Edm is a surveying instrument used to measure the distance electronically. This Surveying Instrument is used in triangulation to measure the length of Base line because more accuracy is required to measure the length of base line.
Introduction, classification of curves, Elements of a simple circular, designation of curve, methods of setting out a simple circular curve, elements of a compound and reverse curves, transition curve, types of transition curves, combined curve, types of vertical curves
Surveying is an important part of Civil engineering. Various part like theodolite, plane table surveying, computation of area and volume are useful for all university examination and other competitive examination
MODERN SURVEYING TECHNIQUES
WHAT IS SURVEYING?
•Surveyingisdefinedasthescienceofmakingmeasurementsespeciallyoftheearthsurface.Thisisbeingdonebyfindingoutthespatiallocation(relative/absolute)ofpointsonorneartheearthsurface.
•Differentmethodandinstrumentarebeingused
Introduction, purpose, principle, instruments, methods of tacheometry, stadia constants, anallatic lens, Subtense bar, field work in tacheometry, reduction of readings, errors and precisions.
TOTAL STATION: THEORY, USES AND APPLICATIONS. Ahmed Nassar
TOTAL STATION: THEORY, USES AND APPLICATIONS.
The total station, (also known as electronic tacheometer) is an instrument that can measure horizontal and vertical angles together with slope distance and can be considered as combined EDM plus electronic theodolite. In common with other electronic surveying equipment, total stations are operated using a multi-function keyboard which is connected to a microprocessor built into the instrument. The microprocessor not only controls both the angle and distance measuring systems but is also used as a small computer that can calculate slope corrections, vertical components, rectangular coordinates and, in some cases, can also store observations directly using an internal memory. Nowadays surveying systems are available which can be use in an integrated manner with Global Positioning System (GPS). so, future total stations may have integrated GPS receivers as part of the measurement unit.
Edm is a surveying instrument used to measure the distance electronically. This Surveying Instrument is used in triangulation to measure the length of Base line because more accuracy is required to measure the length of base line.
Introduction, classification of curves, Elements of a simple circular, designation of curve, methods of setting out a simple circular curve, elements of a compound and reverse curves, transition curve, types of transition curves, combined curve, types of vertical curves
Surveying is an important part of Civil engineering. Various part like theodolite, plane table surveying, computation of area and volume are useful for all university examination and other competitive examination
MODERN SURVEYING TECHNIQUES
WHAT IS SURVEYING?
•Surveyingisdefinedasthescienceofmakingmeasurementsespeciallyoftheearthsurface.Thisisbeingdonebyfindingoutthespatiallocation(relative/absolute)ofpointsonorneartheearthsurface.
•Differentmethodandinstrumentarebeingused
Introduction, purpose, principle, instruments, methods of tacheometry, stadia constants, anallatic lens, Subtense bar, field work in tacheometry, reduction of readings, errors and precisions.
TOTAL STATION: THEORY, USES AND APPLICATIONS. Ahmed Nassar
TOTAL STATION: THEORY, USES AND APPLICATIONS.
The total station, (also known as electronic tacheometer) is an instrument that can measure horizontal and vertical angles together with slope distance and can be considered as combined EDM plus electronic theodolite. In common with other electronic surveying equipment, total stations are operated using a multi-function keyboard which is connected to a microprocessor built into the instrument. The microprocessor not only controls both the angle and distance measuring systems but is also used as a small computer that can calculate slope corrections, vertical components, rectangular coordinates and, in some cases, can also store observations directly using an internal memory. Nowadays surveying systems are available which can be use in an integrated manner with Global Positioning System (GPS). so, future total stations may have integrated GPS receivers as part of the measurement unit.
Surveying is considered as one of the oldest field of Civil Engineering. As days passes we can see lot of improvements in technology. In this ppt we can able to see latest instruments used for surveying
Total station, parts of total station,
advantages and application.
Practical on Total station
To study the various electronic surveying instruments like EDM, Total Station etc. What is Total station?
Total Station with Tripod stand & Reflector prism
Basic components of Total station
It is also integrated with microprocessor, electronic data collector and storage system
Setting up the total station over a ground point
Area Calculation by Total Station
Volume Calculation by Total Station
RDM & REM by Total Station
AccuracyofaTotalStation
Remote elevation measurement
Applications of Total Station
Uses of Total Station
Total Station step by step
Field Practical of TS
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
2. What is Total station
The total station is an improvised version of modern surveying
instruments such as EDM – Electronic distance measurement,
auto level and digital level.
Total station is a combination of an electronic theodolite and an
electronic distance measurement (EDM).
This combination makes it possible to determine the coordinates
of reflector by aligning the instrument’s cross hair on the
reflector and simultaneously measuring the vertical and
horizontal angles and slope distances.
2
3. Components of Total Station
1EDM (electronic distance measurement) is used to compute
distance between the instrument and the reflector or a target.
2Electronic theodolite: it is used to compute directions and
measure horizontal and vertical angle.
3On-board micro processor: It takes care of recording,
readings and the necessary computations.
4 Data collector: The data can be easily transferred to a
computer where it can be used to compute measurements.
5 Data Storage: to store collected data
3
4. Components of Total Station
6 Prism (and prism pole)
7 Computer interface
8 Batteries and radios
4
5. Total station accuracy
the accuracy of a total station is dependent on instrument type.
Angle Accuracy (Horizontal or Vertical) can range from 2” to 5”.
Distance Accuracy can range from:
+/- (0.8 + 1 ppm x D) mm
to +/- (3 + 3 ppm x D) mm
where D = distance measured
Accuracy is highly dependent on leveling the instrument.
Thus two
leveling bubbles are provided on the instrument and are referred to
the circular level and the plate level.
Circular level is located on the tri-brach while plate level is on
horizontal axis of instrument just below
scope of the total station.
5
6. More accuracy can be achieve by :
1. Careful Centering
2. Accurate pointing target
3. Average of multiple points
4. Better optical lense
5. Strong Tripod
6. Verticality of prism pole
1. Angular accuracy is from 1 to 20 Sec.
2. Linear accuracy is from 2mm to 10mm/per KM
3. Different instruments have different accuracy
Angular
Linear
With 1 Prism With 3 prisms
NIKON 1 Sec + 2 mm + 1 mm
LIEKA 1 Sec + 2 mm + 1 mm
CHC 2 Sec 2 mm + 1 mm
Total station accuracy
7. Types of Total Station
1- Digital Total Station: A form of an electronic theodolite
combined with an electronic distance measuring device
(EDM).
• the primary function is to measure slope distance, vertical angle,
and horizontal angle from a setup point to a targeted point.
• Angle Accuracy (Horizontal or Vertical) can range from 2” to 5”
• Accuracy is highly dependent on leveling the instrument.
Thus two leveling bubbles are provided on the instrument
and are referred to the circular level and the plate level
• Sensitivity of Circular Level = 5’ / 1mm
• Sensitivity of Plate Level = 15” / 1mm
7
8. Types of Total Station
2- Reflector-less Total Station: Reflector-less total stations
can measure distances to any object that is reasonably light in
color, up to a few hundred meters.
• The range, accuracy and other specifications may vary
slightly, but all are sufficient for use on the job site.
Benefits
• The main advantage of reflector-less total station is the
ability to measure inaccessible points.
• Reduce manpower
• Reduce time consuming
8
9. Types of Total Station
Drawbacks of reflector-less Total station:
1 Range measurement is limited.
2Reflector uncertainty: It is a situation when the laser
beam is reflected off something other than what it was
supposed to read or targeted.
3Incidence angle measurement: The reference point for
measuring the distance is shifted and not well-defined because
of the distortion of the footprint.
9
10. Types of Total Station
3-Robotic Total Station: The developed total station by
name robotic total station allows the operator to control the
instrument from a distance via remote control.
This eliminates the need of an assistant staff member, as the
operator holds the reflector and controls the total station from the
observed point.
Video
10
11. Types of Total Station
Advantages of Robotic total station:
1-No need of operator on station
2-Display at target also
3 Move automatically to predetermined direction and focuses
automatically at target.
4 Can be integrated with GPS also
11
12. Types of Total Station
4-Smart Total Station:
• It is a high performance total station that integrates perfectly
a powerful GPS receiver.
•It is easy to use, no need for control points, long
traverses or resections and known points Just set up the
Smart-Station and let the GPS determine the position of
the total station.
• You survey easier, quicker and with fewer set ups
•All data are stored in the same database on the
Same SD card, USB memory stick or internal memory.
•All measurements, status and other information are
displayed on the TS screen.
• No need for cables, external battery, data logger etc…………..
12
13. Factors Influencing On Total Station
1A clear line of sight between the instrument and the measured
points is required.
2 the precision of the instrument is depend on the raw
repeatabilities of the direction and distance measurements.
3A well defined measurement point or target/prism is required
to obtain optimal precision and accuracy.
4To achieve high precision measurements, all scale factors and
codes should be imported.
13
14. Advantages of Total Station
1. Most accurate and user friendly.
2. Gives position of a point (x, y and z) with respect to
known point (base point).
3. EDM is fitted inside the telescope.
4. It has digital display and on board memory to store data
and compatibility with computers.
5. Measures distance and angles and displays coordinates,
6. Auto level compensator is available.
7. Can work in lesser visibility also.
8. Can measure distances even without prismatic target for
lesser distances.
9. On board software are available.
14
15. Advantages of Total Station
10. Relatively quick collection of information
11. Multiple surveys can be performed at one set-up location.
12. Layout of construction site quickly and efficiently.
13.Digital design data from CAD programs can be uploaded
to data collector.
14.Daily survey information can also be quickly downloaded
into CAD which eliminates data manipulation time required
using conventional survey techniques.
15
16. Limitations
1.It is not a Rugged instrument (Sensitive).
2.Prism verticality is necessary.
3.Visibility is must.
4.More Expensive.
5.Requires calibration at every six months and online update.
6.Amount of error is greater at short distances. No less than 3m
7.Height of instrument and prism is to be imported.
8. Awareness on battery maintenance.
9. To establish north- compass is required. (No for smart
stations)
16
17. Limitations
10Vertical elevation accuracy not as accurate as using
conventional survey level and rod technique.
11Horizontal coordinates are calculated on a rectangular
grid system. However, the real world should be based on a
spheroid and rectangular coordinates must be transformed
to geographic coordinates if projects are large scale.
Examples : highways, large buildings, etc.
17
18. Functions Of Total Station
1-Coordinates determination
Total station determines the coordinates of an unknown point
relative to the known coordinate by establishing a direct line
of sight between the two points.
Angles and distances are measured from the total station to
points under survey and the coordinates of surveyed points
relative to the total station position are calculated using
trigonometry and triangulation.
18
19. From bearing and distance to
horizontal coordinates
For the computation of the horizontal coordinates of B we:
• know horizontal coordinates of A(EA,NA)
• measure horizontal distance LAB and WCB αAB
• compute horizontal coordinates B(EB,NB)
Computations
NB=NA+∆N=NA+LAB X cosαAB
EB=EA+∆E=EA+LAB X sinαAB
19
20. Example
We have
•a point A of known coordinates EA=1034.148m
NA=2396.941m) and
We can measure
• The WCB αAB=42° 36’ 24” and distance LAB=326.428m
Compute: The coordinates of point B (EB, NB)
EB= 1034.148 + 326.428×sin 42.6067 = 1255.127
NB = 2396.941 + 326.428×cos 42.6067 = 2637.197
20
23. Functions Of Total Station
2-Distance measurement
A total station has a small solid state emitter within the
instrument’s optical path. They generate modulated
microwave or infrared signals that are reflected by a prism
reflector or the object under survey.
The modulation pattern in the returning signal is read and
interpreted by the computer in the total station. The distance
is thus determined by emitting and receiving multiple
frequencies and determining the integer number of
wavelength, to the target, for each frequency or by pulse laser
that computed by velocity of light by time.
23
24. Functions Of Total Station
3-Angular measurement:
Most of the modern total stations have digital bar-codes on
rotating glass cylinder that are installed within the instrument.
Angle measurements is done through electro-optical scanning
of these digital bar-codes
24
25. Functions Of Total Station
4- Topography - allows topography of a region to be
measured.
5-Traverse Adjustment - allows series of stations used as
traverse to be calculated for closure. The program can then
calculate the adjustments required in the stations to ensure
closure.
25
26. Functions Of Total Station
6- Resection - calculates the
coordinates of an unknown or free
station by observing a number of
unknown stations from the unknown
point.
7-Building Face Survey - used to
survey details of a building including
details where the prism cannot be
placed.
26
27. Functions Of Total Station
8- Remote Elevation - used to measure elevations
of points in which the target can’t be placed. (e.g..
Powerline heights, bridge heights).
The prism is placed directly
below the object and the slope
distance to the prism is
recorded along with the angle
up to the remote elevation.
Based on these measurements,
the remote elevation point can
be calculated.
27
28. Functions Of Total Station
9 Setting out Coordinates - allows coordinates to be
placed in the field.
10Setting out Line
11-Set out Arc
12- Area calculation 28
29. Functions Of Total Station
13-Data processing:
The data recorded by the instrument may be downloaded
from the device to a computer and the application software in
turn generates a map of the survey area.