MODERN AGES IN SPAIN

1. THE MODERN AGE IN SPAIN

4. YEAR: 1580
How was the Iberian Peninsula
“current spanish territory”
composed in the 14th century?
What were the territories
controlled during the reign of
Felipe II?
How to get from a
non unified
country to the
conquest of a
huge empire all
over the world?
LET’S SEE...

5. THE REIGN OF THE CATHOLIC
MONARCHS
1) What did monarchs do in 15th century to reinforce their power????

6. #tantomontamontatantoIsabelcomo
Fernando
● Have you ever heard that sentence?
● What does it mean? Who is more important: Fernando or
Isabel?
CATHOLIC MONARCHS MARRIAGE
1469
DYNASTIC UNION
ISABEL OF ARAGON
TRASTAMARA
FERNANDO OF ARAGON
TRASTAMARA
It means an union in some ways…
Both ruled in both territory together.
But that was the only thing that the
crowns of Castille and Aragon had in
common.
Each Crown maintained their…
-Own institutions
-Laws
-Customs
-Currencies

8. CATHOLIC MONARCHS FAMILY
TREE

9. THE STRENGTHENING OF THE STATE: THE CATHOLIC
MONARCHS
With the intention to reinforce their royal power, they
established authoritarian monarchy in Spain, controlling all the
powers of State (Territories, religion, administration...)
TERRITORIAL UNIFICATION
Conquest of the Nasrid
Kingdom of Granada
(1492). They completed
“The Reconquest”.
Annexation of the Kingdom
of Navarra. (15 12).
Fernando justifing his rights
over Navarra invaded it and
annexed it.
With the Kingdom of
Portugal. They started to
prepare the future union
with Portugal through
marriage ties.

10. What’s the Tribunal that they
created to persue heresy????

11. Why are they called the “Catholic Monarchs”?
THE STRENGTHENING OF THE STATE: THE CATHOLIC
MONARCHS
They achieved religious unity in the Iberian Peninsula..
but How?
KILL THEM ALL????? EXPELL THEM ALL?????
THEY FORCED JEWS (1492) TO
SUBTIM TO BAPTISM OR LEAVE THE
COUNTRY. Those who converted to
catholicism were called: converts
(conversos)
THEY FORCED GRANADA’S MUDEJARES
(1502) TO SUBMIT OR LEAVE THE
CONTRY..THOSE CONVERTED WERE
MOORISH (moriscos)

12. THE STRENGTHENING OF THE STATE: REFORMATION OF
ADMINISTRATION
REFORMED ADMINISTRATION
To impose their authority
over the nobility and
clergy…
They appointed bishops.
They hardly ever
summoned the Cortes
- They created Chancillerías and
Audencias made up of jurists (COURT
OF JUSTICE) located in Valladolid and
Granada.
-They increased the royal income.
-They created the Santa Hermandad
(Holy Brotherhood), to maintain order
in rural areas (as a police force).

13. 1) Which territories did the Crown of Castilla conquer?
2) Which territories did the Crown of Aragon conquer?
3) Why did they extend their territories? 4) Is there another territory that they conquered?

14. THE HABSBURG DINASTY

15. Who were the Habsburg?
● They were an european royal family (from
Austria), who had a huge power in the
continent, especially in Spain, where they ruled
during two centuries (16th-17th centuries).
● In Spain they are known as “Austrias”
● Austrias' emblem

16. Why did they rule in Spain?
● One of the daughters of Catholic Monarchs,
Juana “The mad” (la loca), were married with
the inheritor of Habsburg dinasty: Felipe “The
Handsome” (El hermoso)
● The son of that marriage, Carlos, became the
king of Spain when his grandparents and
parents died.

18. ● In total, the habsburg monarchs in Spain
were 5
– Carlos I of Spain or V of Germany.
– Felipe II
– Felipe III
– Felipe IV
– Carlos II – He died without an heir.

19. CARLOS I “The emperor”

20. FELIPE II

21. FELIPE III

22. FELIPE IV

23. CARLOS II “The Bewitched”

24. CARLOS I “The emperor”

25. 1.1 THE EMPIRE OF CHARLES I:
INTERIOR POLICY
He ruled Spain from 1516 to 1559.
In his beginning as a monarch took little interest in
Iberian Peninsula, being more interested for the
German Empire
He wanted to became the German emperor, so he
spent the Castilian money to get it. Finally he
obtained the titile of Emperor of the Holy German
Empire in 1519.
But, in Spain several revolts took place against a
king more interested in his personal aspirations
than the problems within his territory.

26. 1.1 THE EMPIRE OF CHARLES I:
INTERIOR POLICY
● He was considered as a foreigner for
spanish, because he had lived all his life in
Ghent (Gante), in Flanders, the current
Beligum.
● He had never been in Spain before
● He didn't speak spanish
● All his court was composed by Flanders
people.

27. He inherited an extensive empire: Crown of Castile, Crown of Aragon, Austria, Borgoña,
Flanders, Franche-Comtè, Duchy of Luxembourg.

28. He added to his
territories:
-The Holy Roman
German Empire,
when he was
proclamed
German emperor
(1519)
-Milan: after
defeating the
French army.
(1525)

29. 1.1 THE EMPIRE OF CHARLES I:
INTERIOR POLICY● Problems within the empire
– Revolt of the Comuneros (1520-1521)
In some castilian cities such as, Toledo, Segovia or Avila,
the low nobility, bourgeoisie and peasants uprise against
the King because of his economic policy and the changes
that the new “foreigner” emperor had established.
The uprsinig spread for all Castile, and many revolts took
place facing the comunero movement and empire army
with the support of high nobility.
Finally, the comuneros army was defeated for the imperial
troops in the batlle of Villalar (1521). In addition, the main
leaderships of the revolt were executed.

30. LEADERSHIPS OF COMUNERO
MOVEMENT
● JUAN BRAVO FRANCISCO MALDONADO
● JUAN DE PADILLA MARIA PACHECO (Padilla's wife)

31. 1.1 THE EMPIRE OF CHARLES I:
INTERIOR POLICY
REVOLT OF THE BROTHERHOODS (REVUELTA DE LAS
GERMANÍAS) 1521-1523
It was another uprising of artisians and peasants in the crown
of Aragon (Valencia and Mallorca)
The artisians wanted access to goverment office while the
peasants wanted better rental conditions.
The revolts were suppressed by Carlos I who allied with the
nobility, defeated them in 1523.

32. 1.2. THE EMPIRE OF CHALRES I.
EXTERIOR POLICY
He had to fight against foreign powers in
order to defend:
– His authority “as the most powerfull man
in Europe”
– Catholic religion, against Lutheranism in
German territory. Also he defended
christianity against Muslim Turks.

33. 1.2. THE EMPIRE OF CHALRES I.
EXTERIOR POLICY
● Wars against France.
His personal enemy and rival was Francisco I of
France.
Several wars took place between them most of them in
Italian territory. Carlos’ most important victory was the
Battle of Pavia (1525) where Spain defeated France. And
Carlos could add Milan “milanesado” to his territories.
The enmity between both monarchs was because of their
willingness to control Europe. Both competed to become
the emperor of the German Empire.

34. Francisco I Vs Carlos I

35. 1.2. THE EMPIRE OF CHALRES I.
EXTERIOR POLICY
● Wars against Turks (1529-1541)
– Turks had the control over the oriental
Mediterranean sea and the Balkan region since
the beginnig of 16th century.
However, they decided to conquer more european
territory in the area around the River Danube
(Hungary). They reach even to Viene. (Viena)
Carlos I, as the maximum defensor of Christianity,
went to war with them.
– He could stop the turkish advance, but Muslim
settled down in Balkan region.

36. THE OTOMAN EMPIRE: TURKS

37. 1.2. THE EMPIRE OF CHALRES I.
EXTERIOR POLICY● In war against lutheranism
The most relevant conflict was against protestantism,
because of the majority of German Princes supported
Lutheran reform.
Carlos, as the emperor and the leadership of the Empire and
the Catholicism didn't permit the existance of Protestant
reform in his territory.
For that reason, he faced German princes and other allies of
Lutheranism, starting long wars of religion.
Initially he defeated protestants in the battle of Mühlberg in
1547, but finally he had to accept equality in religion, and
signed the Peace of Augsburg (1555).
● AFTER ALL, RELIGIOIUS FREEDOM IN GERMAN EMPIRE.

39. 2.THE EUROPEAN EMPIRE OF
FELIPE II

40. FELIPE II. A WORLD EMPIRE

41. 2.1. INTERIOR POLICY OF FELIPE II
Carlos I, after his defeat in wars of religion, decided to
abdicate* in his son: Felipe II.
But he divided the empire in two parts:
● His oldest son: Felipe II inherited the Spanish territory, the
Low Countries, italian territories and America.
● His brother: Fernando I inherited the Holy Roman German
Empire.
Spanish monarchs stopped thinking in imperial
aspirations. They did not have rights there.
Abdicate: The act of abdication. Renounce
or give up the throne

42. 2.1. INTERIOR POLICY OF FELIPE II
● He paid more attention to spanish issues than his
father.
● He ordered to build “El escorial”, royal residence
and seat of goverment.
● The power of the monarch's authority incresed. He
didn't often summon the Cortes.
● He took advice from the ADVISORY COUNCILS,
each one with a specific task. The councils were
divided in three different groups:
– Advisory councils -Ministerial councils
– Territorial Councils
He established royal officials called corregidors to
represent royal authority in local areas.

43. 2.1. INTERIOR POLICY OF FELIPE
II
He were married 4 times, with 4 different wifes.

44. 2.1. INTERIOR POLICY OF FELIPE
II
Defense of Catholicism
He was the maximum advocate of Catholicism, also
represented the Counter-reformation spirit.
He made laws that prohibited foreign books or
study abroad.
He used the Inquisition to persecute Jewish,
Moorish or Protestants.
Also it was necessary have a “clean blood”
“limpieza de sangre” to having public offices.

45. 2.1. INTERIOR POLICY OF FELIPE
II
ALPUJARRAS REVOLT (Revuelta de las
Alpujarras)
In a mountain region of Granada, some
Moorish (moriscos) uprised in 1568, because
their language, customes or dressing style
were forbidden.
They revolted for three years, and finally in
1570, after a long and difficult fight, Felipe's
army won.
As a consquences, around 80.000 moorish
were dispersed to other regions.

46. 2.1. INTERIOR POLICY OF FELIPE
II

47. 2.2.FELIPE II: EXTERIOR POLICY
War against France
He continued facing to
France. Finally Spain
defeated them in the
battle of Saint-Quentin
in 1557 and Gravelinas
and after many years
they signed the peace.

48. 2.2.FELIPE II: EXTERIOR POLICY
In War with Turks
Also, a problem in the Christian comunity was the Muslim advance
in the east of Europe.
So Felipe II, in alliance with Venice and the Pope gave defeated them
in the famous naval battle of Lepanto (1571)

49. 2.2.FELIPE II: EXTERIOR POLICY
In war with England
Reasons:
● England supported the Protestants in
Flanders
● England attacked spanish ships trading in
America.
Felipe II used all the spanish Armada,
known historically as “the unbeatable”
(La Armada invencible) with the purpose
to invade England, an enormous
expedition was sent there.
But unfortunately, the fleet was destroyed
in a storm in front of the English coasts

50. “LA ARMADA INVENCIBLE”

51. 2.2.FELIPE II: EXTERIOR POLICY
The revolt in Flanders
People from the low countries revolted against the spanish crown,
because of:
– High taxes
– Imposition of Inquisition
– Religious conflict between protestants and catholics.
The north of Flanders (Holland) protestant, and the south: Belgium and
Luxembourg catholic.
In conection with these problems, a independence movement
appeared, led by Guillermo de Orange in 1566 and the war started.
Felipe II made a strong effort to solve that problem, but he coudn't.
Finally, the low countries were divided in two parts:
An independence protestant north: Holland
A catholic south under spanish control.

52. FLANDERS
REVOLT

53. 2.2.FELIPE II: EXTERIOR POLICY
Annexation of Portugal (1580-1640)
Due to marriage alliances started by the
Catholic Monarch.
The king of Portugal died without a direct
heir.
So Felipe II with right of inheritance,
annexed Portugal and its empire in 1580.
Both empires were united until 1640.

54. El imperio donde nunca se ponía el
sol

55. THE DECLINE OF THE EMPIRE:
17TH CENTURY
During the 17th century the habsburg monarchs
were unable to govern, they are known as
“Austrias Menores”
They ignored the government tasks and delegated
the power in his trustworthy man who acted as
prime minister, called: favourites (validos)
● Valido/Favourite: a person who is given political
responsabilites because of his friendship with the
king. Actually, they governed instead of their
monarchs.

56. THE FAVOURITES or VALIDOS:
DUQUE DE LERMA – CONDE DUQUE DE OLIVARES

57. THE REIGN OF FELIPE III
He ruled the first decades of 17th century
(1598-1621)
The person who governed in his name was the
Duke of Lerma, his favourite.
They mantained peace abroad, with:
– England: Treaty of Londres (1604)
– Low countries: Treaty of Twelve years (1609)

58. THE REIGN OF FELIPE III
THE EXPULSION OF MORISCOS (1609)
In the interior policy he ordered the expulsion
of Moriscos from the Peninsula, with caused
a shortage of agricultural products worse,
because of the majority of them were
peasants, and many rural areas were left
unpopulated.
Most of the moriscos lived in Aragon, and
they moved to northern Africa.

59. THE REIGN OF FELIPE III

60. FELIPE IV's REIGN
From 1621 to 1665 he ruled.
After the rule of Felipe III with a peaceful goverment Spain had
lost the hegemony in Europe.
For that reason Felipe IV tried to recover and maintain the
Habsburg dominance in Europe.
He entered into an european war for religious and political
issues which faced protestants and catholics. That conflict is
called: Thirty Year's War due to its duration (1618-1648)

61. FELIPE IV's REIGN: EXTERIOR
POLICY

62. FELIPE IV's REIGN: EXTERIOR
POLICY
The Thirty year's war ending in 1648 when both
sides decided to sign peace in the Peace of
Westfalia treaty.
● In such treaty Spain recognised the Netherlands
independence.
However, Spain and France continued in war until
1659 when they signed the Treaty of Pyrenees, in
which Rousillon and Artois (territories in the
northeast of Pyrenees) became part of France

63. FELIPE IV'S REIGN: INTERIOR
POLICY
Count-Duke of Olivares, Felipe IV's favourite,
decided to make reforms with the purpose of
collect more money (increasing taxes) and
soldiers to support the european war.
It caused revolts in Andalucia, Portugal,
Catalonia, Naples and Sicily.
In Andalucia and Italy the spanish army could
stope the revolt, but Portugal became
independent because of that. And Catalonia
recieved support from France.

64. CARLOS II: CRISIS IN THE
HABSBURG MONARCHY
Felipe IV was married whit his niece: Mariana
de Austria. Their youngest son was: Carlos
● During his rule (1665-1700) Spain experienced
a period of crisis caused by:
– The Incompetence of the king. He suffered
different illnesses. He wasn't able to govern. It is
said he was bewitched, in fact, he is known as “El
hechizado”. The consanguinity caused all his
deseases.
– He had 4 favourites, all of them corrupts
– Economical problems

65. Does he look very healthy?

66. CARLOS II: CRISIS IN THE
HABSBURG MONARCHY
He was impotent, so he died without an heir in
1700.
For this reason took place a war called: War of
the spanish Succession (Guerra de sucesión
española) between Felipe of France's Bourbon
dinasty and Charles of Austria.
Both demanded rights to inherit the power.
The victory of the French brought an end to
the Habsburg monarchy in Spain, and the
beginning of Borboun dinasty with Felipe V.