The document describes the components and operation of a total station, which is an electronic theodolite combined with an electronic distance measurement device. It discusses the different types of total stations including manual, semi-automatic, automatic, and servo-driven. The basic principles of angle and distance measurement using a total station are described, including electro-optical and microwave distance measurement systems. Methods for setting up the total station and establishing reference points are also outlined.
Edm is a surveying instrument used to measure the distance electronically. This Surveying Instrument is used in triangulation to measure the length of Base line because more accuracy is required to measure the length of base line.
Edm is a surveying instrument used to measure the distance electronically. This Surveying Instrument is used in triangulation to measure the length of Base line because more accuracy is required to measure the length of base line.
Introduction, electromagnetic spectrum, electromagnetic distance measurement, types of EDM instruments, electronic digital theodolites, total station, digital levels, scanners for topographical survey, global positioning system.
Surveying is an important part of Civil engineering. Various part like theodolite, plane table surveying, computation of area and volume are useful for all university examination and other competitive examination
The Global Positioning System is a satellite-based radio navigation system for determination of precise position and time, using radio signals from the satellites, in real-time or in post-processing mode.
Introduction, electromagnetic spectrum, electromagnetic distance measurement, types of EDM instruments, electronic digital theodolites, total station, digital levels, scanners for topographical survey, global positioning system.
Surveying is an important part of Civil engineering. Various part like theodolite, plane table surveying, computation of area and volume are useful for all university examination and other competitive examination
The Global Positioning System is a satellite-based radio navigation system for determination of precise position and time, using radio signals from the satellites, in real-time or in post-processing mode.
TOTAL STATION(part1)
Contents:
Ø Introduction about the Total Station(TS).
Ø Types of Total Station.
Ø Types of Prisms.
Ø Parts of the Total Station Topcon Es 105.
Ø TS Main Menu.
Ø Function and Operation of the Topcon ES105 Total Station.
Ø Survey Work: Setting out the Instrument.
Ø Angle measurement & Distance measurement.
Prepared by:
Asst. Prof. Salar K.Hussein
Mr. Kamal Y.Abdullah
Asst.Lecturer. Dilveen H. Omar
Erbil Polytechnic University
Technical Engineering College
Civil Engineering Department
EDM-Electronic Distance Measurement by Denis Jangeed.pptxDenish Jangid
EDM-Electronic Distance Measurement by Denis Jangeed
Origin of Electronic Distance Measurement
Principle of E.D.M. (Electronic Distance Measurements), Modulation,
Types of E.D.M., Distomat,
advantages and application.
electromagnetic waves
EDM Range 100 KM
EDM accuracy of 1 in 105
Electromagnetic Spectrum Range
microwaves, infrared waves and visible light waves
Measurement of distance with EDM and a Reflector
Classification of Electronic Distance Measurement Instrument
EDM instruments are classified based on the type of carrier wave as
Microwave instruments
Infrared wave instruments
Light wave instruments.
Parts of EDM instruments
Geodimeter
Tellurometer
Distomat
Errors in EDM
TOTAL STATION: THEORY, USES AND APPLICATIONS. Ahmed Nassar
TOTAL STATION: THEORY, USES AND APPLICATIONS.
The total station, (also known as electronic tacheometer) is an instrument that can measure horizontal and vertical angles together with slope distance and can be considered as combined EDM plus electronic theodolite. In common with other electronic surveying equipment, total stations are operated using a multi-function keyboard which is connected to a microprocessor built into the instrument. The microprocessor not only controls both the angle and distance measuring systems but is also used as a small computer that can calculate slope corrections, vertical components, rectangular coordinates and, in some cases, can also store observations directly using an internal memory. Nowadays surveying systems are available which can be use in an integrated manner with Global Positioning System (GPS). so, future total stations may have integrated GPS receivers as part of the measurement unit.
Abstract— This research paper with how to facilitate and manage surveying instrument theodolite and total satiation and take more accuracy for civil works methods to accomplish modernized and cost effective urban survey with best achievable accuracy. This is done by surveying methods with modern methods from both theoretical and practical point of view. At first, a theoretical assessment process on a tradition urban planning project in India is performed by replacing other instrument of surveying techniques previously used with more applicable surveying techniques as theodolite and total stations, regarding different matters such as applicability, cost and accuracy. After approving the main idea of this modernization process, a practical urban planning case study is performed using total station, geodetic GPS receivers and GPS navigators, on a private sectors The applied surveying techniques showed high efficiency regarding cost and effort, while saving observation time reaching to 80%. Accordingly, the adopted practical application proved to be beneficial for all civil sites.
Helps for new studens fresher.
Students from civil engineering department are participated in the camp
.the camp was held at chandwaji temple ,Delhi highway,jaipur The camp organized for a period of 3rd days (16 sep. 2018 to 18 sep. 2018)
SUBMITTED BY
1,SUMIT YADAV
2 ANOOP BANSHIWAL
MOBILE
8741828148 : Anoop
Strength and durability of concrete - Repair and rehabilitation of structures...Shanmugasundaram N
Quality assurance for concrete – Strength, Durability and Thermal properties, of concrete - Cracks, different types, causes – Effects due to climate, temperature, Sustained elevated temperature, Corrosion - Effects of cover thickness.
Repair, rehabilitation and retrofitting of structures - RRSShanmugasundaram N
Strengthening of Structural elements, Repair of structures distressed due to corrosion, fire, Leakage, earthquake – DEMOLITION TECHNIQUES - Engineered demolition methods - Case studies.
Maintenance and repair strategies - Repair and rehabilitation of structures(RRS)Shanmugasundaram N
Maintenance, Repair and Rehabilitation, Facets of Maintenance, importance of Maintenance, Various aspects of Inspection, Assessment procedure for evaluating a damaged structure, causes of deterioration.
Valuation - Estimation, Costing and Valuation EngineeringShanmugasundaram N
Definitions – Various types of valuations – Valuation methods - Necessity – Capitalised value – Depreciation – Escalation – Valuation of land – Buildings – Calculation of Standard rent – Mortgage – Lease
Contracts - Estimation, Costing and Valuation EngineeringShanmugasundaram N
Contract – Types of contracts – Formation of contract – Contract conditions – Contract for labour, material, design, construction – Drafting of contract documents based on IBRD / MORTH Standard bidding documents – Construction contracts – Contract problems – Arbitration and legal requirements.
Rate analysis and costing - Estimation, Costing and Valuation EngineeringShanmugasundaram N
Standard Data – Observed Data – Schedule of rates – Market rates – Standard Data for Man Hours and Machineries for common civil works – Rate Analysis for all Building works, canals, and Roads– Cost Estimates
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
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Introduction
Total station or electronic tachometer = Electronic
theodolite (Electronic distance measuring devices EDM) +
Microprocessor with memory unit.
It has helped to set the stage for modern data collection
and processing.
Its introduced and famous at the year of 1960’S by carl
zeiss.
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Basic principle:
Telescope is attached to scales for measuring the angles of
rotation of telescope (Normally at N).
Rotate the telescope to aim at a target and note the angles.
The EDM instruments transmits an infrared beam which is
reflected back to the unit with the help of the prism.
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Cont....
The EDM calculated the distance by the time.
Microprocessor used to store the data and instruments can
display the sloping distance, horizontal and vertical distance,
difference in elevation and coordinates.
It is used to reduced error and recollect the data's.
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Classification or types of Total station:
Manual Total station
Semi-automatic Total station
Automatic Total station
Servo-Driven Total station
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Manual Total station
Oldest total station
Necessary to read the horizontal and vertical angles manually
Only Slope distance read electronically
Semi-automatic Total station
Horizontal circle had to be read manually and vertical circle
readings where shown digitally
Slope distance read electronically
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Automatic Total station
Commonly used
Read automatically Slope distance, Horizontal, vertical
distance, angles coordinates etc..
Servo-Driven Total station
Advance of automatic total station.
Its suitable for intense mapping.
Auto tracking feature is the recent advancement.
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Electro optical EDM system:
Its mostly used by the civil engineers
The measure length varying from 1km to 60km.
As with microwave instruments all need line of sight
conditions.
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The main components are
1. A light sources
2. Visible light
3. Produced by the tungsten lamp
4. Xeon flash tube or laser light or infra red light
5. A light modulator
6. Optical parts for transmitting and receiving the modulated
light
7. Photomultiplier ,phase meter and a readout unit.
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Most short-range instruments were introduced after the
development of luminescent gallium arsenide diode.
This diode emits an infra red carrier beam which can be
amplitude modulated directly, because the intensity of light
emitted is proportional to the current fed to the diode.
The infra-red beam is reflected at the remote station, normally
by a prism and returned to a photodiode.
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The alignment between the infra-red beam and prism is the
only problem.
To introduce 360 degree prism to reduce the problem.
All the EDM systems measure the slope distance (s) along the
carrier wave.
Set the pole with based on the ground.
H = S cos θ also V = S sin θ
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Microwave EDM system:
Important position in land surveying because its measured
from 50m to 50km
Measurements consist of both ends with uses master at one
end and remote at other end.
An operator is required at each inter communication being
possible by means of built in radio telephones.
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Cont....
Signal is transmitted from master received by the remote and
transmitted back to the master
This displays is usually calibrated to read out directly in metre.
Operators are major roll in this method.
Carrier wave adopted typically about 10GHz –W.length 0.03m
Frequency modulation 7.5 or 15MHz
Phase resolution 0.1% - Basic position about 0.01m.
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EDM principle:
1. Pulse method
2. Phase difference method
All the equipment are based on the principle that the distance
D is equal to the product of velocity (v) and time (t).
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Pulse method:
Its simple concept that the distance is a product of velocity and
time.
Radiation is transmitted to a reflector target and transmitted back
to the receiver along a parallel path
Distance is measured by velocity of the signal and the complete
time taken for the travel.
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Cont.....
Distance is depending on the velocity of light and time
Considering approximate value of 3x10 6 m/s
Speed light 10-10s
Equal to 15mm distance
The distance that can be measured is largely a function of the
power of the pulse.
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Phase difference method:
Speed of light in vacuum is well known but the measurements
are taken not in vacuum thus correction for atmospheric conditions
are to be made.
The greet speed of the light it is not possible to directly measure
the time taken for the travel.
To solve this problem by phase difference between the
transmitted and received signals.
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Cont....
difference wave lengths are used to determine the distances.
EDM instruments whether infra-red or microwave adopt this form
of measurement.
Electro magnetic waves are transmitted to a retro-reflector (single
or multiple prisms) which immediately return back to the
transmitting instruments.
Distance calculated and comparing the phase shift of the
transmitted and the reflected signals and the time.
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Working principles of Total station:
1. Salient parameters
2. Setup of a Total station
3. Setting up a back sight with Total station
4. Initial setting of Total station
5. Measurement of angle and distance
a) Horizontal angle
b) Vertical angle
c) Slope distance
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Salient parameters:
The total station measures horizontal angles and vertical angles of
the LOS from the centre of the instrument to the target on a point to
measure.
The CPU computer coordinate (E,N,H) and refer total station
coordinate (Eo,No,Ho) and using the measured polar coordinates
(SD,Hz,V) instrument height, target height, several correction factors
and constants.
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Setup of a Total station:
An adequate instrument station is chosen.
Necessary precautions are to be taken in locating the station for the
comfortable use of observer.
Tripod are stretched and levelled at comfortable height.
Fix the centring at use of tripods legs.
Fix the Total station at the head of tripod with a built-in plummet.
Adjust the three screws by adopting the conventional procedure.
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Cont......
switch on the laser plummet and rotate the Total station to check
the cantered within 1cm from the reference point.
Use the plate level for final levelling and check the centring.
Rotate the Total station at 180º and check the centring and adjust
by using fixing screws.
Check the instrument height and check the plate level during
measurement at time to time
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Setting up a back sight with Total station:
A BS is the reference point for the horizontal angle.
At beginning of new survey a BS can be set at an arbitrary point
and marked
Use prism at BS and measure target height at after levelling and
centring
Measure the Azimuth for 0º to 360º from clock wise from north.
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Initial setting of Total station:
Total station is turned
Both H and V screws are released.
Eliminate parallax.
Rotate alidade ( Sokkia model only) and use the hold key.
Aim the prism and lock the H and V drives.
Use the hold key and rotate the instrument the angle will be
changed.
Fix the Eo, No and Ho when the instrument is changed.
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Cont.....
pointing the prism is again checked
Use the distance measurement key and calculate the all necessary
coordinates.
All data is stored to memory like a file and set another job for other
experiments.
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Measurements of angles and distances:
1. Horizontal angle:
Measures from zero direction on the horizontal circle.
Made as instrument at north direction.
Fix approximately true magnetic or grid north.
It is used to recovered if the instrument was setup at the same
location at some later date.
Most total station can measured angle at least 5ʺ or 0.0013888º
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Measurements of angles and distances:
2. Vertical angle:
It is used to measured as a zenith angle.
Fix the instrument at exactly vertical.
Total station have an internal sensor to detect the same deviations.
The compensator works electronically can make small adjustment.
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Measurements of angles and distances:
3. Slope distance:
It is measured using the inbuilt EDM.
Most EDM use a gallium aresnide diode to emit an infrared light
beam.
This beam is modulated to two or more difference frequencies
Use the reflector and measure the distance and required data
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Sources of errors in Total station:
Two side measurements are eliminate errors at sometimes.
One side measurement need to corrected them.
1. Horizontal collimation or Line of sight error
2. Vertical collimation or vertical index error
3. Compensator index error
4. Tilting axis error
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Horizontal collimation or Line of sight error:
Line of sight is not perpendicular to the tilting axis.
Its affected by all readings
Correction is applied for all horizontal circle reading
If C is exceed a specified limit, the total station should be returned
to the manufacturer.
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Vertical collimation or vertical index error:
When the 0º and 180º line in the Vertical circle does not coincide
with its vertical axis.
Its present in all vertical circular readings like horizontal
collimation error.
This error solve by FL and FR readings.
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Compensator index error:
During the face left and face right measurement the level are not
maintained properly.
Measure the error and apply correction at when the compensators
was fixed.
If the the error at both(l and t) side, consider for zero point error
and its eliminated by face left and right observations.
Single error must be determine by calibration(H and V
rotation)function of total station
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Tilting axis error:
When the tilting axis of the total station is not perpendicular to its
vertical axis.
Its not affected at telescope is horizontal but occurs at tilting the
telescope. Especially for steep sighting.
Its eliminated by two faces or measure the error and apply
correction.
In case of the error is big returned to the instrument
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Target prism:
Its used to reflect transmitted signals.
It is cube corner prism is formed by cutting the corners off a solid
glass cube.
Its perpendicular to the 90º surface.
Attached by the prism pole with eye level. Marked by heights.
Some times used for tripod for alternative to pole.
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Merits of total station:
Setting is easy using laser plummet.
On-board area computation programme to compute the area of the
field.
Grater accuracy
Automatic mapping, calculation data and dimensions is easily
taken.
Plotting and area computation are possible for any scale.
Storage capacity and old maps are automatically done.
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Demerits of total station:
Hard copies of field notes are not possible.
Difficult to check the work during surveying.
Cost is high.
Need skilled persons.
Cannot use routinely by sun.
Checking only in software.
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Comparison between Electro-optical and microwave system:
ELECTRO OPTICAL SYSTEM MICROWAVE SYSTEM
Length measured from 1km to
60km
Length measured from 50m to
50km
Mostly used in civil engineers at all
the areas
Mostly used in land surveying
Used by infrared beam reflected at
the remote station
Signal is transmitted from master,
received by the remote and
transmitted back to the master.
No need communication or less
communication required to
operator.
An operator required
communication by means of
built-in ratio telephone.
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Comparison between Electro-optical and microwave system:
ELECTRO OPTICAL SYSTEM MICROWAVE SYSTEM
Measurements are directly readout
in any units
Measurements are directly
readout in metre by using display
Maintaining alignment between the
infrared beam and the prism is
difficult
Maintaining alignment between
the infrared beam and the prism
is easy comparing to EOS
Operational is little difficult need
skilled persons.
Operational is simple and
recording the job is also in simple
manner.
Low frequencies High frequencies
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Care and maintenance of total station instruments:
Its involve in identifying calibration parameters, sources of error
and the procedure for calibration.
Calibration norms of total station
High level accuracy is depends on monitoring instrumental errors.
Check the instruments at regular basis.
Errors are identified and corrected using electronic calibration
procedure at any time
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Cont....
Calibration parameters can change due to mechanical shocks,
temperature changes and roughly handling instruments.
The important parameters are:
Before using the instrument for the first time.
After long storage periods
After rough or long transportation
After long period of work
Big changes in temperature
Regularly for precision survey
Allow the enough temperature at before each calibration.
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Traversing and Trilateration using total station:
Traversing:
Use this method when it is not possible to view the entire mapping
area from the first station.
Procedure:
Set the prism to the tripod or pole and doing for centring and
levelling
Measure BS, measure EI, NI and HI and necessary data's,
The Total station and prism is exchanged. etc...
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Trilateration :
Its basically a technique of triangulation
No angular are made
3 sides of the triangles are measured precisely using EDM or Total
station
Its useful when the measurements are difficult or impossible due to
any reason.
Geometry is same as per triangulation
It has several disadvantages.
Accuracy is depends on vertical angle.
Procedure is similar to the traversing
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Electronic distance measurement (EDM)
Used to measure the distance accurately.
Measures long distance to an accuracy of a few mm.
Its available at total station instruments.
Its identify the namely Electronic type and microwave
In each cases the velocity of the electromagnetic waves in are must
be known precisely
Sending continuous waves to a receiver at the other end.
This waves are termed as carrier waves.
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Feature of total stations:
Capable of measuring angles and distance simultaneously and
combine an electronic theodolite with a distance measuring system
and microprocessor
Angle measurement:
Levelling is carried out in the same way as for a theodolite.
Use both faces
Use horizontal clamping and tangent screws
Rotate the instruments and note the angles in the same way as the
electronic theodolite.
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Distance measurement:
Distance taken to a prism or reflecting foil,
Its taken for 1 to 2s and range of 3 to 5km to a single prism
Accuracy 2mm + 2ppm
For long distance use GPS preference to total station
Readings are measured quickly
Without using prism we can able to calculate 100m accuracy.
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Key board and display:
LCD placed at both sides attached with key board.
Some of the total station key board are able to inter change to other
This is called integrated surveying.
Software applications
Micro processor used to measure angles and distances
LCD screen is used to control or operating for Total station
Slope correction & reduced levels, horizontal circle orientation,
coordinate measurement, traverse measurement, resections, remote
elevation measurement, area, setting out and etc...