The document discusses the secondary sector and industrial spaces. It begins by defining the secondary sector as activities that transform raw materials into products to meet human needs, such as mining, energy production, construction, and industry. It then examines each of these activities in more detail. It discusses the core elements required for industry, including raw materials, energy sources, and factors of production. It also analyzes the historical development of industry from artisanal to modern to contemporary. Globalization and offshoring of manufacturing are mentioned as trends in contemporary industry.

1. SECONDARY
SECTOR.
INDUSTRIAL SPACES.
UNIT 6
IES CAMILO JOSÉ CELA
Teacher: Rocío Bautista

2. SECONDARY SECTOR:
ACTIVITES CONCERNED WITH
TRANSFORMING RAW MATERIALS INTO
PRODUCTS THAT SATISFY HUMANS’ NEEDS
 Mining
 Energy production
 Construction
 Industry  most important

3. What activities can you recognize in
these pictures?

4. MINING
 LOCATES, EXTRACTS AND REFINES ROCKS &
MINERALS FOUND ON/BENEATH THE SURFACE.
PROSPECTION:
to locate the
minerals.
EXTRACTION:
to obtain the minerals
from subterranean &
open-air mines.
REFINING:
to separate the
mineral from the rock
that contains it.

5.  CREATION OF ELECTRICITY & HEAT IN SPECIALISED
INSTALLATIONS (POWER STATIONS).
ENERGY PRODUCTION
NUCLEAR
WIND
WATERSOLAR
THERMAL

6. CONSTRUCTION
 CREATES BUILDIGNS & INFRASTRUCTURES* (roads,
bridges, reservoirs,…)
PLANS
BUILDING
MATERIALS
CONSTRUC
TION
INDUSTRY
*INFRASTRUCTURES: basic facilities, services & installations needed for the functioning of a society and its economy (transportation &
communications systems such as roads, bridges, tunnels, etc., water supply, sewer systems, power lines…)

7. INDUSTRY
 TRANSFORMS RAW MATERIALS INTO…
 MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS  for direct
consumption in the market.
 SEMI-FINISHED PRODUCTS  to be used in other
industrial processes.
Industry
requires 3
elements
ENERGY SOURCES
PRODUCTION
FACTORS:
- Labour force
(employees)
- Capital (buildings,
machinery, money…)
- Technology
(knowledge)
RAW MATERIALS

8. INDUSTRY
a) Core elements:
• Raw materials
• Energy sources (traditional
vs alternative). Energetic
problems and policies.
b) Industrial development:
• Artisanal industry
• Modern industry
• Contemporary industry
c) Industry and globalisation

9. a) CORE ELEMENTS OF INDUSTRY:
RAW MATERIALS
 RAW MATERIALS = Natural resources that industry transforms
into manufactured or semi-finished products.
RAWMATERIALS
PLANT-
SOURCED
From agriculture: sugar beets, cotton, linen, tobacco
From silviculture: wood, cellulose, rubber, cork…
ANIMAL-
SOURCED
From livestock farming: wool, hides (leather), silk…
From fishing: fish (for canning & oil production)
GEOLOGICAL
Minerals: metallic (iron, lead, aluminium, copper,
zinc…) & non-metallic (glass, gems…)
Rocks: granite, clay, limestone, marble,… (direct use
or to produce construction materials like cement)
Energy products from which energy is obtained:
coal, crude oil, natural gas, uranium…

10. RAW MATERIALS:
Production & trade
CONSUMPTION (demand): concentrated in
INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES
1) WESTERN EUROPE
2) JAPAN
3) USA
4) Emerging countries:
 CHINA
 INDIA

11. Look at the map…
 … is the distribution of minerals around the world equal?
 … which countries produce large quantities of minerals?

12. PRODUCTION: concentrated in just a few countries:
1) Canada
2) USA
3) Brazil
4) South Africa
5) Russia
6) China
7) Australia
RAW MATERIALS:
Production & trade

14. Do you know what
COLTAN is? What
is it used for?
Where does it come
from?

15.  COLTAN: essential mineral in modern technology (cell phones, laptops, cameras…)
 80% of World’s coltan  D.R.C. (Democratic Republic of Congo)
 D.R.C. / Uganda / Rwanda / different rebel paramilitary groups  WAR to
control the coltan mines.
 Consequences:
• Slavery, child-labour, violence, murder, violations,…
• 5 million deaths
• War refugees
• Destruction of rainforests & species (gorillas, elephants)
• Farms are abandoned
• Coltan contraband finances rebel paramilitary groups
B L O O D C O L TAN

16. RAW MATERIALS:
Contemporary problems
PROBLEMS RELATED TO
RAW MATERIALS
FOOD SHORTAGES &
HIGHER PRICES OF
FOOD
SCARCITY & UNEVEN
DISTRIBUTION OF
GEOLOGICAL RAW
MATERIALS
•Due to the higher demand of
agrarian products caused by
the increasing global
population.
•Worst impact on the poorest
•In order to ensure their supply,
wealthy countries try to control
the trade of certain raw
materials (oil, coltan…) with
producer countries.

17. http://sociedad.elpais.com/socied
ad/2013/05/13/actualidad/136845
7967_724617.html

18. ACTIVITIES
 Define the following concepts:
 Secondary sector
 Raw materials
 Prospecting methods
 Refining systems
 Power stations
 Infrastructures
 Devise an outline about the main activities of the secondary
sector (p.130)
 P.132, exercise 1.
 Are raw materials distributed equally around the world? Where
do production & consumption concentrate?

19. a) CORE ELEMENTS OF INDUSTRY:
ENERGY SOURCES
ENERGY SOURCES
TRADITIONAL
OIL
COAL
NATURAL GAS
NUCLEAR FISSION
HYDROELECTRIC
ALTERNATIVE
BIOMASS
WIND
SOLAR
GEOTHERMAL
WAVE
NUCLEAR FUSION
•60%  oil &
coal.

20. Traditional
energies

21. Traditional energies
• Most widely used.
• Mostly non-renewable (except hydroelectric)  they’ll be depleted.
• Nearly 80%  fossil fuels (oil + natural gas + coal)  however, there
are differences between countries.

22. • COAL  more widely used in developing countries (China)
than in developed ones (EU, USA).

23. • NON-RENEWABLE ENERGIES  are losing ground to renewable
energies, specially in developed countries.

24. • NON-RENEWABLE ENERGIES  are losing ground to renewable
energies, specially in developed countries.

26. CRUDE OIL

27. NATURAL GAS
PRODUCCIÓN
MUNDIAL DE GAS,
2006

28. COAL
Mostly used in emerging countries. Coal
consumption in developed countries is in
clear regression due to its HIGH
POLLUTION LEVELS (CO2 EMISSIONS)

29. NUCLEAR FISSION

30. HYDROELECTRIC
• Only traditional energy that is
RENEWABLE!!!
• Growing importance.

31. Alternative
energies

32. Alternative energies
ADVANTEGES: they are renewable & clean (they don’t pollute or
generate waste).
DISADVANTAGES: necessary technologies to develop them are
still too expensive.

33. However, in time renewable energies are expected
to became cheaper, while fossil fuels will became
more expensive.

34. Alternative energies development began after the
1973 Oil Crisis  NEED TO SEEK NEW ENERGY
SOURCES, TO AVOID EXTERNAL ENERGETIC
DEPENDENCE.

35. YOM KIPPUR WAR (6-25 Oct. 1973):
• Arab states (led by Egypt & Syria) VS Israel (who received help from the US).
• Egypt and Syria attacked Israel unexpectedly, since they wanted to regain the Sinai and
the Golan Heights respectively, territories that were occupied by Israel since the Six-
Day War (1967).
• CONSEQUENCE  in response to US support to Israel, the Arab members of the OPEC
(Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries), decided to reduce oil production
& declared an embargo against the USA and other Western countries, causing the 1973
energy crisis.

36. SOLAR

37. SOLAR

38. WIND
Problems:
• Irregular wind supply
• Visual & noise impact of
wind turbines.

39. BIOMASS

40. GEOTHERMAL

41. WAVE

42. NUCLEAR FUSION
With 1gr of hydrogen we
could produce, by means of
nuclear fusion, in an hour,
11 times more energy than
by current nuclear fission.
ITER (International Thermonuclear
Experimental Reactor)
• International project to design & build an experimental fusion
reactor.
• Located in South France.
• 7 members: EU, India, Japan, China, Russia, South Korea & USA.
• The EU (host party for the ITER complex) contributes with about
45 % of the cost. The rest 9% each.

43. ACTIVITIES
 Fill in the worksheet about energy sources (chart + map to
locate the main producing countries of traditional & alternative
energy sources).
 In groups of 4-5, make up a song about the different types of
energy sources… BE CREATIVE!!!! Record it and send it to
rocio.bautistagamero@iescamilojosecela.net

44. THE WORLD’S ENERGY
Essential in our daily lives:
• Transport
• Machines & household appliances
• Lights
• …

45. THE WORLD’S ENERGY
ENERGY
PROBLEMS
SUPREMACY OF NON-
RENEWABLE ENERGY
SOURCES  they’ll be
depleted in the coming
decades
UNEQUAL
DISTRIBUTION OF
ENERGY SOURCES
AROUND THE WORLD
 leads to
international conflicts
ENVIRNMENTAL
PROBLEMS 
CONSTANT RISE IN
ENERGY CONSUMPTION
 due to increasing
population and expansion
of economic activities

48. http://www.rtve.es/noticias/20141029/claves-guerra-
del-gas-entre-rusia-ucrania/1038365.shtml
Video: http://www.rtve.es/noticias/20140320/crisis-
ucrania-reabre-debate-sobre-dependencia-europea-del-
gas-ruso/890642.shtml

49. THE WORLD’S ENERGY
SOLUTIONS TO
ENERGY
PROBLEMS
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES 
to reduce emissions (specially from
transports & large industrial
facilities)
ENERGY-SAVING POLICIES
 to reduce energy consumption
(campaigns to increase awareness
of consumers, regarding energy-
saving measures & the use of low-
consumption technologies)

50. http://www.rtve.es/alacarta/videos/programa/spot-campana-ahorra-
energia-protagonizado-seleccion-espanola/1131287/

53. • The Kyoto Protocol: UN international treaty that
committed signatory countries to reduce greenhouse gases
emissions (CO2), to stop global warming. It was adopted in
Kyoto (Japan) in 1997.
• SPECIFIL GOAL: to reduce, in the period 2005 - 2012,
collective emissions of greenhouse gases by 5%
compared to the year 1990.
• 2012: technically the K.P. was extended until 2020, but
limited to only 15% of the global C02 emissions, due to the
lack of participation of many industrialized & emerging
countries such as: USA, Canada, Japan, Russia, Belarus,
Ukraine, New Zealand, China, India & Brazil.
• 2014: new negotiations were held in Lima (Peru) to agree
on a post-Kyoto legal framework that would obligate all
major polluters to pay for CO2 emissions. However, some
large polluting countries (China, India, USA) indicated that
they will not ratify any treaty that will commit them legally
to reduce CO2 emissions.

54. ACTIVITIES
 Indicate which energy sources do these countries produce:
 USA
 Canada
 Venezuela
 Norway
 Russia
 Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Kuwait, U.A.E., Iran, Qatar, Algeria, Lybia & Nigeria.
 P. 138  ex.1
 Comment the graph about “Evolution of energy consumption in
the world” on page 139.
 DESCRIPTION (what information does the graph gives us? Source?)
 ANALYSIS:
 Describe the contribution & evolution of renewable & non-renewable energies.
 Explain some problems (consequences) related to such energetic consumption.
 Give some possible solutions.

55. b) INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT
ARTISANAL
INDUSTRY
(until mid-18th
century)
MODERN
INDUSTRY
(1770 – 1950)
CONTEMPORARY
INDUSTRY
(Mid-20th century
onwards)

56. 1º) Artisanal industry

57. 2º) Modern Industry:
1st I.R. (1770 – 1850)
STEAM ENGINE (“Máquina de vapor”)  powered
by burning coal; moved other machines.

58. 2º) Modern Industry:
2st I.R. (1850 – 1950)

59. 3º) Contemporary industry

60. 3º) Contemporary industry
• Have relocated to cheaper areas:
• Developing countries
• Industrial estates (polígonos industriales)
in the outskirts of cities.
TRADITIONAL
INDUSTRIES
Industrial estate: physical
place that gathers several
industrial activities.

61. 3º) Contemporary industry
• Have established in Science parks in
economically flourishing cities, where they
have access to:
• Qualified workers
• Infrastructures
• Advanced services
INNOVATIVE
(HIGH-TECH)
INDUSTRIES
Science park: physical place that supports
university, businesses & government
collaboration to promote research &
innovation in order to develop & share high
technology knowledge. It comprises high
quality facilities, and gathers innovative
industries.

62. ACTIVITIES
 Fill in the worksheet comparing the 3 phases of industrial
development.
 P. 141  ex.2
 Research activity at home: what is “Silicon Valley”?
 What is the difference between an industrial estate & a science
park?

63. c) Industry & globalisation:
TYPES OF INDUSTRY
Heavy
industry
Industria de base
o pesada
Transforms raw materials into semi-finished products to
be used in other industries (steel, petrochemistry).
Uses large quantities of heavy raw materials.
Capital goods
industry /
Semi-heavy
industry
Industria de
bienes de equipo
Transforms semi-finished products into equipment
needed for other industries, transport & construction
(machinery, vehicles…).
Uses less raw materials.
Consumer
goods industry
/ Light
industry
Industria de bienes
de consumo o
industria ligera
Makes products intended directly for consumers
(textiles, food, household appliances…).
Uses lightweight materials.

64. Which types
of
industries
can you
identify in
these pairs
of pictures?

66. FACTORS OF INDUSTRIAL LOCATION
LOCATION
FACTORS
ECONOMIC
FACTORS
(infrastructures,
transports,
services
consumers…)
SOCIAL FACTORS
(workforce)
POLITICAL
FACTORS (taxes,
political
stability…)
ENVIRONMENTAL
FACTORS
(environmental
legislation,
quality)
NATURAL
FACTORS (raw
materials,
energy sources)

67. FACTORS OF INDUSTRIAL LOCATION

68. FACTORS OF INDUSTRIAL LOCATION
INNOVATIVE (HIGH-TECH)
INDUSTRIES
TRADITIONAL (MATURE)
INDUSTRIES
• Located in developed countries:
 Advanced services.
 Infrastructures.
 Qualified labour force.
 High purchase power
consumers.
• Located in developing countries:
 Abundant but unqualified
labour force.
 Special conditions (duty-free
zones) & permissive
environmental legislations.

69. RELOCATION
Globalization has led to INTERNATIONAL DIVISION OF LABOUR: breaking
up of the production process in different locations around the world:
• Complex tasks (research, development)  undertaken in developed
countries (North America, Europe, Japan, Australia) .
• Less-skilled labour (manufacturing)  relocated/offshored to
developing countries (China, India, Vietnam, Brasil…)

70. ACTIVITIES
 P. 144-145: ex. 1, 3 & 4
 Why do innovative (high-tech) industries prefer to locate in
developed countries?

71. THE WORLD’S INDUSTRIAL AREAS

72. HISTORICAL INDUSTRIAL
REGIONS
• USA, _______, EU.
• World’s ______
______________
industrial areas.
• Extensive industrial areas
that use _____________
_____________.
• Benefit from high
_____________-
__________ markets.
• _________________ of
large companies; but
have relocated many
manufacturing parts of
the production process
to _____________
countries.
EMERGING COUNTRIES
• ________ (Brazil, Russia,
India, China, South
Africa)
• Growing industrialization
due to:
• Abundant __________
resources
• _________________ 
attracts the
___________ of
developed countries’
low-technology
industries. This
provides them with
capital to -
____________ in new &
more innovative
industries.
LEAST INDUSTRIALISED
AREAS
• Poorest countries on
Earth (Sub-Saharan
_________)
• Lack of industrialisation
due to:
• Lack of ___________.
• Limited market (small
& poor
_______________).
• __________ because of
poor communications.
• Politic __________.
ACTIVITIES: fill in the worksheet.

73. ACTIVITIES
 P.151, exercises 2 / 3 / 4 / 5.