The Thirty Years War (1618-1648) was a conflict fought primarily in Germany between Catholics and Protestants. While religious differences played a role, the goals of the various powers involved were mainly geopolitical, such as German princes seeking autonomy and France attempting to limit Hapsburg power. The war occurred in phases involving Bohemia, Denmark, Sweden, and finally France and Sweden against Spain and the Holy Roman Empire. It culminated in the Peace of Westphalia, which granted sovereignty to German princes and greater religious tolerance while curbing Hapsburg power. The war devastated Germany and marked the end of the age of religious wars in Europe.
http://www.tomrichey.net
The Thirty Years' War was fought in Europe from 1618-1648. It was the last major religious war in Europe and ended the violence of the Reformation. What started out as a local, religious conflict grew into a continent-wide political conflict over the Balance of Power. The Peace of Westphalia set the stage for the decline of the Holy Roman Empire and the rise of France as the most powerful nation in Western Europe.
http://www.tomrichey.net
The French Wars of Religion were a series of armed conflicts between French Catholics and Huguenots (Calvinists) in the sixteenth century. The Catholic faction was led by Catherine de Medici and the Huguenots were led by Henry of Navarre, who would later become Henry IV of France. Upon becoming king, Henry converted to Catholicism ("Paris is worth a Mass.") and issued the Edict of Nantes, which granted Huguenots limited toleration and rights to practice their religion openly in certain cities.
http://www.tomrichey.net
The Thirty Years' War was fought in Europe from 1618-1648. It was the last major religious war in Europe and ended the violence of the Reformation. What started out as a local, religious conflict grew into a continent-wide political conflict over the Balance of Power. The Peace of Westphalia set the stage for the decline of the Holy Roman Empire and the rise of France as the most powerful nation in Western Europe.
http://www.tomrichey.net
The French Wars of Religion were a series of armed conflicts between French Catholics and Huguenots (Calvinists) in the sixteenth century. The Catholic faction was led by Catherine de Medici and the Huguenots were led by Henry of Navarre, who would later become Henry IV of France. Upon becoming king, Henry converted to Catholicism ("Paris is worth a Mass.") and issued the Edict of Nantes, which granted Huguenots limited toleration and rights to practice their religion openly in certain cities.
The Thirty Years' War was a 17th-century religious conflict fought primarily in central Europe. It remains one of the longest and most brutal wars in human history, with more than 8 million casualties resulting from military battles as well as from the famine and disease caused by the conflict.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
3. 1. In what ways are the Wars of Religion really
expression of civil war within the Holy Roman Empire?
2. Why is it difficult to pinpoint the end of the Protestant
Reformation?
4. Overview
• 1st continent wide war in Europe, (with many
more to come!), fought mainly in Germany
• The culmination of the religious wars of the
16th century between Catholics and
Protestants
6. Goals:
• German Princes want to gain autonomy from
Holy Roman Empire
• France wants to limit Hapsburg power
• Spain wants to expand Hapsburg power into
Germany
• Sweden and Denmark want to strengthen their
control over the Baltic.
• Majority of goals are geopolitical, not
religious!!!!!!!!
7.
8. The Bohemian Phase (1618-1625)
• Bohemians (modern day Czechs and Slovaks)
were mostly Calvinist
• Emperor Matthias I Catholic Bohemians begin
to fear loss of religious freedoms
• Defenestration of Prague
• Ferdinand II becomes Holy Roman Emperor and
with support of Spanish Hapsburgs crushes
protestant forces
• Catholics win and take land away from Protestant
nobles
9. The Danish Phase (1625-1630)
• Christian IV of Denmark (Lutheran) wants to
strengthen Protestants in Germany and annex
German lands for his son.
• Ferdinand II has mercenary army raised
much pillaging and plundering, defeat Danes
in 1626.
• 1629 Ferdinand II passes The Edict of
Restitution restored all of the protestant states
back to Catholicism
10. The Swedish Phase (1625-1630)
• Cardinal Richelieu (Regent to Louis XIII of France) gives
financial aid to Sweden to encourage more war.
• Swedish king Gustavus Adolphus, a Lutheran is eager to
fight to strengthen protestant claims.
• Adolohus wins decisive victory against Catholics, but is
then killed.
• German princes enter into separate peace with
emperor.
• The Peace of Prague revokes Edict of Restitution
• Swede defeated, but Richelieu still hopes to undermine
Hapsburg power in Germany
11. The French-Swedish Phase (1635-1648)
• France, Holland, and Savoy all enter war on
Sweden’s side
• Spain continues to support Holy Roman
Empire
• French defeat Spanish at Rocroi
• 1644 peace talks begin in Westphalia
12. The Peace of Westphalia
Cuius region, eius religio!
• Peace of Augsburg reinstituted, Calvinism added
• Edict of Restitution revoked, land lost by protestant
landlords returned
• Switzerland and Holland gain independence from
Hapsburgs
• France, Sweden, and Brandenburg (eventually
Prussia) gain territory
• German princes were made sovereign rulers limiting
power of HRE.
– Over 300 leaders in Germany, unification will not occur
until 19th century!
13.
14. Effects of Thirty Years War
• Germany devastated
• age of religious wars end, greater religious
tolerance, rise of nation-states, “balance of
power
• Hapsburg power weakened greatly
• Protestant and counter reformations slowed,
Protestantism safely established.
