Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2. • Islam originated in the 7th Century in the Arabian
Peninsula, in an area known as the Near East.
Near East (Oriente Próximo)
• Confluence between Asia & Africa.
It’s in-between:
Red Sea
Persian Gulf
Mediterranean Sea
Indian Ocean
1.1. Arabia before Muhammad
5. – In the interior nomadic tribes
(Bedouins) who practised animistic
religions (worship of fetishes: objects
believed to have supernatural powers, usually
natural elements as plants & animals).
– In the coasts settled tribes who
practised polytheism.
Despite their
differences,
they had 2
things in
common…
•Arabic
language
•Cult of the
Black Stone in
the Kaaba
sanctuary (in
Mecca).
Before Muhammad, Arabia was inhabited by
several independent tribes:
6. Bedouins
The term "Bedouin” comes from the Arabic word “badawi” (يِوَدَب), and it means "those
in the desert".
7. Sanctuary of the Kaaba (Mecca)
According to the Muslim tradition, the Kaaba was
first built by Adam, but it was destroyed in the
Flood. Later, Abraham rebuild it. Centuries later
men forgot about it significance and began
practicing idolatry in it, until the times of
Muhammad, when it became again the house of
God (Allah).
8. The black stone inside the sanctuary of the Kaaba
(Mecca)
It is said that it was brought by Archangel Gabriel to Abraham: "It descended from
Paradise whiter than milk, but the sins of the sons of Adam made it black.”
9. • The main city in Arabia was Mecca because:
– Location of the Kaaba (pilgrimage place).
– It was a crossroads for the trade caravans that
came from the Far East.
10. • During the 7th Century, Muhammad
brought all these Arab tribes together
under a common religion: ISLAM
11. Activity 1
a) Copy the map of the geographical location of the Arabian
Peninsula (p.28). Include:
– Mediterranean Sea
– Red Sea
– Indian Ocean
– Persian Gulf
b) Write 3 modern countries that can be found today in the Arabian
peninsula.
c) What did they have in common the different tribes that
inhabited the Arabian peninsula in the early 7th Century?
d) Why was the city of Mecca so important?
– Mecca
– Medina (Yathrib)
– Jerusalem
– Egypt
12. Mohammad and the beginning
of Islam (1.2. & 2.1.)
Muhammad is the prophet of ISLAM:
• 570: he was born in Mecca.
• 610: according to the
legend, archangel
Gabriel appeared
before him and told
him to preach a new
religion called ISLAM.
13. • 610 - 622: Muhammad preached Islam in Mecca. He
became enemy of rich merchants & authorities
because Islam denied polytheism, and Mecca’s
wealth was based in the pilgrimage to the Kaaba
which had a polytheistic nature.
14. • 622: Muhammad & his followers escaped from
Mecca to Yathrib (renamed Medina = “City of the
Prophet“). This event is known as HEGIRA, and it’s
taken as the beginning of the Muslim calendar.
15. • 622 – 630: Muhammad lived in Medina, where he
became a political, religious & military leader:
– He created the first community of Muslim believers.
– He organised an army.
16. • 630 He conquered Mecca, and continued the
expansion of Islam across the rest of the Arabian
Peninsula.
17. • 632 Muhammad died having achieved the
unification of the Arabic tribes under a common
political & religious leader.
CONCLUSION: Mohammad had not only
created a new religion... He had also unified
Arabia politically!!!
18. Orthodox
In the map, colour in the territories through which Islam was spread
during Muhammad's life (622-632).
Activity 2. Expansion of Islam
19. a) What is the Hegira?
b) What are the two main achievements of Muhammad?
c) Make a timeline about Muhammad’s life that includes the
following dates. Remember that timelines have to be
proportional:
• 570
• 610
• 622
• 630
• 632
Activity 3
20. 1.3. Islamic religion
• Mohammad is the prophet of ISLAM.
• Its only god is Allah.
• Its sacred book is the Koran.
• Its believers are the Muslims.
• Muslims have to accept the five pillars of Islam.
• Other cultural practices of Muslims are:
– Not drinking alcohol
– Not eating pork
– Not gambling
– Accepting polygamy (not in every Islamic country!!!!)
• Some Muslim countries follow the Islamic law
(“Sharia”).
21. Very few countries
apply the Sharia as
their main legal
system (Saudi
Arabia, Yemen,
Oman, Iraq,
Afghanistan).
Adultery, homosexuality… are condemned to death penalty, for example by stoning.
22. Five pillars of Islam
1) Declaration of faith: there’s no God
but Allah and Muhammad is his
prophet.
2) Prayer: Muslims have to pray 5
times a day facing Mecca.
3) Alms-giving (limosna): give money
to those who need it.
4) Fasting (ayuno): abstain from food
from sunrise to sunset during the
month of Ramadan.
5) Pilgrimage: all Muslims have to go
to Mecca at least once in their life.
The “Hand of Fatima” is used to represent the Five
Pillars of Islam.
23. Activity 4
Draw a Hand of Fatima in your notebook, and
write each pillar in a different finger.
1) Declaration of faith: there’s no God but
Allah and Muhammad is his prophet.
2) Prayer: Muslims have to pray 5 times a
day facing Mecca.
3) Alms-giving (limosna): give money to
those who need it.
4) Fasting (ayuno): abstain from food from
sunrise to sunset during the month of
Ramadan.
5) Pilgrimage: all Muslims have to go to
Mecca at least once in their life.
24. 2. EXPANSION OF ISLAM: the
creation of a great empire
Muhammad’s successors, the caliphs (“successor”),
continued to conquer territories and to expand Islam.
They created a huge empire. 3 stages:
a) ORTHODOX CALIPHATE
b) UMAYYAD CALIPHATE
c) ABBASID CALIPHATE
25. This expansion was possible due to several factors:
• Desire to spread the Islamic faith
• A powerful & organized army
• Desire to obtain war booty
• The weakness of their opponents (Byzantines & Persians where
weakened due to fights between them, so they couldn’t confront the Muslims).
Orthodox
26. In the map, colour in the territories through which Islam was spread
during the Orthodox (632-661) & the Umayyad (661-750) caliphates.
Activity 2. Expansion of Islam (cont.)
Orthodox
27. CALIPHATE
CHRONO
LOGY
WHO WHERE
THE CALIPHS?
CAPITAL
CONQUESTS / EXTENSION
ORTHODOX
Family and
closest friends
of
Muhammad.
Medina
(Saudi
Arabia)
Maximum expansion of the empire:
WEST North of Africa, Iberian Pen.
EAST Indus Valley (Pakistan) &
Turkestan (border of China).
The expansion ended (only some
minor conquests: Crete and Sicily).
The Turks took control in 1055, until
the Mongolians conquered Baghdad in
1258.
Activity 5: Stages of the conquest
Copy & complete the chart.
29. ORGANISATION OF THE EMPIRE:
politics
POLITICALORGANISATION
CALIPH
Had complete political &
religious power.
VIZIER
Like a Prime Minister. Helped
the caliph to govern.
EMIRS / WALIS
Governors of the provinces
(“koras”)
KADIS
Judges that applied the laws
(administered justice)
DIWANS
Royal treasurers that
collected taxes:
- Everyone: according to their owned land
- Non-muslims: to practice their religion
30. ORGANISATION OF THE EMPIRE:
economy
ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES
AGRICULTURE
Main economic activity
New crops introduced to
Western Europe: rice,
cotton, sugar cane,
saffron, oranges, lemons.
New irrigation systems
(waterwheels, ditches,
wells....) & farming
techniques (terraces)
Nomadic cattle farming in
desert regions: sheep &
camels.
CRAFTWORK
Small workshops
where artisans lived,
worked & sold their
products.
Main crafts:
- Cotton & linen
textiles
- Carpets
- Leather goods
- Perfumes
- Etc…
TRADE
Benefited of its
strategic position
between Europe, the
East & Africa.
Products sold in the
souks (markets of the
cities)
Many luxury products
from distant places
were traded: metals,
silk, spices, salt,
slaves…
32. NEW FARMING TECHNIQUES
Irrigation systems:
waterweels, ditches, wells…
Terraces to cultivate on
mountain slopes.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VzzSLqPckZM&featu
re=player_embedded#!
33. ORGANISATION OF THE EMPIRE:
economy
ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES
AGRICULTURE
Main economic activity
New crops introduced to
Western Europe: rice,
cotton, sugar cane,
saffron, oranges, lemons.
New irrigation systems
(waterwheels, ditches,
wells....) & farming
techniques (terraces)
Nomadic cattle farming in
desert regions: sheep &
camels.
CRAFTWORK
Small workshops
where artisans lived,
worked & sold their
products.
Main crafts:
- Cotton & linen
textiles
- Carpets
- Leather goods
- Perfumes
- Etc…
TRADE
Benefited of its
strategic position
between Europe, the
East & Africa.
Products transported
by camel convoys &
boats, and sold in the
souks (markets of the
cities)
Many luxury products
from distant places
were traded: metals,
silk, spices, salt, slaves…
38. ORGANISATION OF THE EMPIRE:
society
SOCIAL
ORGANISATION
ARISTOCRACY
- Very small group
- Arab origin.
- A lot of political & economic power
fortunes & lands from war booties; high
positions in the government.
FREE PEOPLE
(peasants,
artisans &
traders)
MUSLIMS (“Mawali”)
NON-MUSLIMS (“Dhimmis”): Christians &
Jews were free, but had to pay more taxes.
SLAVES
War prisoners or traded from central
Africa.
39. a) What agricultural innovations did the Muslims
introduced to Western Europe?
b) What forced Muslims to develop irrigation techniques?
c) Why was trade an outstanded economic activity for
Muslims?
d) Indicate 5 products that were traded in the Islamic
Empire.
e) What means did the Muslims use to transport the traded
goods?
f) Who were the Mawali and the Dhimmis?
Activity 6
41. The medina (city) was
surrounded by walls.
• Inside the walls is the
medina (divided into
quarters)
• Outside the walls is the
arrabal
• (Marrakech, Morocco)
42. Medina:
• Divided into quarters
• Protected by walls and
gated entrances
• Densely populated with
irregular pattern of
buildings and streets
• Streets were narrow and
winding
43. Public spaces:
Mosque - Islamic place of worship
Souk(s) - commercial quarter / market
Public baths – (hamman) used by everyone in
the city
Fortress (alcazaba) - built on highest part of
medina. Protects the city from enemy attacks
Inside the Medina
50. Few windows, covered with latticework
(celosía) to keep cool and private.
Centered around a courtyard (interior patio).
Usually 2 floors:
Ground floor: kitchen, living room, store rooms.
1st floor: bedrooms.
Muslim houses