1. The document discusses advanced surveying equipment that provide more precise and faster surveying compared to traditional methods. It describes the Electronic Distance Meter (EDM), microoptic theodolite, electronic/digital theodolite, and total station. 2. An EDM measures distance using the phase difference between a transmitted and reflected wave. A microoptic theodolite and electronic theodolite are used to measure angles precisely. 3. A total station integrates EDM and theodolite functions to allow simultaneous distance and angle measurements for surveying tasks such as setting out buildings, contour mapping, and more.

1. CHAPTER 5
ADVANCED SURVEYING EQUIPMENT
(14 MARKS)

2. INTRODUCTION
In conventional surveying, chain and tape are used for making linear
measurements while compass and ordinary theodolites are used for
making angular measurements. Levelling work is carried out using a
Dumpy level and a leveling staff. With such surveying instruments,
survey work will be slow and tedious.
Hence modern surveying instruments are becoming more popular and
they are gradually replacing old surveying instruments such as
compass and Dumpy level. With modern surveying instruments,
survey work will be precise, faster and less tedious. Some of the
modern surveying instruments are discussed in this article.

3. ADVANCED SURVEYING EQUIPMENTS
ELECTRONIC DISTANCE
METER(EDM) MICROOPTIC THEODOLITE

4. ADVANCED SURVEYING EQUIPMENTS
ELECTRONIC/DIGITAL
THEODOLITE
TOTAL STATION

5. PRINCIPLE OF EDM
 Let the distance between P and Q be ‘D’ which is to be measured.
A wave transmitted from the transmitter at station ‘P’ with certain phase angle.
 There is a reflector at the other end ‘Q’ Reflector consist of prism. The wave strikes
on reflector at Q and then gets reflected from Q.
 It is received back at the transmitter end at ‘P’ with different phase angle.
 For finding the distance, the phase difference between transmitted and reflected
waves is measured and converted into distance.

8. PROCEDURE OF USING EDM
 Let distance AB is to be measured.
 Set EDM at station A. Touch ON/OFF switch. Display panel will give
reading 0.0.
 Hold the reflector at B
 Telescope of EDM sighted towards B with cross hair at center of
reflector.
 Press Range or Enter switch and in few seconds, distance will be
displayed.
 Distances displayed will be horizontal distance and sloping distance
between A and B, also elevation difference between A and B.

9. USES OF EDM
It is useful for measuring the distances
that are difficult to access.
It is useful in topographical survey.
It is useful in fixing alignment of road,
railways, canals etc.
Measurement of distances in difficult
work sites such as construction of
gravity dams.
Measurement of base line in
triangulation survey can be carried out
speedily and accurately.

10. MICROOPTIC THEODOLITE

11. MICROOPTIC THEODOLITE
https://youtu.be/tx19ne2InDM

12. MICROOPTIC THEODOLITE
Angle -
94°12’44’’
Main scale
reading- 94°10’
Micrometer
reading - 0°2’44’’

13. i) Set up the instrument at station O’ as
shown in fig.
ii) Carry out centering and leveling of the
instrument with the help of optical plummet
and leveling screw respectively.
iii) Bisect the object using micrometer knob.
iv) Take reading of angle on window.
PROCEDURE OF MEASURING ANGLE
BY MICROOPTIC THEODOLITE

14. ELECTRONIC/ DIGITAL THEODOLITE
https://youtu.be/PH_OLQq5Qc0

15. FEATURES OF ELECTRONIC/ DIGITAL THEODOLITE
Dual side display and keyboard with
push button keys
Built in illumination for night operation
Rechargeable Ni-Cd battery with auto
power cut off.
Compatibility with EDMs

16. COMPONENT PARTS OF
ELECTRONIC/ DIGITAL THEODOLITE
Components Purpose
Levelling head Support the theodolite and enable leveling of
instrument.
Clamping screw To controlled the circular motion of telescope.
Telescope To bisect the object.
Plate level To check the leveling of instrument.
Optical plummet Centering of the instrument.

17. PROCEDURE OF MEASURING ANGLE BY
ELECTRONIC/ DIGITAL THEODOLITE
1)Taking out digital theodolite for box
and fix it on tripod over required station.
2) Accurate centering and approximate
leveling by leg adjustment is done.
3) Levelling the digital theodolite using foot
screws by usual method i.e. plate level
parallel to pair of foot screw and
perpendicular position

18. PROCEDURE OF MEASURING ANGLE BY
ELECTRONIC/ DIGITAL THEODOLITE
4) Focusing of eyepiece and object glass is done using
eyepiece and focusing screws.
5) Switch on the digital theodolite.
6) Direct the telescope toward the object of which angle is
to be measured say A, bisect it. Clamp the instrument,
accurate bisection is done by slow motion screw.
7) Press hold button, LCD gives required vertical angle
from zenith point or horizontal plane as per setting of the
instrument.

19. TOTAL STATION

20. TOTAL STATION

21. TOTAL STATION
1) Measurement of horizontal, slope and vertical
distance can be accurately found out.
2) It gives the complete basic surveying exercise in
order to appreciate how land survey measurements
can be used in engineering construction and
environmental restoration activities.
3) Vertical and horizontal angles can be accurately
measured by total station.

22. TOTAL STATION
4) Increasingly used now a days for levelling operation
in road, airport etc. public works.
5) Useful for preparing contour map
6) Setting out work can be carried out accurately with
help of total station.

23. 1. High accuracy.
2. Long measuring range.
3. Large internal memory.
4. It is water resistance and dust proof.
5. Easy access to any desired programme and mode of
selection.
6. Try axis compensation.
FEATURES OF TOTAL STATION

24. FEATURES OF TOTAL STATION
7. Easy to read arrangement.
8. Automatic atmospheric correction.
9. Guide message arrangement.
10. Higher distance resolution.
11. Two speed tangent movement.
12. Detachable tribrach facility.
13. Eighteen different programmes (modes of
measurements).

25. TEMPORARY ADJUSTMENTS TOTAL STATION
Setting on tripod and centering through
laser plummet
Approximate levelling by tripod legs
Accurate leveling with foot screws
Focusing eyepiece and object glass

26. TEMPORARY ADJUSTMENTS TOTAL STATION
Checking plate level time to time during
measurement
Station set up
Back sighting

27. TEMPORARY ADJUSTMENTS TOTAL STATION
Station set up
It includes entering name of point ,
independent coordinates , reduced
level and height of instrument at
instrument station in total station.

28. TEMPORARY ADJUSTMENTS TOTAL STATION
Back sighting
It means selecting a reference point to form
the basis for the angular direction and
bisecting it and entering its details like name ,
elevation, height of prism, etc.
This work must be carried out with prism
mode for accurate measurement.

29. FUNCTION KEYS OF TRIMBLE M3 TOTAL STATION

30. FUNCTION KEYS OF TRIMBLE M3 TOTAL STATION

31. MEASUREMENTS USING TRIMBLE M3 TOTAL STATION
Select Station set up and enter details
Select ‘Job’ and create job by entering
details
Carry out all temporary adjustments
Select ‘General survey’ form menu

32. MEASUREMENTS USING TRIMBLE M3 TOTAL STATION
Carry out back sighting
Select measure point and bisect the
required point and select ‘Measure’ on
screen
Select Measure tab on screen

33. MEASUREMENTS USING TRIMBLE M3 TOTAL STATION
In a few seconds Horizontal angle, slope
distance, vertical angle will be displayed
on screen
Also horizontal distance, vertical
distance, northing , easting can be seen
by selecting side arrow
These details can be stored by selecting
‘store’

34. LAYOUT OF SMALL BUILDING USING TOTAL STATION
1. On the plan supplied by an architect, number the
column serially from left to right and top to bottom
starting from top left corner.
2. Work out coordinates of column centre with
respect to one plot corner or well defined point,
assuming line parallel to any one face of building as
meridian.
3. Create an excel document with 4 independent
columns one for column number and rest three for
N, E & H coordinates. Upload this file to total station
by using transfer software provided with
instrument.

35. LAYOUT OF SMALL BUILDING USING TOTAL STATION
4. Set the total station at site at a point with respect
which the coordinates of column centre are work
out. Initiate the total station by proving with the
coordinates of station and by orienting the
telescope along the reference meridian.
5. Now, activate the setting out programme of the
total station. Open the uploaded file & bring in the
coordinates of any column to be set out.
6. Hold prism pole at tentative position of that
column on ground, bisect it & get measured its
coordinates.

36. LAYOUT OF SMALL BUILDING USING TOTAL STATION
7.In next reading machine will display the discrepancies
in the coordinates of the point & point to be set out.
8.Direct the reflector man accordingly to occupy the
new position, bisect him again & get measured its
coordinates to know the discrepancy.
9.Repeat the process till you get no discrepancy in the
coordinates of point occupied & point to be set out. In
this way get marked centres of rest of the columns.
10. Check the accuracy of the process of setting out by
comparing the diagonal distance between the extreme
column centres to their calculated values.

37. CONTOUR MAP USING TOTAL STATION
1. Preliminary set up –
Fix the total station over a station and level
it.
Press the power button to switch on the
instrument. level instrument using
electronic vial. Set bisection target as
prism.
Select MODE B -------> S function------->file
management------>create (enter a name)----
--->accept.
Then press ESC to go to the starting page.

38. CONTOUR MAP USING TOTAL STATION
2. Then go to S function ------> measure----->
rectangular co-ordinate---->station --- >press enter.
Here enter the point number or name, X,Y,Z co-
ordnates, instrument height and prism code. Then
press accept (Fs)
3. Adopt Cross section method for establishing the
major grid around the study area. Project suitably
spaced cross sections on either side of the centre
line of the area. Choose several points at
reasonable distances on either side.
4. Orient the instrument to the magnetic north, or
any other referance direction. Then set zero by
double clicking on 0 set (F3).

39. CONTOUR MAP USING TOTAL STATION
5. Keep the reflecting prism on the first point and
turn the total station to the prism, focus it and
bisect it exactly using horizontal and vertical
clamps. Then select MEAS and the display panel
will show the point specification. Now select edit
and re-enter the point number or name point code
and enter the prism height that we have set.
6. Then press MEAS/SAVE (F3) so that the
measurement to the first point will automatically
be saved and the display panel will show the
second point. Then turn the total station to second
point and do the same procedure. Repeat the
steps to the rest of the stations and get all point
details.

40. CONTOUR MAP USING TOTAL STATION
7. Transfer the data stored in file to computer in
the appropriate format.
8. Using appropriate application software, contour
map will be prepared.

41. Thank you!