During the 19th century, there were significant developments in art, culture, and education. Romanticism emerged in the first half of the century as an artistic movement that celebrated nature and emotion in response to industrialization. Realism developed in the second half to provide a realistic portrayal of everyday life and social commentary. Famous artists from this period included Delacroix, Courbet, and Millet. Architecture also evolved with the rise of iron construction and revival of historic styles. World's fairs grew in popularity as international exhibitions to showcase countries' achievements.

1. 19th century
Art and Culture
4ESO History

2. Culture during the Industrial Revolution
 Education
• Before the 1800s, education was not free nor compulsory
• Governments began taking steps towards making education
compulsory & accessible, especially those who worked in the
factories
 Great writers & scientists
 Romanticism
 Realism
 World’s Fairs

3. Famous Minds of the 19th c.
Charles Darwin
(England)
Victor Hugo
(France)
Charles Dickens
(England)

4. Romanticism: Romantic Painting
• 1st half of the 19th century.
• Artistic & intellectual movement tied to the liberal revolutions of 1820,
1830, and 1848.
• Sought creative liberty  anti-academic; opposite of neoclassicism.
• Celebrated nature and the rural lifestyle (as opposed to industrialized
cities).
• Characteristics:
• Expresses moods and feelings
• Dramatic  contrast between light and dark, colors
• Oriental & exotic elements
• Themes: wild and mysterious landscapes, scenes from national
history, literature

5. The Raft of Medusa
Gericault (France)

6. Liberty Leading the People
Delacroix (France)

7. The Moon Rising over the Sea
Fredreich (Germany)

8. Realism: Realistic Painting
• 2nd half of 19th century  historical context: after Marx & Engels
published the “Communist Manifesto” in 1848, the labor
movement grew exponentially. There was a constant push for
workers’ rights and better living conditions.
• Sought a realistic representation of people and their lives.
• Themes: the work of the proletariat & peasants, the city,
realistic landscapes.
• Total contrast to Romanticism:
• Represented nearby and current events
• Objectivity
• Social commentary

9. The Stonecutters
Courbet (France)

10. The Third Class Carriage
Daumier (France)

11. The Gleaners
Millet (France)

12. Realistic
Landscape
● Sought to represent nature
objectively
● Focus on formal elements of
painting (setting the stage for
Impressionism)
● Focus on light and time
● Open air painting
The Bridge of Mantes
Corot and the Barbizon
School

13. Memories of Mortefontaine
Corot and the Barbizon School

14. Activity
1. Choose one of the following paintings.
2. Determine whether it is romantic or realistic & give 2 reasons why.
3. What feelings or social situations caused this style of art to become popular?

15. 19th c. Architecture
Practicality and function
Use of iron (Eiffel Tower, Estación de Atocha, etc.)
Historicism: return to styles of the past
Opera Garnier (Paris)
Neo-Baroque
Palace of Westminster
(London) Neogothic
Eiffel Tower
Estación de Atocha (Madrid)

16. The Chicago School (Architecture)

17. World’s Fairs
• Huge international exhibitions where countries
showcase their achievements
• Chicago’s World Fair
• Celebrating the 400th anniversary of Columbus’s arrival to North America
• Neoclassical architecture, all white buildings
• 1st Ferris Wheel & 1st commercial movie theater
• And America’s 1st serial killer!!!

18. Surviving Buildings...
Palace of Fine Arts,
Now the Museum of Science & Industry
World’s Congress Building
Now the Art Institute of Chicago