefs to Christian ideas. He established a navigation school to increase the knowledge of sailors. New techniques in ship-building allowed for longer journeys with more gods on board. He also spread the idea that courtly chivalrous honor could be achieved through behaviors off the battle-field. In addition to military glory, he thought, knightly behavior could be earned through intellectual exploration, religious piety and missionary work, and the adventure of journeying to places unknown. In the early 1400s, Portuguese sailors began sailing into ports along the African coast. They were there not as conquerors, but as traders.
And so, Portugues.
Unit 6
The Early Modern Age began in 1492 with the discovery of America and ended with the French Revolution in 1789. Society was divided into clergy, nobles, and commoners. Fernando and Isabel, known as the Catholic Monarchs, united Castilla and Aragón, supported Columbus's voyage, conquered Granada, and established the Spanish Inquisition. The Age of Discovery saw many explorers like Columbus, Magellan, Pizarro, and Cortés who discovered and conquered new lands. In the 16th-17th centuries, the Hapsburg dynasty ruled Spain and its vast global empire. During this Golden Age, artists like El Greco, Velázquez, and Murillo and writers like Cerv
Early Modern Age
The Early Modern Age began in 1492 with Columbus' discovery of America and ended with the French Revolution in 1789. Society was divided into clergy, nobles, and commoners. Fernando and Isabel, known as the Catholic Monarchs, united Castilla and Aragón, supported Columbus' voyage, conquered Granada, and established the Spanish Inquisition. The Age of Discovery saw many explorers like Columbus, Magellan, Pizarro, and Cortés discover and conquer new lands. In the 16th-17th centuries, the Hapsburg dynasty ruled Spain and its vast global empire. During this Golden Age, artists like El Greco, Velázquez, and Murillo and writers like Cerv
Unit 6 early modern age pp
The Early Modern Age began in 1492 with the discovery of America and ended with the French Revolution in 1789. Society was divided into clergy, nobles, and commoners. Fernando and Isabel, known as the Catholic Monarchs, united Castilla and Aragón, supported Columbus's voyage, conquered Granada, and established the Spanish Inquisition. The Age of Discovery saw many explorers like Columbus, Magellan, Pizarro, and Cortés discover and conquer new lands. In the 16th-17th centuries, the Hapsburg dynasty ruled Spain's vast empire. During this Golden Age, artists like El Greco, Velázquez, and Murillo and writers like Cervantes and L
Exploration and Conquest
The document discusses the major European explorers between the 15th and 17th centuries, their motivations for exploration which included religion, trade, and acquiring wealth, and the technological advances like improved ships and navigational instruments that enabled these voyages. It also outlines some of the consequences of exploration, such as the Columbian Exchange and establishment of colonies in the Americas that had profound environmental, economic, and social impacts. Major explorers mentioned include Columbus, Vasco da Gama, Balboa, and Magellan whose voyages expanded European knowledge and trade networks around the globe.
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The Indies: conquest, colonization and administration
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The Catholic Monarchs: domestic and foreing policy.
Unit 5 - The Iberian peninsula between the 13th and 15th centuries
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W7L3European Age of ExplorationA World Map from Alberto Cantin.docx
W7L3European Age of ExplorationA World Map from Alberto Cantin.docx
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The document summarizes key events in Russia between 1871-1914 and during the Russian Revolution of 1917. It describes how Russia was an absolute monarchy in the late 19th century with a semi-feudal economy. Involvement in World War 1 exacerbated Russia's political and economic problems and led to two revolutions in 1917 - the February Revolution replaced the Tsar with a provisional government, while the October Revolution brought the Bolsheviks to power under Lenin. After a civil war, the Bolsheviks established the Soviet Union, implementing the first communist state based on a single-party dictatorship of the proletariat.
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The Weimar Republic was established in Germany after World War 1 and faced significant challenges, including economic devastation from war reparations imposed by the Treaty of Versailles. The early years of the Weimar Republic saw political instability from communist and nationalist groups as well as hyperinflation resulting from France occupying the Ruhr Valley. Under the leadership of Stresemann in the later years, Germany's economy and international standing improved through agreements like the Dawes Plan and Locarno Treaties, though unemployment and poverty remained problems.
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The document provides a summary of key events during World War II:
1) Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939, quickly defeating Poland through the use of Blitzkrieg tactics. Germany then invaded Denmark and Norway in April 1940 and used Blitzkrieg tactics to invade France in May 1940 through Belgium, bypassing the Maginot Line.
2) Britain survived Germany's planned invasion in 1940 thanks to the Royal Air Force prevailing over the Luftwaffe in the Battle of Britain during July-September 1940.
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The Spanish Civil War began in 1936 as a result of a military coup launched by Nationalist forces led by Francisco Franco against the Republican government. The war divided Spain into two zones - the Nationalist region controlled by Franco and the Republicans. The conflict lasted almost three years and involved three phases - the campaign for Madrid, the northern front, and the end of the war. Life during the war was difficult, with hunger, repression, and refugees fleeing the violence and exiles leaving Spain.
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This document discusses key concepts related to population studies including:
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2. It explains factors that influence population distribution including physical conditions, human conditions, and population density which is used to measure distribution.
3. It describes natural population change through births and deaths, and how birth rates and death rates are calculated and vary between developed and developing countries. Natural increase is the difference between births and deaths.
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Maps represent the spherical Earth on a flat surface, which requires projections that distort the globe's shape. Projections display the globe using planar, cylindrical, or conic shapes to flatten it. Scale relates distances on a map to actual distances, shown numerically as a ratio or linearly with a divided line. Numerical scale gives the fraction comparing map units to land units, while linear scale directly measures map distances.
Atlas of history activities from 1815 to 1945
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Unit 6 The Catholic Monarchs and the Discovery of America
- 1. UNIT 6: THE CATHOLIC MONARCHS AND THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA 2nd graders Social Studies Department Almudena Corrales Marbán
- 2. 1. THE EARLY MODERN EUROPE Almudena Corrales Marbán The fall of Constantinople by the Turks (1453) and the Discovery of America(1492) marked a new historical period known as the Early Modern Period (Edad Moderna), which lasted until the year 1789, with the French Revolution.
- 3. MORE INFO…. Almudena Corrales Marbán http://www.slideshare.net/elbauldelared/a- walk-through-history-35210530 A WALK THROUGH HISTORY
- 4. Almudena Corrales Marbán What are the main characteristics of the modern states? In several European countries the modern state emerged. It was a new political system ruled by authoritarian monarchs. The king succeeded in their authority over the feudal lords, using various methods. a) The creation of a PERMANENT ARMY formed of professional soldiers. b) Application of COMMON LAWS in all the territories. c) Organisation of the administration with GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS who worked for monarchs. d) The development of DIPLOMACY to defend their interest abroad.
- 5. 2. THE REIGN OF THE CATHOLIC MONARCHS Almudena Corrales Marbán 2.1. INTRODUCTION The modern state began in Spain with the reign of Isabel of Castilla and Fernando of Aragón, who were known as the Catholic Monarchs. During their reign, the Iberian Peninsula began to be governed by a common policy. However, Castilla and Aragon continued to be independent kingdoms and even kept their own Cortes, laws, languages, coins and institutions
- 6. Almudena Corrales Marbán 2.2. DOMESTIC POLICY –POLÍTICA INTERNA- • The Catholic Monarchs subjected the nobility and the clergy to royal authority. They controlled the municipalities increasing the role of the CORREGIDOR. • The Holy Brotherhood (La Santa Hermandad) was created to keep order in rural areas. • The Catholic Monarchs transformed the Royal Council of Castilla (Consejo Real de Castilla) and established the Council of Aragón. • In order to administrate justice they created the Chancillerías or Courts of Justice. • They decided to organised a permanent army, which enabled them to conquer the kingdom of Granada in 1492, incorporate the Canary Islands in 1496, and Navarra in 1515. • They also achieved the religious unification of the Peninsula by expelling the Jews in 1492, and extended the INQUISITION, which already existed in Aragon, to Castilla.
- 7. Almudena Corrales Marbán LA RENDICIÓN DE GRANADA, Francisco Pradilla y Ortiz, 1882. Palacio del Senado, Madrid
- 8. Almudena Corrales Marbán 2.3. FOREIGN POLICY –POLÍTICA EXTERIOR- • The Catholic Monarchs set up alliances with other European Kingdoms like the Holy Roman Empire and the Habsburg dynasty, England and Portugal. They did this through a carefully planned MATRIMONIAL POLICY, marrying the sons and daughters to the princes and princesses of Portugal, the Habsburg Empire and England. • During their reign they conquered land in the North of Africa: Melilla, Oran, Tripoli. • After a war against France, they recovered the kingdom of Naples, which had belonged to the Trastámara family, of which, both, Isabel and Fernando were members. This helped the Aragonese expansion throughout the Mediterranean. • They supported geographical expeditions in the Atlantic Ocean. These initiatives led to the Discovery of America.
- 9. Almudena Corrales Marbán THE CONQUEST OF ORAN El cardenal Cisneros en la toma de Orán. Detalle del mural de Juan de Borgoña de 1514. Catedral de Toledo. For more info visit the website: http://www.artehistoria.com/v2/obras/11014.htm Also https://historiadeguadalajara.wordpress.com/20 13/11/19/cien-alcarrenos-a-la-conquista-de- oran/
- 10. 3. THE DISCOVERY AND CONQUEST OF AMERICA Almudena Corrales Marbán At the end of the 15th century, Spain and Portugal discovered and occupied new territories unknown to the Europeans before. New world Old world
- 11. Almudena Corrales Marbán 3.1. THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISCOVERIES Factors that influenced the geographical discoveries: • The Turkish presence in the Eastern Mediterranean made it necessary to look for other route to Asia. • Advances in cartography and navigation and the use of the caravels. • Travellers’ tales like Marco Polo’s diary • The opportunity to get rich.
- 12. Almudena Corrales Marbán Going back to MARCO POLO……
- 13. Almudena Corrales Marbán The Portuguese first sailed along the coast of Africa trying to reach India.