This document provides an overview of trilateration and triangulation surveying methods. It discusses the principles, classifications, strengths, and layouts of triangulation networks. Trilateration involves measuring all three sides of triangles and computing angles, while triangulation measures baseline lengths and all interior angles. Triangulation networks can be classified based on their intended accuracy and purpose. The strength of a triangulation network depends on factors like triangle shape and angle sizes. Satellite stations may be used to improve triangle conditions and visibility.
Introduction to surveying, ranging and chainingShital Navghare
This presentation contains the complete introduction of surveying. It also includes all the instrucments used in linear measurement and the terms related to Ranging and Chaining
This presentation constitutes an integral component of a designated course curriculum and is crafted and disseminated for its intended audience. None of the contents within this presentation should be construed as a formal publication on the subject matter. The author has extensively referenced published resources in the preparation of this presentation, and proper citations will be provided in the bibliography upon completion of its development.
Introduction to surveying, ranging and chainingShital Navghare
This presentation contains the complete introduction of surveying. It also includes all the instrucments used in linear measurement and the terms related to Ranging and Chaining
This presentation constitutes an integral component of a designated course curriculum and is crafted and disseminated for its intended audience. None of the contents within this presentation should be construed as a formal publication on the subject matter. The author has extensively referenced published resources in the preparation of this presentation, and proper citations will be provided in the bibliography upon completion of its development.
Introduction, triangulation, principle and uses of triangulation, triangulation systems and its classification, well-conditioned triangles, strength of figure, selection of triangulation stations and their inter-visibility, stations marks, signals, towers and scaffolds, base line, site selection and base line measurement, tape corrections, the base net, extension of base line, satellite station and reduction to centre.
Triangulation is considered to be an important and most adopted method of surveying the desired area. Depending on the nature of topography there are various types of triangulation figures which are discussed here.
TOTAL STATION: THEORY, USES AND APPLICATIONS. Ahmed Nassar
TOTAL STATION: THEORY, USES AND APPLICATIONS.
The total station, (also known as electronic tacheometer) is an instrument that can measure horizontal and vertical angles together with slope distance and can be considered as combined EDM plus electronic theodolite. In common with other electronic surveying equipment, total stations are operated using a multi-function keyboard which is connected to a microprocessor built into the instrument. The microprocessor not only controls both the angle and distance measuring systems but is also used as a small computer that can calculate slope corrections, vertical components, rectangular coordinates and, in some cases, can also store observations directly using an internal memory. Nowadays surveying systems are available which can be use in an integrated manner with Global Positioning System (GPS). so, future total stations may have integrated GPS receivers as part of the measurement unit.
Traversing Notes |surveying II | Sudip khadka Sudip khadka
Traverse is a method in the field of surveying to establish control networks. It is also used in geodesy. Traverse networks involve placing survey stations along a line or path of travel, and then using the previously surveyed points as a base for observing the next point
Distance Measurement & Chain Surveying
Contents
• Introduction About Surveying
.
• Primary Division Of Surveying • Classification Of Surveying • Distance Measurement And Chain Surveying • Principle Of Surveying • Types Of Tapes Based On The Materials Used • Erecting And Dropping A Perpendicular • Obstacle In Chain Survey • Types Of Errors • Corrections of Tape • Off –Sets • Ranging • Conclusion . • Homework And Next Lecture . • References.
-Definition of Surveying.
Types of Surveying
1. Plane Surveying
2. Geodetic Survey
3. Cadastral surveying
4. Aerial Surveying
5. Hydro graphic Surveying (Hydro-Survey)
6. Topographical Survey
7. Engineering Survey.
Primary division of Surveying
Reconnaissance.
• This is preliminary survey of the land to be surveyed. It may be either
1-Ground reconnaissance 2- Aerial reconnaissance survey.
Objectives of Reconnaissance
1. To ascertain the possibility of building or constructing route or track through the area.
Classification of Surveying:
1- Classification based on the instruments used:
A. Chain Surveying.
B. Compass Surveying.
C. Theodolite Surveying.
D. Tachometric Surveying .
E. Trigonometric Surveying.
F. Total station and GPS.
G. Photogrammetric and Aerial Surveying.
H. Plan Table .
2- According to the method used:
i. Traversing .
ii. Triangulation .
iii. Tacheometric.
iv. Trigonometric.
3- According to the Purpose of surveying:
i. Engineering survey.
ii. Military survey.
iii. Geological survey .
iv. Topographical survey
Chain and Tape Survey
-Length& Distance Measurements.
-Distance Measurement and Chain Surveying.
• In general there are two methods:
1- Direct methods of measuring lengths
2- Indirect methods of measuring distances.
There are two kinds of measurements used in plane surveying.
*Linear measurements
*Angular measurements
-Instruments used in Chain Surveying.
Types of tapes based on the materials used.
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Asst. Prof. Salar K.Hussein
Mr. Kamal Y.Abdullah
Asst.Lecturer. Dilveen H. Omar
Erbil Polytechnic University
Technical Engineering College
Civil Engineering Department
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERSveerababupersonal22
It consists of cw radar and fmcw radar ,range measurement,if amplifier and fmcw altimeterThe CW radar operates using continuous wave transmission, while the FMCW radar employs frequency-modulated continuous wave technology. Range measurement is a crucial aspect of radar systems, providing information about the distance to a target. The IF amplifier plays a key role in signal processing, amplifying intermediate frequency signals for further analysis. The FMCW altimeter utilizes frequency-modulated continuous wave technology to accurately measure altitude above a reference point.
CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERS
Triangulation and Trilateration
1. Trilateration and Triangulation(3 hr)
CHAPTERCHAPTERCHAPTERCHAPTER 8888
Asst. Prof. Pramesh Hada
BE Civil, MSC Urban planning
Assistant Professor
Nepal Engineering College,
Changunarayan,Bhaktapur
By:-
2. Chp 8. Trilateration and Triangulation (3 Hour)
(Important for Short Notes)
• Principles of Trilateration
• Principles and Classification of Triangulation
Systems (pu2013)
• Strength of Figure
Satellite Stations and Inter – Visibility of• Satellite Stations and Inter – Visibility of
Triangulation Stations (pu,2011)
• Instruction on Field Works
Short note – traingulation and trilateration (Pu 2008,09*2,010,012)
Distinguish between traingulation and trilateration (2011)
Advantages of Trilateration (2011)
Er. Pramesh Hada, Assistant Professor, nec
4. Trilateration (Length Measured all sides- angles computed by Cosine rule)
• Method in which the lengths of all sides
of chain of triangles, polygons, or quadril
aterals (or any combination of them) are
measured with an electronic instrument
orothers; the angles then may be compu
ted from these field measurements.
• Uses in the construction of a chain or ne
twork of interconnected triangles in
• Uses in the construction of a chain or ne
twork of interconnected triangles in
a given area and the measurement of
all three sides of each triangle.
Er. Pramesh Hada, Assistant Professor, nec
•Angles of the triangles and the coordinates of their vertices
are determined by trigonometric computations.
•In contrast to triangulation, it does not involve the
measurement of angles in a field.
•Trilateration has the same purpose as triangulation.
6. Er. Pramesh Hada, Assistant Professor, nec
Sine Rule & cosine rule (for both methods)
7. Trilateration and its Principles
• Trilateration is a highly accurate and precise method of establishing and
expanding horizontal control.
• Method of control survey in which a network of triangles is used as in
triangulation system.
• All the three sides of each triangle are measured in the field with the distance
measuring instruments(EDMs, tapes, other apparatus).
• Horizontal angles are not measured in the field.
• Angles in a trilateration system are computed indirectly from the lengths of the
sides of triangle by cosine formula.
• Few horizontal angles are also sometimes measured to provide a check on• Few horizontal angles are also sometimes measured to provide a check on
computed angles.
• Trilateration is adjusted after the computation of the angles and then
coordinates of the stations are determined.
• Vertical angles are also measured where elevations have not been established.
Er. Pramesh Hada, Assistant Professor, nec
8. Triangulation and its Principles
• It is the process of measuring the angles of a chain
or network of triangles formed by stations marked
on the surface of the earth.
• The system consists of a number of interconnected
triangles in which the length of only one base line
and the angles of the triangles are measured veryand the angles of the triangles are measured very
precisely which are used to calculate the coordinate
of vertices.
Er. Pramesh Hada, Assistant Professor, nec
10. Principle of triangulation
• If all the three angles and the length of one side of a triangle are
known, then by trigonometry the lengths of the remaining sides
of the triangle can be calculated.
• Again, if the coordinates of any vertex of the triangle and
azimuth of any side are also known, then coordinates of the
remaining vertices may be computed.
Er. Pramesh Hada, Assistant Professor, nec
Bridge site survey
By Triangulation
Method
11. Er. Pramesh Hada, Assistant Professor, nec
Bridge site Survey by Triangulation
12. Bridge site Survey by Triangulation
Er. Pramesh Hada, Assistant Professor, nec
13. Triangulation
Background
• In survey ,it is necessary to determine the ground
position i.e. coordinates of the station which prevent
the accumulation of errors and will form a frame work
on which entire survey is to be based. This is called
control point establishment.
• Such provision of control point can be made either one• Such provision of control point can be made either one
or combination of both the following methods
1. Traverse
2. Triangulation
Triangulation is considered to be more accurate than
traversing as there is less accumulation of errors than
that in traverse.
Er. Pramesh Hada, Assistant Professor, nec
16. •Triangulation using AB as a base line.
•Distance AB is measured precisely.
•Then C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J and K can be fixed by angular measurement only.Er. Pramesh Hada, Assistant Professor, nec
17. • In triangulation all the three angles of each triangle are
measured in the field along with one baseline.
• The side of the first triangle whose length is
predetermined is called the base line and vertices of the
individual triangles are known as triangulation stations
and the whole figure is called the triangulation system or
triangulation figure.
• The length and azimuth of each line is based on the
Triangulation and its Principles
• The length and azimuth of each line is based on the
length and azimuth of preceding line.
• To minimize accumulation of errors in lengths, subsidiary
bases at suitable intervals are provided
• To control errors in azimuth of stations, astronomical
observations are made at intermediate stations.
Er. Pramesh Hada, Assistant Professor, nec
18. Formula to compute co-ordinate of vetices
Er. Pramesh Hada, Assistant Professor, nec
19. Purpose of Triangulation Surveys
Triangulation surveys are carried out for:
1. Establishment of accurate control points for
plane and geodetic surveys of large areas, by
ground methods.
1. Establishment of accurate control points for
photogrammetric surveys of large areas.
2. Accurate location of engineering works i.e.2. Accurate location of engineering works i.e.
a. Fixing the centre line, terminal points and shafts
for long tunnels,
b. Fixing centre line and abutments of long bridges
over large rivers
c. Transferring the control points across wide sea
channels, large water bodies etc.
Er. Pramesh Hada, Assistant Professor, nec
21. Classification of Triangulations
• The basis of the classification of triangulation figures is the accuracy
with which the length and azimuth of a line of the triangulation are
determined.
• On the basis of quality , accuracy & purpose, triangulations are
classified as:
1. Primary or First order Triangulation
2. Secondary or Second order Triangulation
3. Tertiary or Third order Triangulation
Primary or First order Triangulation:Primary or First order Triangulation:
• Is the highest grade of triangulation system.
• To determine the shape & size of earth surface or to provide precise
planimetric control points to which subsidiary triangulations may be
connected.
• Stations of first order triangulation are generally selected 16 to 150
Km apart.
• Every possible precaution is taken in making linear, angular and
astronomical observations, and also in their computation.
Er. Pramesh Hada, Assistant Professor, nec
22. 2. Secondary or Second order Triangulation:
• The secondary triangulation consists of a number of points fixed within
the framework of primary triangulation.
• To provide control points closer together than those of primary.
• Secondary is classified, If primary doesnot attain standard of accuracy.
• The stations are fixed at close intervals so that the sizes of the triangles
formed are smaller than the primary triangulation. (length = 8-65km)
3. Tertiary or Third order Triangulation:3. Tertiary or Third order Triangulation:
• Employed to provide control points between stations of primary &
second order series.
• The third order triangulation consists of a number of points fixed within
the framework of secondary triangulation, and forms the immediate
control for detailed engineering and other surveys.
• The sizes of the triangles are small and instrument with moderate
precision may be used.
• For topogaphical details, tertiary triangulations forms immediate
control points. (length = 1.5 -10km)
Er. Pramesh Hada, Assistant Professor, nec
23. STRENGTH OF FIGURE(well condition Triangle)
• These are Accuracy in Triangle depend upon –
- Magnitude of angles in individual traingle.
- Arrangement of traingles (shape of triangles) -
• The strength of figure is a factor to be considered in establishing a
triangulation system to maintain the computations within a desired
degree of precision.
• It plays also an important role in deciding the layout of a triangulation
system.
• U.S. Coast and Geodetic Surveys has developed a convenient method of• U.S. Coast and Geodetic Surveys has developed a convenient method of
evaluating the strength of a triangulation figure.
• It is based on the fact that computations in triangulation involve use of
angles of triangle and length of one known side. The other two sides
are computed by sine law.
• For a given change in the angles, the sine of small angles change more
rapidly than those of large angles.
• This suggests that smaller angles less than 30° should not be used
in the computation of triangulation.
Er. Pramesh Hada, Assistant Professor, nec
24. Layout of Triangulation
• The arrangement of the triangles of a series is known as the layout of
triangulation.
A series of triangulation may consists of:
1. Single chain of triangles
- narrow strip is cover
2. Double chain of triangles
-- cover large area
3. Centred Figures
--cover area and give satisfactory
result in flat area.-Progress slow
4.Quadrilaterals
--best for hilly areas.-accurate
Er. Pramesh Hada, Assistant Professor, nec
25. Satellite Stations
• To secure well-conditioned triangles or to have good visibility,
objects such as chimneys, flat poles, towers, lighthouse, etc. are
selected as triangulation stations.
• Such stations can be sighted from other stations but it is not
possible to occupy the station directly below such excellent
targets for making the observations by setting up the instrument
over the station point.over the station point.
• Also, signals are frequently blown out of position, and angles read
on them have to be corrected to the true position of the
triangulation station. Thus, there are two types of problems:
1. When the instrument is not set up over the true station
2. When the target is out of position.
Er. Pramesh Hada, Assistant Professor, nec
26. • In Fig. 1.39, A, B, and C are the three triangulation
stations.
• It is not possible to place instrument at C.
• To solve this problem another station S, in the vicinity
of C, is selected where the instrument can be set up,
and from where all the three stations are visible for
making the angle observations.making the angle observations.
• Such station is known as satellite station.
• As the observations from C are not possible, the
observations form S are made on A, B, and, C from A
and B on C.
• From the observations made, the required angle ACB is
calculated. This is known as reduction to centre.
Er. Pramesh Hada, Assistant Professor, nec
27. Criteria for selection of triangulation stations
• Triangulation stations should be intervisible. For this
purpose the station points should be on the highest
ground such as hill tops, house tops, etc.
• Stations should be easily accessible with instruments.
• Station should form well-conditioned triangles.
• Stations should be at commanding positions so as to
serve as control for subsidiary triangulation, and for
• Stations should be at commanding positions so as to
serve as control for subsidiary triangulation, and for
possible extension of the main triangulation scheme.
• Stations should be useful for providing intersected points
and also for detail survey.
• Stations should be selected such that the cost of clearing
and cutting, and building towers, is minimum.
Er. Pramesh Hada, Assistant Professor, nec
28. Field work of Triangulation Survey
• Field work of triangulation involves the following
steps:
1. Reconnaissance
2. Erection of signals
3. Measurement of the base lines3. Measurement of the base lines
4. Measurement of horizontal angles
5. Astronomical observations
6. Computations
29. Short note – traingulation and trilateration (Pu
2008,09*2,010,012)
Distinguish between traingulation and trilateration
(2011)
Advantages of Trilateration (2011)
Tutorial 3 – PH (T & T)
Advantages of Trilateration (2011)
Write about Principles and Classification of
Triangulation Systems (pu2013)
Write short notes on Strength of Figure.
Explain about Satellite Stations and Inter – Visibility
of Triangulation Stations