1. The document provides information about feudalism in medieval Europe between the 9th-15th centuries. It describes the political, economic, and social system that was characterized by relationships of dependence.
2. Kings lost political power as feudal monarchies developed. Society was stratified with nobles, clergy, and peasants. Nobles protected lands in exchange for grants of fiefs from kings. Peasants farmed fiefs in exchange for protection from nobles.
3. Life for different classes was explored. Nobles lived in castles and were trained for battle. Clergy lived in monasteries and had significant political, economic, and social influence. Peasants had difficult lives farming with
Middle Ages, 2º eso, bilingual . Explicaciónj de la Edad Media y el principio y desarrollo del feudalismo, después de la caída del imperio de Carlo Magno
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
3. FEUDALISM:
political, economic & social system
characteristic of Western Europe
between 9th – 15th centuries.
MAIN CHARACTERISTICS:
Loss of political power by the kings (feudal monarchies)
Agrarian economy
Society based on relationships of dependence
Enormous influence of the church (theocentric society).
Poor culture and scarce artistic achievements, until
Romanesque art appear.
4. ORIGINS OF FEUDALISM:
It began as a consequence of the INSTABILITY that
suffered Europe after the death of Charlemagne (814)
Fights between successors of Charlemagne
Invasions of
a) Vikings (normans)
b) Muslims
c) Others: Bulgarians, Hungarians, Slavs.
Facing this situation, kings were incapable of protecting their
territory because they didn’t have money to pay for a
professional army…
WHAT COULD THEY DO??!
5.
6. … To face this situation…
- kings asked nobles to protect them in exchange of giving
them land (fiefs).
- peasants also asked nobles to protect them in exchange
of giving them their owned land & working for them.
NOBLES CONCENTRATED LARGE AREAS OF LAND,
AND MOST OF THE POPULATION (peasants) WERE
SUBORDINATED TO THEM
7. FEUDAL MONARCHIES
Feudal Europe was divided into several kingdoms ruled by kings who’s
power was considered to come from God. Therefore, in theory their power
was unlimited. However, in practice the nobility & the clergy had huge
power because they had a lot of independence inside their fiefs.
Moreover, the king governed with the help of the Royal Council (Curia
Regis): an assembly of high nobles & clerics.
8. FEUDAL ECONOMY
2 parts:
- Demesne lord
- Holdings peasants
Self-sufficient: fiefs
produced everything they
needed (food &
manufactured products).
Therefore, there was very
little trade.
FIEF (manor, fiefdom): large territories granted by the king (or a high
noble) to a noble or to the clergy in exchenge for their services.
9.
10. Production in medieval fiefs was low because of:
Rudimentary tools
Biennial crop rotation system: half of the fields were left fallow to
enable them to recover (so the soil wouldn’t be overused).
ROMAN PLOUGH
SICKLE
SCYTHE
TWO-FIELD CROP
ROTATION
11. FEUDAL SOCIETY
It was a stratified society:
Different social groups (estates) determined by birth
(except the clergy).
12. Privileged groups VS non-privileged groups
NOBLES & CLERGY
- Special laws
- No taxes
- Didn't work
PEASANTS
(commoners)
13. Each social group had a specific function:
NOBLES
CLERGY
PEASANTS
19. NOBLES
Small social group (<10%)
2 types:
High nobility:
Direct vassals of the kings.
Dukes, marquises, counts.
Low nobility:
Vassals of other nobles.
Knights.
20. 6 years old: pages at the castle of
another lord/king. Learn rules of court-
life.
21 years old: become a knight
(knighting ceremony or accolade).
In times of war served their lord with their
troops.
In times of peace attended tournaments,
trained for war,…
Noblemen: their military education began as children:
The
accolade
14 years old: squires of another knight.
Accompany him to tournaments &
battles, carry his shield, take care of his
weapons & horse.
27. Castles where the nobles
lived.
defensive fortresses
where the people
could take refuge if
attacked.
usually built in an
elevated area in the
center of the fief.
28. The Walled Area
On top of the thick castle walls there was
a walkway. Battlements protected
the walkways, like a shield, so that soldiers
could move around the fortress during
battle. Some battlements had arrowslits
or gaps where arrows could be fired.
Plans for battle were developed and
directed from the defensive towers.
29. A deep moat surrounds the castle walls to provide extra
protection.
The Walled Area
30. You could only enter the castle if the drawbridge was
lowered and the portcullis was raised.
The Walled Area
31. Inside the castle
The keep (tower of homage) was
the large tower where the lord and his
family lived. On one floor of the keep
was the great hall. The most important
events took place there; it was where
the lord celebrated banquets, where his
vassals came to pay their taxes, and
where he made legal decisions.
32. Activities On your castle
diagram label & define
the following terms:
moat
the keep (tower of
homage)
defensive towers
Walkway (chemin de
ronde)
battlements
arrowslits
drawbridge
portcullis
Activity 1 (p.53)
34. TYPES OF CLERGY
SECULAR CLERGY
Lived among the rest of
the population:
- Bishops (high clergy)
- Priests (low clergy)
All men
REGULAR CLERGY
Lived in monasteries:
- abbots & abbesses (high clergy)
- monks & nuns (low clergy)
Different monastic orders had
different rules that monks had to
obey:
- Vows of poverty, obedience & celibacy.
- “Ora et labora” life dedicated to
prayer & work.
35. Benedictine order
Founded in the 6th Century by the
Italian monk St. Benedict of Nursia.
Monastic communities that
followed the Rule of Saint Benedict.
•Chapter 6: recommends moderation in the use of speech, but does not enjoin strict
silence, nor prohibit profitable or necessary conversation.
•Chapter 22: regulates the dormitory. Each monk is to have a separate bed and is to
sleep in his habit, so as to be ready to rise without delay for early Vigils; a light shall
burn in the dormitory throughout the night.
•Chapters 39 & 40: regulate the quantity and quality of the food. Two meals a day are
allowed, with two cooked dishes at each. Each monk is allowed a pound of bread and a
glass of wine. The meat of four-footed animals is prohibited except for the sick and
the weak.
40. Cloister: a square open courtyard surrounded by covered
galleries with open arcades on the inner side. From Latin
“claustrum” which means “closed”. It was where the monks
walked, meditated, talked to each other.
41. Scriptorium: the room where the monks read, studied
and illustrated sacred manuscripts.
43. Refectory: the dining room where the monks ate together
at large tables. They ate in silence while a monk read from
texts from the Bible aloud.
44. Chapter house: the building where the daily meetings of
the community took place, presided over by the abbot.
45. ROLE OF THE
CHURCH
POLITICALLY
Advised kings.
Tried to reduce the
violence through
the:
- Peace of God:
condemned
attacks to
defenseless places
& people.
- Truce of God:
condemned
attacks on Sundays
& other religious
days.
ECONOMICALLY
Had large fiefs.
Collected taxes
from peasants: the
tithe (10% annual
income)
Received donations
in exchange for
prayers.
SOCIALLY
Supervised the
behaviour of the
population (they
had to attend mass,
confess, follow the
Church’s
commands)
Helped the poor,
sick, orphans…
Provided resting
place for pilgrims
Regulated working
time (bells)
CULTURALLY
Clergy was the most
educated class
(only ones who
could read & write)
Produced & copy
manuscripts in
monasteries.
Financed works of
art.
Medieval society was THEOCENTRIC:
God was the focal point of attention.
That’s why the church had a great
influence in every aspect of life.
47. PEASANTS
Most of the population (around 90%).
2 types:
Free peasants (villeins): very few.
own land
could leave the fief
Serfs:
Forced to work on a plot of land he doesn’t
own
Couldn’t leave the fief they were tied to the
land (if the lord changes, the boss changes)
Their children inherited their condition & duties.
Couldn’t be killed, beaten, nor sold as slaves.
48. Serf’s Oath of Fealty
“By the Lord before whom this sanctuary is holy,
I will to _______ be true and faithful, and love all which he
loves and shun all which he shuns, according to the laws of
God and the order of the world. Nor will I ever with will or
action, through word or deed, do anything which is unpleasing
to him, on condition that he will hold to me as I shall deserve
it, and that he will perform everything as it was in our
agreement when I submitted myself to him and chose his
will.”
49. Life of a Medieval Peasant
“Nasty, brutish and short” -- Thomas Hobbes
03:00: Wake up. Eat breakfast
(porridge) and clean up the hut
Dawn: Begin work in the fields
(holdings) and the lord’s fields
(demesne
Dusk: Work ends
Evening: Eat dinner (bread, cabbage
and meat on special days)
Night: Sleep (whole family in one
room)
50. Daily Duties of a Serf
Reap - To cut crops for harvest with a scythe,
sickle, or reaper.
Plough - To break and turn over
earth with a plough to form a
furrow
Sow - The
process of
planting
seeds.
51. All the family worked in the field!!!
Children & elderly: easier jobs:
Carrying wood
Taking care of the animals
Men: hardest jobs:
Ploughing
Reaping
Cutting trees
Women: helped with some jobs
Sowing (sembrar)
Harvesting
Domestic tasks
Taking care of children
Servants at the castle of the lord
Washerwomen
52. Tools
Tools were very rudimentary. They were made of cheap wood
and iron.
Scythe Sickle Hoe
54. The Church for Peasants
Peasants had a mandatory
tithe tax to the church (10%
of all income) This could be
paid in money or in goods.
The church asked
“volunteers” to work the
church’s land for free. (No
one dared to say no.)
Sundays were a day off. Also,
festivals and religious
holidays meant time off
work.
55. More fun facts
Peasant children
never attended
school, and they
began to work as
soon as they could.
Most children died before they
reached six months (often not
named until then)
Lice and fleas were very common.
A family’s farm animals would be
brought in the house with them to sleep
at night, to prevent theft.
Peasant children
inherited their
parents’ status (serf,
slave or free)
The same river that was used for
drinking/cooking water was also
used for toilets. Disease was
common.
Peasants never took full baths.
They would wash their hands
and face, that´s it.
56. VIDEO
1. Explain the difference
between serfs, slaves, and
free peasants.
2. Why were serfs important
to Medieval society?
3. What were some tools that
serfs used? How are they
different than what
farmers use today?
4. What was the role of
women and children?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jN1GaI8KWHo